Energy Harvesting and Storage: Fundamentals and Materials

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Solar Cell Technologies: An Overview
	1 Global Energy Demands
	2 General Picture of a Solar Cell
		2.1 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell
		2.2 Design Rule of a Solar Cell
	3 Evolution of Silicon Solar Cells
		3.1 Industrial Al-BSF Solar Cell
		3.2 Passivated Emitter Solar Cells (PESC) and Laser Grooved Buried Contact (LGBC) Solar Cells
		3.3 Point Contact Solar Cells
		3.4 Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) Solar Cell Family
		3.5 Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contacts (TOPCon)
		3.6 Interdigitated Back Contact (IBC) Solar Cell
		3.7 Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells
		3.8 Polycrystalline Silicon on Oxide (POLO) Solar Cells
		3.9 Bifacial Solar Cells
	4 Thin Film Solar Cells
		4.1 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
		4.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Solar Cells
		4.3 CIGS Solar Cell
	5 Emerging Photovoltaics
		5.1 Organic Solar Cells
		5.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
	6 Solar Cell Applications
	7 Photovoltaics: Industrial Status
	8 Summary
	References
Physics and Technology of Carrier Selective Contact Based Heterojunction Silicon Solar Cells
	1 Conceptual Solar Cell: Light Absorber Plus Two Selective Contacts
		1.1 Solar Cell Characteristics
		1.2 Why Electrons Flow?
		1.3 Ideal Solar Cell: Light Absorber Plus Two Selective Contacts
		1.4 Making Selective Contacts
		1.5 Determining the Current–Voltage Characteristic of a Solar Cell
	2 Selective Contacts and Practical Applications to Photovoltaics
		2.1 Thin Film Carrier Selective Contacts, Hole and Electron Transport Layers
		2.2 Hole-Selective Contacts for Silicon-Based Solar Cells
		2.3 Electron-Selective Contacts for Silicon-Based Solar Cells
	3 Carrier Selective Contacts Based on Dipoles
		3.1 Dipolar Interfaces for Enhanced Charge Carrier Selectivity
		3.2 Novel Materials as Carrier Selective Contacts
	4 Summary
	References
Perovskite Solar Cells: Concepts and Prospects
	1 Introduction to Metal–Organic Perovskites
		1.1 Crystal Structure
		1.2 Methylammonium Lead Iodide
		1.3 Mixed Halides and Mixed Cation Perovskites
	2 Properties of Perovskites
		2.1 Optical Properties
		2.2 Electrical Properties
	3 3D and Low Dimensional Structures
	4 Perovskite Sensitized Solar Cells Using Liquid Electrolyte
		4.1 Operating Principle
	5 Perovskite Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cells 
	6 All-Solid-State Perovskite Sensitized Heterojunction Solar Cells
	7 Meso-Super Structured Solar Cells (MSSC)
	8 Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells
	9 Materials for Electron Transport and Hole Transport Layers
		9.1 Carbon-Based Interlayers to Improve Charge Extraction and Transport
		9.2 Single Crystal Perovskite Solar Cells
		9.3 Back Contact Perovskite Solar Cells
	10 High-Efficiency Concepts: Tandem Solar Cells
		10.1 Introduction to Tandem Solar Cells
		10.2 Perovskite-Si TSC
		10.3 Perovskite-CIGS TSC
		10.4 Perovskite-Perovskite TSC (Flexible—Lightweight)
		10.5 Critical Issues Regarding Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells and Remedies
	11 Challenges in Commercializing Perovskite Solar Cells
		11.1 Toxicity of Lead
		11.2 Lack of Stability
		11.3 Scalability Issues
		11.4 Current–Voltage Hysteresis
		11.5 Lead-Free Perovskites for Photovoltaics
		11.6 Tin Based Perovskites
		11.7 Germanium Based Perovskites
		11.8 Other Lead-Free Perovskites
		11.9 Protection Methods for Perovskite Solar Cells
	12 Techniques for Large Area Perovskite Solar Cells
		12.1 Current Status of Perovskite Solar Cells
		12.2 Other Applications of Perovskites
	13 Summary
	References
Radiation Hardness, a New Characterization Technique and Bistability Regarding Methylammonium Containing Perovskite Solar Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Perovskite Solar Cell Radiation Hardness Investigation
		2.1 Solar Cell Preparation and Characterization
		2.2 Influence of Proton Irradiation on the Solar Cell Characteristics and Parameters
	3 Low Frequency Noise Spectroscopy as Perovskite Solar Cell Characterization Tool
	4 Perovskite Solar Cell Based Highly Reproducible Electronic Switching Device
	5 Summary
	References
Tackling the Challenges in High Capacity Silicon Anodes for Li-Ion Cells
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Energy: A Burning Issue
		1.2 Electrochemical Energy Resources
		1.3 Batteries—A Brief Overview
		1.4 Primary and Secondary Batteries
		1.5 New Era of Rechargeable Batteries
	2 Lithium Batteries—A Brief History
		2.1 Common Terminologies
		2.2 Comparison of Batteries with Other Energy Storage Systems
	3 Li-Ion Cell: Structure and Components
		3.1 Electrolytes
		3.2 Electrodes
		3.3 Different Types of Cathode Materials
	4 Different Types of Anode Materials
		4.1 Intercalation Type Anode Materials
		4.2 Conversion Type Anode Materials
		4.3 Alloying Type Anode Materials
	5 Silicon Anode
		5.1 Advantages
		5.2 Challenges in Si Anode
	6 Development in Silicon-Based Anode Materials
		6.1 Si Thin Films and Si Nanostructured Materials
	7 Si Composite Materials
		7.1 Nano/Micro Dimensional Si Particles Embedded in a Network
		7.2 Core–Shell Structured Si Composites
	8 Current Trends in Silicon-Based Composites and Hybrid Materials
	9 Summary
	References
The Renaissance of High-Capacity Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Requirements of Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Cells
	3 Conventional Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Cells
		3.1 Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes
		3.2 Spinel Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes
		3.3 Olivine Cathode Materials
	4 Lithium Rich Cathode Materials
		4.1 Li5FeO4
		4.2 Li6CoO4
		4.3 Lithium Manganese Oxides
		4.4 Integrated Li and Mn Rich Layered Oxides
		4.5 Li2RuO3
		4.6 Li2SnO3
	5 Summary
	References
Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells: An Overview
	1 Introduction
	2 Method of Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell
	3 Heat Sealing of Pouch Cell Pack
	4 Thermal Management in Pouch Cell
	5 Failure Mode of Pouch Cell
	6 Trend and Opportunities of Pouch Cell
	7 Summary
	References
An Overview of Polymer Based Electrolytes for Li-Ion Battery Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrolyte Properties
		2.1 Conventional Non-Aqueous Liquid Electrolytes
		2.2 Characteristics of High Voltage Electrode–Electrolyte Interface
	3 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs): Components and Ion Transport Studies
		3.1 Components of SPEs
		3.2 Ionic Transport Mechanism in SPE
		3.3 Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) Based and Non PEO Based Electrolytes
	4 Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs)
		4.1 Constituents of GPEs
		4.2 Ionic Conduction in GPES
		4.3 Characteristics of GPEs
	5 Summary
	References
Carbon Based Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Supercapacitors
		2.1 EDLC Supercapacitors
		2.2 Pseudo-Capacitors
		2.3 Hybrid Capacitors
	3 Different Techniques for the Evaluation of Supercapacitors
		3.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
		3.2 Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD)
		3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
	4 Supercapacitor Parameters
		4.1 Energy Density and Power Density
		4.2 Coulombic Efficiency
	5 Stability of the Electrode Materials
	6 Critical Factors Affecting the Performance of Supercapacitors
	7 Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Electrodes
	8 Limitations of Carbon Materials Based Supercapacitors
	9 Carbon Based Composites for Supercapacitors
	10 Challenges of Supercapacitors
		10.1 Self-Discharge Characteristics
	11 Summary
	References
Wearable Supercapacitors
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrode Material for Flexible Supercapacitors
	3 Design of Flexible Supercapacitors
	4 Supercapacitor Assembly Configurations
	5 Applications
	6 Summary and Outlook
	References