Energy conversion systems : an overview

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Converter Technologies for  PV Systems: A Comprehensive Review
	Abstract
	Photovoltaic Modules
		PV Model and Equations
		PV Curves
		Partial Shading
	Standards and Requirements for PV Systems
	General Structure of PV Systems
		Block Diagram of a PV System
		Basic Control Functions in PV Systems
		Multifunctional PV Systems
		Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
		Grid Synchronization
		Protection
		Classification of PV Structures
	Leakage Current in PV Systems
		Common-Mode (CM) Resonant Circuit and Leakage  Current Issues
	AC-Module Inverters
	String/Multi-String PV Inverters
	Central PV Inverters
	Commercial PV Inverters
	Output Filters in PV Inverters
	Recent Advances on Grid-Connected  PV Inverters
		Advances in DC–AC Converters for PV Systems
		Advances in DC–DC Converters for PV Systems
		Advances in Power Semiconductors for PV Systems
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Control Structures of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems
	Abstract
	Introduction
		PV Panels
		General Structure of PV Systems
	Basic Control Functions in PV Systems
		General Control Configuration of PV Systems
			Outer Control Loop
			Inner Control Loop
		Commonly Employed Periodic Controllers
			Resonant Controllers
			Repetitive Controllers
		Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
			Inner-Loop Control for Input Voltage of a Boost Converter
			Grid Synchronization
	Smart/Multifunctional PV Inverters
		Flexible Power Controllability
		Reactive Power Control
		Frequency Regulation
		Harmonic Compensation
		Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) Capability
	Reactive Power Injection
		Reactive Power Injection Strategies for Single-phase PV Systems
			Constant Average Active Power Control (Const.-P)
			Constant Active Current Control (Const.-Id)
			Constant Peak Current Control (Const.–Igmax)
		Current Reference Generation for Three-phase PV Systems
			Instantaneous Active-Reactive Control (IARC)
			Positive- and Negative-Sequence Control (PNSC)
			Average Active-Reactive Control (AARC)
			Balanced Positive-Sequence Control (BPSC)
			Performance Comparison of the IARC, PNSC, AARC and BPSC Strategies
	Flexible Active Power Control of PV Systems
		Some Issues Regarding Grid-Integration of PV Systems
			Grid Overvoltage during PV Peak-Power Generation Period
			Grid Voltage Fluctuation Because of Intermittency of PV Energy
			Limited-Frequency Regulation Capability
		Possible Solutions for Flexible Power Control of PV Systems
			Integrating Energy Storage Systems
			Installing Flexible Loads
			Modifying the Control Algorithm of Power Converters
		Flexible Active Power Control Methods
			Power Limiting Control (PLC)
			Power Reserve Control (PRC)
			Power Reserve Control under Partial Shading Conditions
			Power Ramp-Rate Control (PRRC)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Development and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking  PV Systems
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Solar Tracking System
	Mechanical Design
		Determination of Tilt Angle θ of Solar Panel
		Mechanical Design of Tilted Single Axis Tracker
		Mechanical Design of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker
	Electrical Design
		Tracking Controller Circuit
			Components used
			Determination of Tilt Angle of LDR Sensor
		Working of Tilted Single Axis Tracker
		Working of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker
	Performance Measurements
		Torque Measurement
		Power Calculations
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4
Hybrid PV-Wind Energy  Conversion System
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Hybrid Energy Systems
		Classification of Hybrid Systems
			Operating Regime
			Hybrid System Content
		Principal Compounds of Hybrid System
	Hybrid Energy system: Principle of Operation
	Photovoltaic System
		Photovoltaic Generator Modeling
		Influence of the Parallel/Serial Connection on I(V)  and P(V) Characteristics
		Influence of Irradiation
		Influence of Temperature
		Influence of the Series/Parallel Resistance on the Characteristic I(V), P(V)
	Wind Turbine Modeling
		Law and Limit of Betz
		Mechanical Energy Production
		Model of Multiplier
		Main Shaft Model
	Storage of Energy
		Battery Modeling
		Model Description
		Capacity Model
		Model of Losses as a Gasification Current
		State of Charge Model (SOC)
		Voltage Model
			Battery in Charge ,????-????????.>0
			Battery in Discharge ,????-????????.<0
		DC-Bus Modeling
	Methods of Sizing the PV-Wind Hybrid System
		The Yearly Monthly Overage Sizing Method
		The Most Unfavorable Month Method
		Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) Method
	Cost of the System
		Determination of the Optimal Torque (Npv, Nb)  without Wind Power
		Determination of the Optimal Torque (Npv, Nb) with Presence  of the Wind Power
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
A Review on Wind Farm Reliability with Hybrid Cable Connection
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Hybrid Connection of Cables
		Analysis on Different Models of Wind Farms
			Jason Wake Model
			Cost Model
			Energy Yields Model
		Cable Structure and Wind Farms
			Regular Wind Farms
			Irregular Wind Farms
	Modelling Approach
		Modeling of WTs
		Theory for the Wind Profile
	Optimum Sizing of Electrical Cables
		Static Rated Sizing
		Dynamic Load Cycle Profile
		Dynamic Full Time Series
	Network Optimisation Analysis
		Economic Optimization
			Levelized Production Cost (LPC)
			Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)
		Reliability Analysis of Wind Farm
		Cable Reliability
	Subsea Cables and Prediction of Damage  and Life Expectancy
		Estimating Cable Sliding Distance
		Estimating Cable Sourcing Depth
		Wear Rate Estimation
			Abrasion Wear Rate
			Corrosion Wear Rate
		Estimating Cable Life Time
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Hydrogen Fuel Cells:  A Comprehensive Insight
	Abstract
	Introduction
	History
	Fundamentals of FC
		At Hydrogen Electrode (or Anode)
		At Oxygen Electrode (or Cathode)
		In Electrolytic Medium
	Types of Fuel Cells
		Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) FCs
		Alkaline FCs
		Phosphoric Acid (PA) FCs
		Molten Carbonate (MC) FCs
		Solid Oxide (SO) FCs
		Direct Methanol (DM) FCs
		Reversible FCs (RFCs)
		Summary of FCs
	Applications
		ALSTOM’s CoradiaiLint
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Energy Storage Systems:  A Comprehensive Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Types of Energy Storage Systems
		Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) Systems
			Advantages/Disadvantages of Electrical Machine Employed in FES System
			Applications of FES System
		Compressed-Air Energy Storage Systems (CAES)
			Various CAES Technologies
			Applications of CAES
		Battery Energy Storage (BES) Systems
			Different BES Technologies
			Some Other Types of BESS
		Flow Battery Energy Storage (FBES) System
		Super-Capacitors Energy Storage
		Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES)
		Thermal Energy Storage (TES) System
		Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) Systems
		Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
		Hot Stone Energy Storage System
	Applications of Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Introduction to Hydroelectric Power Generation
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Hydroelectric Power Generation
		Overview of a Hydropower Plant
		Major Components
			Dam and Reservoir
			Intake
			Penstock
			Turbine
			Generator
			Transformer
			Draft Tube
			Surge Tank
		Hydroelectric Power Equation
		Hydroelectric Power Potential
			Theoretical Potential
			Technical Potential
			Economical Potential
		Types of Hydraulic Turbines
		Determination of the Number of Units
		Operating Principle
	Types of Hydropower Plants
		Types based on Technological Aspects
			Storage Hydropower
			Run-of-River Schemes
			Pumped Storage Plant
		Types Based on Head
		Types Based on Capacity
		Types Based on Purpose
		Types Based on Hydrological Aspects
		Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower Scheme
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
	Hydroelectric Power Generation
		Hydroelectric Energy Generation
		Hydroelectric Power Capacity
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
Energy from Waste: A Case Study of the Energy Production Estimative from Biogas at the Sewage Treatment Plant in Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Energy from Waste
	Methodology to Estimate the Energy Produced by Sewage Effluent
		How to Measure the Biogas Production
		Estimation of Daily Energy Production
	The Case Study: The Energy Production  in the STS
		Scenario #1 – A Local Supply in the STS
		Scenario #2 – A Global Supply in the Itajubá SSS
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
List of Reviewers
About the Editors
Index
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