Endometriosis-related Infertility: A Comprehensive Manual

Preface
Contents
The Epidemiology of Infertility in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Frequency of Infertility among Women with Endometriosis
	2 Frequency of Endometriosis among Infertile Women
	3 Risk Factors
	4 Factors Associated with Infertility among Women with Endometriosis
		4.1 Stage and Site of Endometriosis
		4.2 General Characteristics of the Woman
	5 Risk Factors for the Endometriosis Associated with Infertility
		5.1 Impact of Infertility on the Quality of Life of Women with Endometriosis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Endometriosis and Infertility: The Comorbidities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Gynecological Comorbidities
			1.1.1 Adenomyosis
			1.1.2 Uterine Fibroids
			1.1.3 PCOS
		1.2 Systemic Comorbidities
			1.2.1 Autoimmune Diseases
			1.2.2 Inflammatory Diseases
			1.2.3 Mental Health Disorders and Migraine
	2 Conclusions
	References
Impact of the Endometriomas on the Ovarian Follicles
	1 Introduction
	2 Etiology of Ovarian Endometriomas
	3 Anatomic Distortion and Other Non-ovarian Mechanisms
	4 Endometrioma Fluid and Cyst Wall
	5 Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation
	6 Granulosa Cell Abnormalities
	7 Follicular Fluid Abnormalities
	8 Reduction in Oocyte Quantity
	9 Conclusion
	References
Fertility Prediction in Patients with Endometriosis (Endometriosis Fertility Index)
	1 Introduction
	2 The Current Commonly Used Endometriosis Classification Introduction
	3 The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (r-ASRM) Classification Background
	4 Limitations of the r-ARSM Classification
	5 The EFI Background
	6 Limitations of the EFI
	7 The Enzian Classification Background
	8 Limitations of the Enzian Classification
	9 Predicting Non-IVF Pregnancy Rate in Women with Endometriosis
	10 Predicting ART Pregnancy Rate in Women with Endometriosis
	References
Spontaneous Ovulation in Patients with Endometriosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Ovulation in the Animal Models of Endometriosis
	3 Oligo-Anovulation in Women with Endometriosis
	4 Impact of Endometriomas on Spontaneous Ovulation
	5 Endometriosis-Associated Comorbidities and Ovulation Disorders
	6 Molecular and Metabolic Changes in Follicular Fluid in Patients with Endometriosis
	7 Conclusion
	References
Endometrial Receptivity in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Endometrial Receptivity
	2 Methods for Assessing Endometrial Receptivity
	3 Endometrial Receptivity in Endometriosis
		3.1 Structural and Histological Changes in Endometriosis
		3.2 Different Cell Types in the Eutopic Endometrium
		3.3 Exosomes in the Development of Endometriosis
		3.4 Somatic Genomic Events
		3.5 Oestrogen and Progesterone Signalling and Dysfunctional Steroid Hormone Response
		3.6 Endometrial Transcripts and Molecular Pathways in Endometriosis
		3.7 microRNAs and Other Non-coding RNAs in Endometriosis
		3.8 Uterine Microenvironment—Metabolites
		3.9 New Player in Endometrial Functions – Microbiota
	4 Conclusions
	References
Assessment of Ovarian Reserve in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Ovarian Reserve and Endometriosis
	2 Ovarian Reserve Markers
		2.1 An Overview of Ovarian Reserve Markers
		2.2 Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
		2.3 Antral Follicle Count (AFC)
	3 Strengths and Limitations of AMH as an Ovarian Reserve Marker in Women with Endometriosis
	4 Strengths and Limitations of AFC as an Ovarian Reserve Marker in Women with Endometriosis
	5 Qualitative Aspect of Ovarian Reserve in Women with Endometriosis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Assessment of Tubal Patency in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Hysterosalpingography
		2.1 Technique
		2.2 Hysterosalpingography in Endometriosis
	3 Hystero-Salpingo Contrast Sonography
		3.1 Hystero-Salpingo Contrast Sonography in Endometriosis
	4 Laparoscopic Chromopertubation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Role of Fallopian Tubes in Endometriosis-Related Infertility
	1 Introduction
	2 Tubal Endometriosis
	3 Distortion of Pelvic Anatomy
	4 Influence of Endometriosis on Tubal Function
	5 Conclusion
	References
Role of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Endometriosis in Infertile Women: Ovarian Endometrioma, Deep Endometriosis, and Superficial Endometriosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Ultrasound Technique: International Deep Endometriosis Analysis(IDEA)
		2.1 Step One—Uterus
		2.2 Step Two—Adnexa
		2.3 Step Two—Soft Markers
		2.4 Step Three—Sliding Sign
		2.5 Step Four—The Direct Visualisation of Deep Endometriosis
	3 Recent Advancements in Superficial Endometriosis
	4 Learning Curve
	5 Final Considerations
	References
Surgical Treatment of Endometriomas: Impact on Ovarian Reserve
	1 Introduction
	2 Preoperative Considerations: Selecting Appropriate Surgical Candidates
	3 Untreated Endometrioma and Ovarian Reserve
	4 Impact of Surgery on the Ovarian Reserve
	5 Minimizing the Iatrogenic Effects of Surgery on the Ovarian Reserve
		5.1 Cystectomy
		5.2 Ablation
		5.3 Method of Hemostasis
		5.4 Surgeon Experience
		5.5 Anti-Adhesion Barriers
		5.6 Postoperative Suppression
		5.7 Alternative to Cystectomy: Sclerotherapy
	6 Conclusion
	References
Surgical Treatment of Deep Endometriosis: Impact on Spontaneous Conception
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fertility After Surgical Treatment of Endometriosis of the Posterior Compartment
		1.2 Fertility after Surgical Treatment of Urinary Tract Endometriosis
		1.3 Surgery for Deep Endometriosis after Infertility Treatments
	2 Conclusion
	References
Intrauterine Insemination in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Intrauterine Insemination in Endometriosis
		1.1 Efficacy of IUI in the Treatment of Endometriosis-Related Infertility
	2 Pretreatment with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs before IUI
	3 Safety of IUI in Women with Endometriosis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Hormonal Therapies before In-Vitro Fertilization in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Introduction
	2 GnRH Analogs and the Endometriosis-Related Infertility
		2.1 Overview of the GnRH Analogs Uses and Mechanism of Action
		2.2 The Ultralong GnRH Agonist Protocol and IVF-ET Outcomes of Patients with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Endometriosis
	3 Progestins in the Endometriosis-Related Infertility Treatment
		3.1 General Characteristics and Indication of Progestins in Patients with Endometriosis
		3.2 Prolonged Progestins Administration Prior to IVF in Patients with Endometriosis
		3.3 Progestin-Primed Ovarian Stimulation in Patients with Endometriosis
	4 Aromatase Inhibitors
		4.1 General Implications of Aromatase Inhibitors in Endometriosis
		4.2 Aromatase Inhibitors to Improve IVF-ET Outcomes in Patients with Endometriosis
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
IVF Stimulation Protocols and Outcomes in Women with Endometriosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Background/Impact of the Disease
	3 Protocols and Results
		3.1 Natural or Modified Natural Cycle IVF
		3.2 GnRH Agonist Vs Antagonist Cycle IVF
		3.3 Progestin Primed Ovarian Stimulation (PPOS)
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Endometriosis on the Quality of Oocytes and Embryos Obtained by IVF
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Oocyte and Embryo Quality
		1.2 Meiotic Abnormalities and Chromosomal Misalignment
		1.3 Biomarkers and Indicators of Oocyte and Embryo Quality
		1.4 Perspectives of Therapeutic Strategies
	2 Discussion
	References
Impact of Surgery for Deep Endometriosis on the Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization
	1 Introduction
	2 Clinical Studies
	3 Discussion
	References
Impact of Surgery for Ovarian Endometriomas on the Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization
	1 Introduction
	2 The Impact of Endometrioma on Ovarian Physiology
	3 The Impact of Endometrioma on Ovarian Reserve
	4 Implications on the Response to Ovarian Stimulation after Surgical Excision of Endometrioma
	5 Endometrioma and Fertility Outcomes
		5.1 Impact of Endometrioma and Surgical Excision on Unassisted Conception
		5.2 Impact of Endometrioma and Surgical Excision on the IVF Outcomes
	6 Impact of Ovarian Endometriosis on Donor Oocyte Cycles
	References
Endometriosis Progression and In Vitro Fertilization
	1 Introduction
	2 Endometriosis, Menstrual Tissue, and Hormonal Responsiveness
	3 Estrogen Responsiveness
	4 Progesterone Responsiveness
	5 Changes in Endometriosis Over Time
	6 Changes in Endometriosis with IVF
		6.1 Initial Case Reports
	7 Pain as a Surrogate for Endometriosis Recurrence
	8 Surgical Evaluation of Endometriosis Recurrence
	9 Endometrioma and Deep Lesion Growth During IVF
	10 Dose Responsiveness in IVF and Endometriosis Recurrence
	11 Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation for Intrauterine Insemination
	12 Emerging Issues and Ideas
		12.1 Ovulation and Endometriosis Progression
		12.2 Protective Effects of Progesterone
	13 Conclusion
	References
Endometriosis-Related Complications in Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
	1 Introduction
	2 ART with Endometrioma Present
	3 Infections
	4 ART and Endometriosis-Associated Pain
	5 IVF and Worsening of the Pathology
	6 ART and Bowel Endometriosis
	7 Endometriosis Recurrence after ART
	References
Fertility Preservation in Endometriosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Oocyte Cryopreservation
		2.1 Ovarian Stimulation for Fertility Preservation
	3 Embryo Cryopreservation
	4 Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Index