Energy Efficient Vehicles (Advances in Manufacturing, Design and Computational Intelligence Techniques)

Cover
Half Title
Series
Title
Copyright
Table of Contents
Aim and Scope
Preface
Acknowledgement
List of Contributing Authors
About the Editors
1 Introduction to Energy-Efficient Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation: Transitions and Challenges
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Benefits of Energy-Efficient Vehicles for Sustainable Transportation
	1.3 Environmental Benefits of Energy-Efficient Vehicles
		1.3.1 Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		1.3.2 Improved Air Quality
		1.3.3 Enhanced Energy Security
	1.4 Economic Benefits of Energy-Efficient Vehicles
		1.4.1 Reduced Fuel Costs
		1.4.2 Job Creation in the Automotive Industry
	1.5 Social Benefits of Energy-Efficient Vehicles
		1.5.1 Improved Public Health
		1.5.2 Enhanced Quality of Life
		1.5.3 Increased Access to Transportation
	1.6 Technologies Used in Energy-Efficient Vehicles
		1.6.1 Hybrid Vehicles
		1.6.2 Electric Vehicles
	1.7 Challenges in Making Energy-Efficient Vehicles Accessible and Affordable
		1.7.1 High Initial Cost
		1.7.2 Limited Range
		1.7.3 Need for a Robust Charging Infrastructure
	1.8 The Need for Continued Research and Development
		1.8.1 Advancements in Battery Technology
		1.8.2 Improvement in Charging Infrastructure
		1.8.3 Government Incentives and Policies
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2 Zero Emission: Challenges and Modern Solutions
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Summary of Previous Literature
	2.3 Challenges to Zero Emission
		2.3.1 Policy Challenges
		2.3.2 Technological Challenges
		2.3.3 Economic Challenges
	2.4 Modern Solutions
	2.5 Role of Policy
	2.6 Current Policy Initiatives and Effectiveness
	2.7 Suggestions for Further Policy Measures
	2.8 Future Outlook
	2.9 Suggestions for Future Research and Development
	2.10 Conclusion
	References
3 Youth and Public Transportation: Economics, Sustainability, and Shifting Trends Towards E-Transportation
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Literature Review
		3.2.1 Youth Population
		3.2.2 Public Transportation and Youth Transportation Choices
		3.2.3 Environmental Impacts of Conventional Transportation
		3.2.4 Arterial Roads and Traffic Congestion
		3.2.5 Economic Costs Associated with Transportation
 Expenditures
	3.3 Materials and Methodology
		3.3.1 Questionnaire Design
		3.3.2 Chi-Square Test
	3.4 Analysis
		3.4.1 Characteristics of Respondents
		3.4.2 Vehicular Characteristics
	3.5 Perception Towards E-Transportation
	3.6 People’s Approach Towards Public Transportation
		3.6.1 Public Transportation and Environment
	3.7 Chi-Square Test
		3.7.1 Respondents’ Age and Preferred Mode of Travel
		3.7.2 Category of Vehicle and Weekly Usage
	3.8 Result
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4 Accessible Sustainable Smart Charging Infrastructure
 Planning for Cities
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Background
		4.1.2 Motivation
		4.1.3 Organization of the Chapter
	4.2 Overview of ASSI
		4.2.1 Charging Infrastructure
		4.2.2 Charging Infrastructure with Renewable Energy
		4.2.3 Smart Charging
		4.2.4 Defining ASSI in the Context of a Smart City
	4.3 Charging Standards
		4.3.1 IEC Charging Standard
		4.3.2 SAE Charging Standard
		4.3.3 UL Charging Standard
		4.3.4 Comparison of IEC and SAE Charging Standard
	4.4 Global Demonstration Project on ASSI
	4.5 Case Studies
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
5 Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning, and Implementation
	5.1 Introduction to Sustainable Transportation
		5.1.1 Defining Sustainable Transportation
		5.1.2 Importance of Sustainable Transportation
		5.1.3 Historical Overview of Sustainable Transportation
	5.2 Policy Framework for Sustainable Transportation
		5.2.1 Developing Nations Sustainable Transportation Policies Framework Features
		5.2.2 Developed Nations Sustainable Transportation Policies Framework Features
	5.3 International Agreements and Initiatives
	5.4 Legislative and Regulatory Measures
	5.5 Funding and Financial Incentives
	5.6 Planning for Sustainable Transportation
		5.6.1 Transportation Demand Management (TDM)
		5.6.2 Integrated Land Use and Transportation Planning
		5.6.3 Multi-Modal Transportation Planning
		5.6.4 Infrastructure Development and Maintenance
	5.7 Sustainable Transportation Technologies
	5.8 Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure
	5.9 Alternative Fuel Technologies
	5.10 Intelligent Transportation Systems
	5.11 Active Transportation Modes (Cycling and Walking)
	5.12 Implementation Strategies for Sustainable Transportation
		5.12.1 Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)
		5.12.2 Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration
		5.12.3 Case Studies of Successful Implementations
		5.12.4 Evaluation and Monitoring of Sustainable Transportation Initiatives
	5.13 Challenges and Solutions in Sustainable Transportation
		5.13.1 Financing and Cost Considerations
		5.13.2 Political and Institutional Barriers
		5.13.3 Public Acceptance and Behavioural Change
		5.13.4 Overcoming Infrastructure Limitations
	5.14 Future Trends and Innovations in Sustainable Transportation
		5.14.1 Autonomous Vehicles and Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
		5.14.2 Smart Cities and Sustainable Transportation Integration
		5.14.3 Emerging Technologies and Their Impact
	5.15 Policy and Planning Implications for the Future
	References
6 Transitions from IC engine to EV and HEV
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 How EVs Work
		6.1.2 Benefits
		6.1.3 Cost
		6.1.4 Which Can Be Converted
	6.2 Automotive Ecosystem
	6.3 Evolution
	6.4 EV Types
		6.4.1 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
		6.4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
		6.4.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
		6.4.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)
	6.5 Configuration
	6.6 EV Setup
	6.7 HEV Setup
		6.7.1 Series Hybrid
		6.7.2 Parallel Hybrid
		6.7.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid
		6.7.4 Complex Hybrid
	6.8 Energy Sources
		6.8.1 Battery
		6.8.2 Ultracapacitors (UCs)
		6.8.3 Fuel Cell
		6.8.4 Flywheel
		6.8.5 Motor Used
		6.8.6 Brushed DC Motor
		6.8.7 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (BLDC)
		6.8.8 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
		6.8.9 Induction Motor (IM)
		6.8.10 Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)
		6.8.11 Synchronous Reluctance Motor (SynRM)
		6.8.12 PM Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor
		6.8.13 Axial Flux Ironless Permanent Magnet Motor
	6.9 Power Conversion Technology
	6.10 Charging EVs
	6.11 Challenges
		6.11.1 Technology Limitations
		6.11.2 Battery Difficulties
		6.11.3 Consumer Purchase Capability and Behaviour
	6.12 Conclusion
	References
7 Efficient Design, Materials and Specifications of Electric Motors Used in Electric Vehicle Challenges
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Advantage of EVs Over Conventional Fossil Fuel-based Vehicles
		7.2.1 Challenges Associated with Electric Vehicles
	7.3 Efficient Design of Electric Vehicles
		7.3.1 Design Process
	7.4 Electric Vehicle Material
	7.5 Lithium Ion Batteries
	7.6 Battery Management System (BMS)
	7.7 Battery Calculation of EV
	7.8 Electrical Motors
		7.8.1 Types of Electric Motors
		7.8.2 Selection of Electric Motor in Electrical Vehicle
		7.8.3 Specification of Electric Motor Used in Electric Vehicle
	7.9 Basic Terms Associated with Electric Motors
		7.9.1 Copper
		7.9.2 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
		7.9.3 Thermal Management System
		7.9.4 Semiconductors
		7.9.5 Plastics and Composites
		7.9.6 Payload Calculation of EV
	7.10 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
8 Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Transportation: Types, Components, Pack Design, and Technology
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Types of Lithium-Ion Batteries
		8.2.1 A Coin Cell
		8.2.2 Pouch Cell
		8.2.3 Cylindrical Cell
		8.2.4 Prismatic Cell
	8.3 Components of a Battery Pack
		8.3.1 Battery Management System
		8.3.2 Cooling System
	8.4 Design Considerations
		8.4.1 Cell Balancing and Monitoring
		8.4.2 Charging Infrastructure
	8.5. Conclusion and Future Work
	References
9 Intelligent Transport System in Smart Cities: Aspects and Challenges of Vehicular Networks and Cloud Computing
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Importance of ITS in Smart Cities
	9.3 Overview of Vehicular Networks and Cloud Computing for ITS
	9.4 Vehicular Networks for ITS
		9.4.1 Types of Vehicular Networks
	9.5 Communication Protocols for Vehicular Networks
	9.6 Challenges of Vehicular Networks for ITS
	9.7 Cloud Computing for ITS
	9.8 Aspects and Challenges of ITS in Smart Cities
		9.8.1 Technical Challenges
		9.8.2 Economic and Policy Challenges
	9.9 Potential Solutions for ITS in Smart Cities
	9.10 Case Studies of ITS in Smart Cities
		9.10.1 Lessons Learned and Best Practices
	9.11 Conclusion
	References
10 The Rise of Electric Vehicles–2023 Status and Future Directions
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Electric Vehicle
		10.1.2 EV Sales Exploded Throughout Key Automobile Economies in 2021
	10.2 Literature Survey
	10.3 Advanced Technologies Used in E-Vehicles
		10.3.1 Battery Technology (BT)
	10.4 Autonomous Driving
		10.4.1 Tesla Inc
		10.4.2 Waymo LLC (Alphabet Inc.)
		10.4.3 General Motors (GM) and Cruise LLC
		10.4.4 Mobileye (Intel Corporation)
	10.5 Performance Enhancement
		10.5.1 Advancement in Sensors and Software
		10.5.2 Charging Arrangement (CA)
	10.6 Comprehensive Analysis of Various EV Manufacturers
		10.6.1 A Global Perspective
		10.6.2 India’s Perspective
	10.7 Electric Vehicle Scenario in Developing Country – Analysis in India
		10.7.1 Plan for Buying EVs in India
		10.7.2 Commercial Obstacles for EVs Across India
		10.7.3 Government Supports to Improve EV Market
	10.8 Consumer Perspective of Electric Vehicles
		10.8.1 Driving Range Anxiety
		10.8.2 Charging Infrastructure
	10.9 Conclusion
	References
11 Techno-Economic and Future Aspects of the HEV-EV-FCV: Decarbonization, Digitalization, and Sustainability
	11.1 Introduction to HEV-EV-FCV Technologies
		11.1.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
		11.1.2 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
		11.1.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs)
	11.2 Evolution of the Electric Vehicle Market
	11.3 Environmental Benefits of EV-HEV-FCV
	11.4 Economic Aspects of EV-HEV-FCV
	11.5 Decarbonization and Digitalization of the Transportation Industry
		11.5.1 The Importance of Decarbonization in the Transportation Industry
		11.5.2 Challenges in Decarbonization
		11.5.3 Strategies to Achieve Decarbonization
		11.5.4 The Role of Digitalization in the Transportation Industry
		11.5.5 The Need for Digitalization for Sustainable Transportation
		11.5.6 The Future of Digitalization in HEV-EV-FCV Technologies
	11.6 Technological Advances and Future Prospects of HEV-EV-FCV
		11.6.1 Technological Advances in HEV-EV-FCV
		11.6.2 Future Prospects and Challenges of HEV-EV-FCV
		11.6.3 Impact of HEV-EV-FCV on Sustainable Transportation
	11.7 Economic and Social Implications
		11.7.1 Economic Implications
		11.7.2 Social Implications
	11.8 Factors Affecting the Adoption of HEV-EV-FCV Technologies
		11.8.1 The Role of Public Policy in Promoting Sustainable Transportation
	11.9 Sustainability in the Automotive Industry
		11.9.1 Importance of Sustainability
		11.9.2 Challenges in Achieving Sustainability
		11.9.3 Strategies to Achieve Sustainability
	11.10 Conclusion and Recommendations
	11.11 Future Outlook for HEV-EV-FCV
	References
12 Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
	12.1 Introduction to Modern Electric Vehicles
		12.1.1 Types of Electric Vehicles
		12.1.2 Driverless BEVs
	12.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
		12.2.1 EV vs. HEV
		12.2.2 Why HEV
		12.2.3 Types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
		12.2.4 Parts of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
	12.3 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle (HFCV)
	12.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
13 Application of Solar Energy in Sustainable Mobility
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles (SPEVs)
		13.2.1 Components of a Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle
	13.3 Solar-Powered Trains
	13.4 Solar-Powered Aircraft
	13.5 Solar-Powered Charging Stations
		13.5.1 Components of Solar-Powered Charging Stations
	13.6 Solar-Powered Roads
	13.7 Solar Personal Rapid Transit Systems
	13.8 Long-Range Solar Electric Vehicles
	13.9 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
14 State Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application: Types, Design Methods, and Future Trends
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 State Estimation Types
		14.2.1 State of Charge
		14.2.2 State of Health
		14.2.3 Remaining Useful Life
		14.2.4 State of Temperature
		14.2.5 State of Balance
		14.2.6 State of Power
		14.2.7 State of Energy
		14.2.8 State of Safety
	14.3 State Estimation Methods
		14.3.1 Electrochemical Models
		14.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Models
		14.3.3 Kalman Filters
		14.3.4 Particle Filters
		14.3.5 Machine Learning Techniques
	14.4 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
15 Social, Economic, and Environmental Issues Associated with Sustainable Transportation
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Concept of Sustainability
		15.2.1 Society
		15.2.2 Economy
		15.2.3 Environment
	15.3 Sustainable Issues
	15.4 Transportation Impacts
	15.5 Economic, Environmental, and Social Impacts
		15.5.1 Environment
		15.5.2 Societal Challenges
	15.6 Sustainable Transportation Indicators
		15.6.1 Traditional Measures of Transportation
		15.6.2 Basic Indicators of Environmental Stability
		15.6.3 Global Indicators of Sustainable
 Transportation
	15.7 Sustainable Transportation Solutions
	15.8 Conclusion
	References
16 Separation of Ternary Azeotropic Mixture of Ethanol, Isopropanol, and Methyl Ethyl Ketone – Challenges for Future Fuels and Solvents
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Process Simulation
		16.2.1 Simulation for MEK-IPA-EtOH Separation Sequence
		16.2.2 Simulation for IPA-MEK-EtOH Separation Sequence
	16.3 Feasibility Study
	16.4 Results and Discussions
		16.4.1 Estimation of Equipment Cost
		16.4.2 Depreciation Cost
		16.4.3 Fixed Capital Investment (FCI) Estimation
		16.4.4 Estimation of Working Capital
		16.4.5 Estimation of Net Profit
		16.4.6 Estimation of Payback Period
	16.5 Conclusion
	References
Index