Energy and Environment in the Tropics

Preface
Contents
Facing Environmental Issues and Challenges in Archipelagic Countries
	1 Environmental Degradation
	2 Mangrove Protection and Rehabilitation
		2.1 Indonesia’s Mangrove Management
		2.2 Mangrove Protection and Rehabilitation: The Philippine Setting
	3 Threats of Global Warming
	4 Our Climate Condition: Today
	5 Facing the Climate Change Challenge
	6 Climate Change Mitigation, Programs, Coordination and Strategies on Pacific Island Countries
	7 Food, Nutrition and Health Security in Pacific Islands
	References
Energy Issues and Challenges on Archipelagic Countries
	1 Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) as Sustainable Energy Solution for Off-Grid Island Electrification
	2 The Future of Renewable Energy in the Philippines
		2.1 Solar PV and Wind Energy Solutions in Philippine Settings
	3 Sustainability Assessment of RET Installed on Island Communities
		3.1 Project ENKINDLE
		3.2 Green Island Renewable Energy Mini-Grid
		3.3 Renewable Energy Implementation in Remote Areas of Indonesia
		3.4 Key Success Factors of Indonesia’s Renewable Energy Projects
	4 Summary
	References
Emissions and Nuisance by Idling Vehicles in Public Places
	1 Introduction
	2 Preventive Measures
	3 Method of Study
	4 Demography
	5 Vehicle Characteristics
	6 Survey Question Responses
	7 Likert Scale Test Responses
	8 Statistical Analysis of Survey Data
		8.1 Score Analysis for Total Sample Population
		8.2 Score Analysis by Gender
		8.3 Score Analysis by Age Group
	9 Summary
	Appendix A
	Appendix B
	References
Net-Zero Energy and Low Carbon Footprint in Residential Buildings in Tropical Regions
	1 Through Net-Zero Emission (NZE) Buildings
	2 Climate Impact on Energy Consumption
	3 Passive Strategies in Residential Buildings
	4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Residential Buildings
	5 Renewable Energy Systems in Residential Buildings
	6 Summary
	References
Solar Energy Potential Assessments in Rain-Dominated Tropical Monsoon Climates
	1 Overview of Tropical Monsoon Climates
	2 Solar Energy Potential in Tropical Monsoon Climates
	3 Solar Hybrid Systems
	4 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Surface Temperature of a Photovoltaic Solar Panel on Voltage Production
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Design and Setup
		2.2 Performance of Solar Photovoltaic System
		2.3 Experimental Uncertainty Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Weather and Operating Conditions
		3.2 Output Voltage
		3.3 Temperature of the Panel
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength of Green Self-Consolidating Concrete
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Compressive Strength Development in 90% Replacement Self-Consolidating Concrete
		2.2 Effect of Curing Compounds on 28-Day Compressive Strength of 90% Replacement Self-Consolidating Concrete
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Binary GGBS + OPC SCC Mixes
		3.2 Environmentally Friendly Low Cement Content SCC Mixes
		3.3 Effect of Curing on 28-day Compressive Strength of Sustainable Friendly Self-Consolidating Concrete
	4 Conclusions
	References
Plastic Waste Issue in Malaysia: Where Are We?
	1 Introduction
	2 Consequences from Plastic Wastes
	3 Current Plastic Waste Management by Malaysia
	4 Current Practice by Malaysia on Plastic Waste Management
	5 Opportunities for Improvement
	6 Recommendation to Reduce Plastic Pollution in Malaysia
	7 Summary
	References
A Critical Review on Waste Plastic into Value-Added Hydrocarbons and Fuels
	1 Introduction
	2 Synthesis of CNTs and Fuels from Waste Plastic
	3 Summary
	References
Microwave Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste Materials into Hydrogen and Carbon
	1 Introduction
	2 Microwave Heating
	3 Methods of Synthesis of Catalysts
	4 Production of Hydrogen and Carbon by Microwave Pyrolysis
	5 Characterization Analysis
	6 Summary
	References
Use of Heterojunction Catalysts for Improved Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass and Synthetic Wastes
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Catalytic Pyrolysis
	3 Research Trend in Catalytic Pyrolysis
	4 Summary
	References
Biomass Gasification for Sustainable Power Production in Tropical Countries
	1 Thailand
	2 Indonesia
	3 Nigeria
	4 Colombia
	5 Summary
	References
The Effect of Alcohol Additives on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics for Biodiesel–Diesel Blend Fuel in Compression Ignition Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Physiochemical Characteristics of Biodiesel
	3 Biodiesel Extraction Processes
	4 Performance and Emission of Biodiesel Blend in CI Engine
	5 The Effect of Alcohol Additive
		5.1 Ethanol
		5.2 Propanol
		5.3 Butanol
		5.4 Pentanol
		5.5 Hexanol
		5.6 Decanol
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Biogas Technology Development in Ethiopia: The Status, and the Role of Private Sectors, Academic Institutions, and Research Centers
	1 Introduction
	2 Biogas Technology Development in Ethiopia
		2.1 Before the 1990s
		2.2 From 1990 to 2009
		2.3 National Biogas Program of Ethiopia (NBPE)—Phase I (2009–2013)
		2.4 National Biogas Program of Ethiopia (NBPE)—Phase II (2014–2017)
		2.5 NBPE+ (2016–2020) Biogas Dissemination Scale-Up Program
	3 The Types of Biogas Digester Installed in Ethiopia
		3.1 The Construction Type of Digester
		3.2 Digester Size
	4 Private Sector’s Involvement in Biogas Implementation
	5 The Role of Ethiopian Academic Institutions and Research Centers
	6 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Environment Friendly Production of Coconut Shell Charcoal Through Pyrolysis
	1 Overview
	2 Background
	3 Coconut Shell Biomass
	4 Charcoal Production Methods
	5 Uses of Charcoal
	6 Coconut Shell Charcoal
	7 Pyrolysis Process
	8 Experimental Process
		8.1 Materials
		8.2 Apparatus
		8.3 Procedure
	9 Results and Discussion
		9.1 Weight Reduction of Coconut Shell Charcoal
		9.2 Calorific Value of the Coconut Shell Charcoal
		9.3 Carbon, Oxygen, and Potassium Content
		9.4 Surface Morphology Analysis
	10 Summary
	References
Thermal Comfort Attainment by Personal Vortex Tube Cooling Device
	1 Overview of Vortex Tube
	2 Thermal Comfort
	3 Development of Cooling Necklace
	4 Cooling Necklace Capability to Provide Thermal Comfort
	5 Summary
	References
Urban Heat Island Phenomenon in Tropical Countries: Analysis of the Wake Flow Behind Slender High-Rise Building
	1 Increasing Urban Population and Growing City Area
	2 The Low Albedo Material Usage
	3 The Increase in Anthropogenic Heat Waste
	4 The Geographical and Wheatear Condition
	5 City Layout and Planning
	6 Summary
	References
Natural Ventilation in Traditional Malay House: A Study of Flow Pattern by an Enhanced Smoke Wire Technique
	1 Overview of Natural Ventilation in Traditional Malay House
	2 Qualitative Study
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Smoke Wire Technique
	5 Scale TMH Models
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Summary
	References
The Importance of Ventilation in Vehicle Cabin on Air Quality
	1 Introduction
	2 Preventive Measures
	3 Method and Conditions of Study
		3.1 Instrumentation
		3.2 Determination Air Exchange Rate (AER)
		3.3 Test Procedure
	4 Findings
		4.1 Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Moving Cars
		4.2 Particulate Matter
		4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
		4.4 CO2 Concentration of Parked Vehicle
	5 Summary
	References
Indoor Carbon Dioxide Levels in a Typical Wooden House in Northern Borneo
	1 Introduction
	2 Method of Study
	3 Results and Findings
	4 Summary
	References
A Review for Sustainable Electrification of Ethiopia with Hydropower Energy
	1 Introduction
	2 SWOT Analysis
		2.1 Strength
		2.2 Weakness
		2.3 Opportunities
		2.4 Threat
	3 Summary
	References
Numerical Modelling and Performance Optimization of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
	1 Overview of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
	2 Associated Issues
	3 Potential Solution
	4 The Design
	5 The Methodology
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Summary
	References
Heat Transfer Enhancement in Stirling Engines Using Fins with Different Configurations
	1 Overview of Stirling Engine
	2 Configuration of Fins in Beta Type Stirling Engine
	3 Incorporation of Fins and Selection of Materials
	4 Incorporation of Fins and Step Time
	5 Incorporation of Fins and Consideration of Parameters
		5.1 Incorporation of Fins and Thickness
		5.2 Incorporation of Fins and Distance between the Fins
	6 Summary
	References
The Feasibility of Tidal Energy in the United Arab Emirates
	1 Introduction
	2 Generation of Tidal Power
	3 Proposed Tidal Energy Projects in the UAE
	4 Barrage Tidal Energy
	5 Tidal Lagoons
	6 Operational Modes
	7 Tidal Lagoon Calculations
	8 Bulb Turbine
	9 3D Model of the Tidal lagoon
	10 Summary
	References