Energy application of biomass

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 9
SECTION I Issues of Importance to Biomass Energy Research......Page 12
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 13
2 ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS......Page 14
3 BIOMASS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY......Page 15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 17
REFERENCES......Page 18
1.1 Quadromania......Page 21
2 PRICE/VOLUME RELATIONS......Page 22
3 AN EXAMPLE: CORN/SOYBEAN LAND AS A BIOMASS RESOURCE BASE......Page 23
4 OVERALL BIOMASS POTENTIAL......Page 24
5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 27
BIOMASS FOR FOOD OR FUEL: A WORLD PROBLEM?......Page 28
2 WOODFUEL......Page 29
3 FOOD PRODUCTION......Page 30
4 BIOMASS......Page 32
6 RESEARCH......Page 36
7 CASH CROPS......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
2 BACKGROUND......Page 41
3 THE PRESENT SITUATION......Page 42
4 THE PROPOSAL......Page 43
5 THE BIOMASS EXAMPLE......Page 44
6 A CALL TO ACTION......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 47
2 TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY......Page 48
3 STEADY-STATE PLANTATIONS......Page 49
1 ECONOMICS......Page 50
4.1 Stumpage......Page 51
4.4 Short-Rotation Hardwood Plantation......Page 52
5......Page 53
SECTION II Research Interests of Biomass Sponsors......Page 56
1 THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY’S BIO-ENERGY COORDINATING COMMITTEE......Page 57
2 DOE BIO-ENERGY R&D PROGRAMS......Page 58
2.2 Office of Conservation......Page 59
2.5 Summary of R&D Programs......Page 60
3 DOE NON-R&D BIO-ENERGY ACTIVITIES......Page 61
APPENDIX......Page 62
1 PROGRAM......Page 66
3 EXPERIENCE......Page 67
4 PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS......Page 68
5.1 U.S. Department of Energy......Page 69
6 COORDINATION......Page 71
OVERVIEW OF USDA ENERGY POLICY PERSPECTIVES......Page 74
THE FOREST SERVICE’S WOODY BIOMASS PROGRAM......Page 77
SYNOPSIS......Page 86
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 87
2 FOREST BIOMASS AVAILABILITY AND PRICE......Page 88
3 AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS......Page 89
4 HISTORY OF BIOMASS R&D IN CANADA......Page 90
5 RESOURCE ASSESSMENT......Page 91
7 HARVESTING AND PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 92
9 THERMAL CONVERSION......Page 93
11 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOGAS......Page 94
12 THE FUTURE......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 96
THE BRAZILIAN ALCOHOL PROGRAM......Page 100
2 OPERATIONAL ASPECTS......Page 101
5 ALCOHOL QUALITY......Page 102
7 SOCIAL ASPECTS......Page 103
8 PERSPECTIVES OF PROALCOOL......Page 104
SYNOPSIS......Page 111
2 BIOMASS ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN CALIFORNIA......Page 112
3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS......Page 114
4 A STEP TOWARD SELF-SUFFICIENCY......Page 115
5 ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS......Page 116
7 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER......Page 117
8 BIOMASS ENERGY TECHNOLOGY......Page 118
9 HOW THE BIOMASS DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM WORKS......Page 119
1 PHILOSOPHY AND RATIONALE......Page 125
2 PROGRAM OVERVIEW......Page 126
2.1 Resource Development......Page 127
2.3 Fuels and Chemicals......Page 128
2.4 Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)......Page 129
2.5 Sewage Treatment Processes......Page 130
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 131
3 METHANE FROM WASTES......Page 132
5.1 The GRI/IFAS Southeastern Regional Program......Page 134
5.2 The GRI/Texas A&M Energy Sorghum Program......Page 136
5.3 The GRI/NYSERDA/NYGAS Northeastern Regional Program......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
PUBLIC POWER RESEARCH IN BIOENERGY......Page 141
1 CASE STUDIES......Page 142
2 CONCLUSIONS......Page 145
THE USE OF BIOMASS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION AT AMERICA’S RURAL ELECTRIC SYSTEMS......Page 146
SECTION III Biomass Energy Research Projects......Page 150
1 THE AQUATIC ALGAE RESOURCE......Page 151
2 THE PROGRAM......Page 152
3 SITING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 153
4 RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS......Page 154
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 158
2 Porphyra (NORI) CULTURE IN JAPAN......Page 159
3 Laminaria CULTURE IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA......Page 161
4. Eucheuma CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES......Page 162
5 Gracilaria CULTURE IN TAIWAN......Page 163
6 PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 167
2 APPROACH......Page 169
3 A&E EVALUATION......Page 170
4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 171
6 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT......Page 172
6.2 Biogasification Experimental Test Unit......Page 173
8 CONCLUSION......Page 175
REFERENCES......Page 176
1 COMBUSTION......Page 180
1.1 Wood Fuels......Page 181
1.2 Municipal Solid Waste......Page 184
1.3 Dioxin......Page 185
2.1 Thermochemical Gasification Research......Page 186
2.2 Anaerobic Digestion Research......Page 187
3  LIQUEFACTION *......Page 189
3.1 Ethanol Fuel......Page 192
3.2 Methanol Fuel......Page 194
3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR ETHANOL......Page 196
5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES......Page 197
6 ROUTES TO ETHANOL......Page 198
7.1 Acid Hydrolysis Process......Page 199
7.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process......Page 200
8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 201
SYNPOSIS......Page 208
1.1 Sources and Recovery......Page 209
1.2 Biochemical Pathways and Fermentative Capacities......Page 210
2.1 Coupled Isomerization and Fermentation......Page 211
2.2 Fermentation Rates with Different Sugars......Page 212
2.3 Incidence of Xylose-Fermenting Yeasts......Page 214
3.1 Effects of Aeration......Page 215
3.3 Effects of Nitrate on Ethanol Production......Page 216
3.4 Effects of Nitrate and Xylitol on Strain Selection in P. tannophilus......Page 217
3.5 Candida shehatae as a Rapid Xylose Fermenter......Page 218
4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 220
6 REFERENCES......Page 221
2 SEPARATIONS......Page 230
2.2 Solid Sorbents......Page 231
3.1 Continuous Columnar Bioreactors......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 233
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 240
2 CONVERSION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION......Page 241
3 PROCESS STUDIES......Page 242
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 251
2 CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES......Page 252
2.2 Gasification Technology......Page 253
2.3 Liquid Fuels Technology......Page 256
REFERENCES......Page 258
2.1 Gas Turbine Size......Page 266
2.2 Adaptability to External Burner and Wood Fuel......Page 267
3 SITE SELECTION......Page 268
4 SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION......Page 269
5.1 Combustor Performance......Page 270
5.2 Starting Requirements......Page 271
5.3 Cyclone Performance......Page 272
6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS......Page 274
REFERENCES......Page 275
2 CURRENT TECHNICAL STATUS......Page 277
3 INDUSTRIAL APPEAL AND APPLICATIONS......Page 278
4 IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNICAL RISKS......Page 279
5 SENSITIVITY OF PROCESS ECONOMICS TO UNKNOWN TECHNICAL FACTORS......Page 280
6 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER......Page 281
REFERENCE......Page 282