Energy Conversion: Methods, Technology and Future Directions

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Reviewers
Chapter 1
Photovoltaic Generators:  Development, Simulation and Perspectives
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Principle of Photo-Electric Conversion
	Photovoltaic Conversion
	Different Photovoltaic Technologies
		Crystalline Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Modules
		High Efficiency Multi-Junction Cells
		New Photovoltaic Technologies
			Thin Film Technology
			Thin Film Silicon
			Non-Silicon Materials
			Thin Film Multi-Junctions
	Fundamental and Technological Losses in GPV
	Current Architecture of Commercial GPV
	Fill Factor of GPV
	Modeling and Simulation of GPV
		Ideal Model
		Two Parameter Models
		Five Parameter Models
		Two Diode Models
		Empirical SNL Model
		Thermal Model of GPV
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Performance Analysis of Solar Energy Conversion Technology
	Abstract
	Nomenclature
	Introduction
		Solar Thermal System
			Non-Concentrating Collectors
				Flat Plate Collector (FPC)
				Evacuated Tube Collector (ETC)
			Concentrating Collectors
				Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)
				Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC)
				Compound Parabolic Collector (CPC)
				Central Receiver (CR)
				Parabolic Dish Collector (PDC)
		Photovoltaic System
		Hybrid Solar System
		PV Air Collector
	System Description
	Thermal Modeling
		Opaque Type Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Cooler with Air Duct
			PV Module of Opaque Type
			Tedlar
			TEC
			Duct
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Chapter 3
An Extended Study of Frequency-Supported Wind Energy Conversion Systems
	Abstract
	Nomenclature
	Introduction
	Literature Review
	Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS)
		Dynamics of WTG
		Operating Regions and MPPT Used for WECS
		Tip-Speed-Ratio (TSR) Algorithm
	Result and Discussion
		Scenario 1
		Scenario 2
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4
RERNN-BCMO-Based Load  Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems Using Hybrid Renewable  Energy Sources
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Multi-Area Power System for LFC
	Problem Formulation
	Proposed Approach
		Recalling-Enhanced Recurrent Neural Network (RERNN)
			Step 1: Initialization
			Step 2: Random Generation
			Step 3: Fitness Function
			Step 4: Check the Iteration
			Step 5: Find the Learning Rate
			Step 6: Calculation of New Weight
			Step 7: Calculate the Direction
			Step 8: Termination
		Processing Steps of Balancing Composite Motion Optimization (BCMO)
			Step 1: Initialization
			Step 2: Random Generation
			Step 3: Fitness Function
			Step 4: Finding Instant Global Point
			Step 5: Selection
			Step 6: Updation
			Step 7: Termination
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
A Review on State-of-the-Art Wind Energy Conversion Systems and Associated Control Strategies for Normal and Fault Conditions
	Abstract
	Introduction
	State-of-the-Art WECS
	WECS Control Aspects
	DFIG-Based WECS Control
	PMSG-Based WECS Control
	SCIG-Based WECS and Associated Controls
	Fault Ride-Through (FRT)
		DFIG-Based WECS with Partially Rated Converters
		Variable Speed WECS with Fully Rated Converters
	Findings and Research Gaps
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Simulation and Analysis of Three-Phase  and Five-Phase Variable Speed PMSMs  under Open Phase Fault Conditions
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Simulation of Three-Phase PMSM
		Analysis of Three-Phase PMSM
	Simulation of Five-Phase PMSM
		Analysis of Five-Phase PMSM
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Investigation and Mitigation  of Distribution-Side Power Quality Issues
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Classification of Power Quality Problems
	Power Quality Standards
	Proposed Solutions to Power Quality Problems
	Power Quality Enhancement
	Active Power Filters for Mitigation of Distribution-Side Power Quality Problems
		Waveform Compensation
			Filter Based Method
			Heterodyne Method
			Pattern Learning and Identification
		Instantaneous Power Compensation
		Artificial Intelligence Based Control Algorithm
		Light Flicker Mitigation through STATCOM
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Enhancement of Power Quality in Microgrid Using Optimized PV-Based DSTATCOM
	Abstract
	Introduction
	System Modeling
		DSTATCOM
		PV Cell
	Control Technique Used
	Optimization Technique Used
	Particle Swarm Optimization
		Dragonfly Algorithm
	Simulation and Result
		Case A: Role of DSTATCOM in Mitigation of Harmonics  and Maintaining the Power Quality
		Case B: Role of DSTATCOM in Maintaining Voltage Profile
	Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Chapter 9
Role of Machine Learning in Forecasting  Solar and Wind Power Generation
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Machine Learning
	Overview
		Classification
		Regression
		Time Series Forecasting
		Time Series Forecasting Framework
	Solar PV Power Forecasting
		Integration Challenges and Importance of Solar PV  Power Forecasting
		Machine Learning-Based Solar PV Power Prediction
	Wind Power Forecasting
		Integration Challenges and Importance of Wind Power Forecasting
		Machine Learning Based Wind Power Prediction
	Power Generation Forecasting Horizons
		Forecasting Horizons
			Very-Short-Term Forecasting
			Short-Term Forecasting
			Medium-Term Forecasting
			Long-Term Forecasting
			Very-Long-Term Forecasting
		Forecasting Methodologies
			Physical Method
			Statistical Method
			Hybrid Method
	Demonstration of Forecasting Framework
		Data Visualization
		Testing Stationary
		Grid Search
		Validating Model Predictions
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
Technological and Communicational Advancements in the Energy Grid: A Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Technological Advancement and Energy Grid System
	Communicational Advancements in Energy Grid System
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
Renewable Energy and Energy  Storage Systems
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Renewable Energy and Its Prospects
	Energy Storage Systems
		Roles of Energy Storage (ES) Technologies
		Critical Parameters of an Energy Storage Device
		Classification of Electrical Energy Storage Technology
		Benefits of Energy Storage System
		Key Grid Energy Storage Technologies
		Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
		Applications of Energy Storage System
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Review of Energy Storage System  Technologies in Microgrid Applications:  Characteristics, Issues and Challenges
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Status, Characteristics and Applications of Energy  Storage Systems
	Energy Storage Technologies
		Mechanical Storage
		Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage
	Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
		Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS)
		Electrochemical/Battery Energy Storage (BES)
		Super-Capacitor (SC)/Ultra-Capacitor (UC)
		Electromagnetic/Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
		Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS)
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
Determination of Optimal Size  for Battery Energy Storage System  in Distribution Networks
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Overview of Battery Energy Storage System
	BESS Simulation
	Problem Formulation
		Objective Functions
		Constraints
			Equality Constraints
				Power Balance
				BESS Charging
				BESS Discharging
				Charge Balance
			Inequality Constraints
				Voltage
				Operation Constraints of the Battery
	Optimal Size of BESS
	Result and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
About the Editors
Index
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