Energy Efficient Spectrum Resources Usage in WPANs: IEEE 82.15.4 MAC Sub-layer Protocols (River Publishers Series in Communications)

Front Cover
Energy Efficient Spectrum Resources Usage in WPANs   IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Sub-layer Protocols
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Acronyms
List of Symbols
1 Introduction
	1.1 Motivation
	1.2 Challenges and Approach
	1.3 Structure of the Book
2 Medium Access Control and Physical Layers in WSNs
	2.1 Protocol Stack for WSNs
	2.2 Other Protocol Stacks for WSNs
	2.3 Evolution of the IEEE 802 Standards
	2.4 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
	2.5 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer
		2.5.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types and Roles
		2.5.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Network Topologies
		2.5.3 IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications
		2.5.4 IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Packet Structure
	2.6 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Sub-layer
		2.6.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Beacon-Enabled - Star topology
		2.6.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Non-Beacon-Enabled - Star topology
		2.6.3 SuperFrame Structure
		2.6.4 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC frames and CSMA/CA mechanism
	2.7 Taxonomy for Medium Access Control Protocols
		2.7.1 Survey on Unscheduled MAC protocols
		2.7.2 Survey on Scheduled MAC protocols
		2.7.3 Survey on Hybrid MAC protocols
		2.7.4 Survey on QoS MAC protocols: EQ-MAC
		2.7.5 Survey on Cross-Layer MAC protocols: MERLIN
		2.7.6 Survey on Multiple based MAC protocols: 1-hop MAC
	2.8 Classification of MAC Protocols Characteristics
	2.9 Summary and Conclusions
3 Further Insights into the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
	3.1 Physical Layer
		3.1.1 Channel Assignment
		3.1.2 Carrier Sense
		3.1.3 Received Signal Strength Indication
		3.1.4 Clear Channel Assessment
	3.2 Medium Access Control Sub-layer
		3.2.1 MAC frames
		3.2.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
		3.2.3 Non-beacon-enabled operation
		3.2.4 Beacon-enabled operation
		3.2.5 Hidden and Exposed terminal problems
		3.2.6 Coexistence in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
4 Scheduled Channel Polling MAC Protocol
	4.1 Context and Motivation
	4.2 Two-Phase Scheduled Channel Polling Mechanism
	4.3 Synchronization Phase
	4.4 State Transition Diagram for SCP
	4.5 Implementation of the SCP Simulation Framework
		4.5.1 SCP Simulator Parameters and General Definitions
		4.5.2 SCP Simulator Layer Modes
	4.6 Summary and Conclusions
5 Performance Evaluation of the SCP-MAC Protocol
	5.1 Single-hop Performance Results
		5.1.1 Power Consumption without Piggyback and Periodic Traffic
		5.1.2 Power Consumption with Piggyback and Periodic Traffic
		5.1.3 Throughput Performance with Heavy Traffic Load
	5.2 Multi-hop Energy Efficiency – Linear Chain Scenario
	5.3 Lifetime Analysis with piggyback (Periodic Traffic)
	5.4 Performance Analysis of a Two-Phase Contention Scheme
		5.4.1 Motivation for Using Two Contention Windows
		5.4.2 Overview for the Saturated Regime
		5.4.3 Overview for the Unsaturated Regime
		5.4.4 Stochastic Collision Probability Model for the Saturated Regime
		5.4.5 Stochastic Collision Probability Model for the Unsaturated Regime
		5.4.6 Simulation Scenario
		5.4.7 2 Test in the unsaturated traffic regime
		5.4.8 Discussion of the Results
	5.5 Service Time and Throughput Theoretical Model
		5.5.1 Stochastic Service Time and Throughput Model for the Saturated Regime
		5.5.2 Simulation and Analytical Results Comparison
		5.5.3 Summary and Conclusions
	5.6 Simulation of SCP in the Context of IEEE 802.15.4
		5.6.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant
		5.6.2 Comparison between IEEE 802.15.4 Compliant and IEEE 802.15.4 Absence
		5.6.3 Summary and Conclusions
	5.7 Final Remarks
6 MAC Sub-layer Protocols Employing RTS/CTS with Frame Concatenation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Motivation
	6.3 Design Considerations for IEEE 802.15.4 Nonbeacon-Enabled Mode
		6.3.1 PHY Layer
		6.3.2 MAC Sub-layer
		6.3.3 Analytical Model for the Maximum Throughput and Minimum Delay
	6.4 IEEE 802.15.4 with Frame Concatenation
		6.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4 with RTS/CTS Combined with Frame Concatenation
		6.4.2 Proposed Scheme Design with Block ACK Request
		6.4.3 Proposed Scheme Design without Block ACK Request
	6.5 State Transition Diagram for IEEE 802.15.4 and SBACK-MAC
	6.6 Model for Energy Estimation
	6.7 Performance Evaluation for IEEE 802.15.4 in the Presence/Absence
		6.7.1 Minimum Average Delay in the Presence and Absence of RTS/CTS
		6.7.2 Maximum Average Throughput in the Presence and Absence of RTS/CTS
		6.7.3 Bandwidth Efficiency in the Presence and Absence of RTS/CTS
	6.8 Performance Evaluation for SBACK-MAC
	6.9 Minimum Average Delay
	6.10 Maximum Average Throughput
	6.11 Summary
	6.12 Summary and Conclusions
7 Multi-Channel-Scheduled Channel Polling Protocol
	7.1 Motivation
	7.2 Main States of the MC-SCP Protocol
		7.2.1 Startup State
		7.2.2 Synchronization State
		7.2.3 Discovery-Addition State
		7.2.4 Medium Access State and Algorithm
	7.3 Fundamentals of the Protocol
		7.3.1 Enhanced-Two Phase Contention Window Mechanism
		7.3.2 Frame Structure
		7.3.3 Denial Channel List
		7.3.4 Frame Capture Effect
		7.3.5 Node Topology and Envisaged Real-World Scenarios
		7.3.6 Extra Resolution Phase Decision Algorithm
	7.4 State Transition Diagram and Description
	7.5 Simulation Results for the MC-SCP-MAC Protocol
		7.5.1 Collision Probabilities
		7.5.2 Energy Efficiency per Delivered Frame
		7.5.3 Collision Probability Performance
		7.5.4 Energy Efficiency with Multiple Slot Channels and Contention Window Sizes
		7.5.5 Influential Range Concept and Energy Performance Evaluation
		7.5.6 Impact of Traffic Periodic and Exponential Patterns in the Overall Performance
		7.5.7 Impact of the Density of Nodes
		7.5.8 Performance Analysis in the Cluster Topology
		7.5.9 Fairness Index Evaluation for the Throughput
	7.6 Enhancements to be implemented in MC-SCP-MAC
	7.7 Summary and Conclusions
8 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
	8.1 Conclusions
	8.2 Suggestions for Future Work
A IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Layer
	A.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Country Regulations
	A.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Frequency Bands
	A.3 IEEE 802.15.4 Data Rates
	A.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Network Topologies
		A.4.1 IEEE 802.15.4 Star Topology
		A.4.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Peer-to-peer Topology
		A.4.3 IEEE 802.15.4 Cluster Tree Topology
	A.5 IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications
		A.5.1 Receiver Energy Detection
		A.5.2 Link Quality Indication (LQI)
		A.5.3 Carrier Sense (CS)
		A.5.4 Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)
		A.5.5 Channel Selection
	A.6 IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Frame Structure
B IEEE 802.15.4 Standard MAC Sub-Layer
	B.1 SuperFrame Structure
		B.1.1 Timing Parameters
		B.1.2 InterFrame Spacing
	B.2 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Frames
		B.2.1 Beacon Frames
		B.2.2 Data Frames
		B.2.3 Acknowledgement Frames
		B.2.4 MAC Command Frames
		B.2.5 Slotted and Unslotted CSMA-CA Algorithm Phases
	B.3 MAC Protocols Taxonomy
		B.3.1 Unscheduled MAC protocols
		B.3.2 Scheduled MAC Protocols
		B.3.3 Hybrid MAC Protocols
		B.3.4 QoS MAC protocols
		B.3.5 Multiple based MAC protocols
	B.4 Comparison of the WSN MAC Protocols
C O-QPSK modulation for the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer at 2.4 GHz
	C.1 QPSK Modulation
	C.2 O-QPSK Modulation
	C.3 Minimum Shift Keying
	C.4 Signal Spreading
References
Index
About the Authors
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