Endocrine Testing Protocols: Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis

I- Endocrine Testing Protocols
	1. Endocrine Testing Protocols_ Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
	2. Growth hormone Stimulation Tests in Assessing Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency
	5. Endocrine testing for the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
	6. Assay of Thyroid Hormones and Related Substances
	7. Laboratory Assessment of Testicular Function
	8. Ovarian Reserve Testing
	9. Testing for Endocrine Hypertension
	10. Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Humans
	11. Pancreatic Islet Function Tests
II- Hypothalamus, Pituitary & Pineal Gland
	A. Anatomy and Physiology of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
		1. Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
		2. Development and Microscopic Anatomy of The Pituitary Gland
		3. The Neurohypophysis - Endocrinology of Vasopressin and Oxytocin
	B. The Posterior Pituitary
		1. Diabetes Insipidus
		2. Hyponatremia
	C. Hypopituitarism
		1. Hypopituitarism
		2. Hypopituitarism: Emergencies
		3. Pituitary Apoplexy
	D. The Growth Hormone Axis & Short Stature
		1. Physiology
			a. GH and IGF-1 Physiology In Childhood
			b. Normal Physiology of Growth Hormone in Adults
			c. Growth Hormone in Aging
		2. Acromegaly
		3. Gigantism
		4. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Clinical Management
		5. Short Stature & Disordered Growth
			1. Growth and Growth Disorders
			2. Disorders of Growth Hormone in Childhood
			3. Skeletal Dysplasias
	E. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
		1. Physiology
			a. Normal Physiology of ACTH and GH Release in the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary in Man
			b. ACTH Action on the Adrenals
			c. HPA Axis and Sleep
			d. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone And The Immune-Inflammatory Response
		2. Cushing's Syndrome
			a. Florid Cushing's Syndrome
		3. Pseudo-Cushing's States
	F. Prolactin
		1. Hyperprolactinemia
		2. Prolactinoma Management
	G. Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
	H. Pituitary Adenomas & Other Sellar Lesions
		1. Pathology And Pathogenesis Of Pituitary Adenomas And Other Sellar Lesions
		2. Pituitary-Hypothalamic Tumor Syndromes in Adults
		3. Pituitary and Hypothalamic Tumor Syndromes in Childhood
		4. Pituitary Adenomas in Childhood
		5. Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma
		6. Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas
			a. Surgical Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas
			b. Radiotherapy for Pituitary Tumours
	I. Radiology of the Pituitary
	J. Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders of Pregnancy
	K. The Pineal Gland and Pineal Tumours
III- Thyroid
	A. Basic Science of the Thyroid
		1. Ontogeny, Anatomy, Metabolism and Physiology of the Thyroid
		2. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion
		3. Thyroid Hormone Serum Transport Proteins
		4. Cellular Uptake of Thyroid Hormones
		5. Metabolism of Thyroid Hormone
		6. Cellular Action of Thyroid Hormone
		7. Physiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
	B. Laboratory and Radiological Evaluation of the thyroid
		1. Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function
		2. Evaluation of Thyroid Function in Health and Disease
		3. Assay of Thyroid Hormones and Related Substances
		4. Ultrasonography of the Thyroid
		5. Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of the Thyroid Gland
	C. Autoimmunity of the Thyroid Gland
	D. Thyroid Disorders in the Adult Patient
		1. Hyperthyroid States
			a. Graves' Disease and the Manifestations of Thyrotoxicosis
			b. Diagnosis and Treatment of Graves' Disease
			c. Graves' Disease Complications
				i. Sight-Threatening Graves’ Orbitopathy
			d. Thyrotoxicosis of other Etiologies
				i. Thyroxine Poisoning
				ii. Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas
			e. Thyroid Storm
		2. Hypothyroid States & Thyroiditis
			a. Adult Hypothyroidism
				i. Myxedema and Coma (Severe Hypothyroidism)
			b. Thyroiditis
				i. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
				ii. Postpartum Thyroiditis
				iii. Subacute Thyroiditis
				iv. Acute and Subacute, and Riedel’s Thyroiditis
	E. Thyroid Disorders in Children
		1. Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Function
		2. Neonatal Hyperthyroidism
		3. Congenital Hypothyroidism
		4. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence
		5. TSH Receptor Mutations and Diseases
		6. Genetic Defects in Thyroid Hormone Supply
		7. Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Transport
		8. Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone- Defects of Transport, Metabolism and Action
	F. Thyroid Nodules, Goiters and Thyroid Cancer
		1. Thyroid Nodules
		2. Multinodular Goiter
		3. Thyroid Cancer
		4. Surgery of the Thyroid
	G. The Thyroid in Special Populations
		1. The Thyroid in Pregnancy & Postpartum
			a. Thyroid Regulation and Dysfunction in the Pregnant Patient
			b. Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy
			c. Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy
			d. Postpartum Thyroiditis
		2. The Thyroid in Aging
			a. Hyperthyroidism in Aging
				Severe Thyrotoxicosis in the Elderly
			b. Hypothyroidism in the Elderly
				Severe Hypothyroidism in the Elderly
			c. Thyroid Nodules and Cancer in the Elderly
	H. Special Topics on the Thyroid
		1. The Iodine Deficiency Disorders
		2. Amiodarone Induced Thyrotoxicosis
		3. Effects of the Environment, Chemicals and Drugs on Thyroid Function
		4. The Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome
IV- The Adrenal Gland & Endocrine Hypertension
	A. The Adrenal Anatomy & Biology
		1. Adrenal Cortex; Development, Anatomy, Physiology
		2. ACTH Action on the Adrenals
		3. Glucocorticoid Receptor
		4. Adrenal Androgens
			Adrenal Androgens and Aging
	B. Endocrine Testing Protocols - Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
	C. The Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasias
		1. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and Emergency Treatment
		2. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
	D. Adrenal Insufficiency
		1. Adrenal Insufficiency
		2. Glucocorticoid Therapy and Adrenal Suppression
		3. Adrenal Suppression
		4. Adrenal Insuffciency Due To X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
		5. Familial Or Sporadic Adrenal Hypoplasia Syndrome
		6. Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance or Chrousos Syndrome
	E. Hypercortisolemia
		1. Cushing's Syndrome
			Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
		2. Pseudo-Cushing's States
	F. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis
		1. Hyperaldosteronism
		2. Aldosterone Deficiency and Resistance
	G. Adrenal Tumors & Pheochromocytoma
		1. Adrenal Incidentalomas
		2. Adrenocortical Carcinoma
			Current Issues in the Diagnosis and Management of Adrenocortical Carcinomas
		3. Pheochromocytoma
			Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
	H. Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders of Pregnancy
	I. AIDS-HPA Axis
	J. Endocrine Hypertension
		1. Overview of Endocrine Hypertension
		2. Endocrine Hypertension
		3. Endocrine Hypertension in Childhood
		4. Testing for Endocrine Hypertension
V- Reproduction & Sexual Health
	A. Sexual Development, Puberty & their Disorders
		1. Sexual Development
			a. Sexual Differentiation
			b. Ambiguous Genitalia in the Newborn
				Ambiguous Genitalia in Newborns
			c. Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias
			d. 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development
		2. Puberty
			a. Physiology of GnRH and Gonadotropin Secretion
			b. Normal and Abnormal Puberty
			c. Abnormalities of Female Pubertal Development
	B. Endocrinology of Female Reproduction
		1. Morphology and Physiology of the Ovary
		2. Abnormalities of Female Pubertal Development
		3. The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation
		4. Evaluation of Amenorrhea, Anovulation, and Abnormal Bleeding
		5. Central Causes of Amenorrhea
		6. Evaluation and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
		Ovarian Reserve Testing
		7. Evaluation of Infertility, Ovulation Induction and Assisted Reproduction
		8. Contraception
		9. Endometriosis
		10. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (Formerly Premenstrual Syndrome)
		11. Menopause and Hormone Replacement
		The Postmenopausal Woman
		12. Endocrinology of Pregnancy
		13. Endocrine Disorders of Pregnancy
	C. Endocrinology of Male Reproduction
		1. Endocrinology of the Male Reproductive System and Spermatogenesis
		2. Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology and Abuse
		3. Androgen Physiology: Receptor and Metabolic Disorders
		4. Laboratory Assessment of Testicular Function
		5. Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (HH) and Gonadotropin Therapy
		6. Primary Testicular Failure
		7. Clinical Management of Male Infertility
		8. Medical and Surgical Therapy of Erectile Dysfunction
		9. Benign Prostate Disorders
		10. Prostate Cancer – Part One: Detection
		11. Age-Related Changes in the Male Reproductive Axis
		12. Testicular Cancer Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Endocrine Aspects
		13. Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
		14. Male Contraception
		15. Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease
		16. Estrogens and Male Reproduction
		17. Male Androgenetic Alopecia
		18. Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias
		19. Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport
VI- Diseases of Bone and Mineral Metabolism
	A. Physiology of Minerals & Vitamin D
		1. Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
			Calcium Metabolism during Pregnancy and Lactation
		2. Vitamin D_ Production, Metabolism, and Mechanisms of Action
	B. Hypercalcemia
		1. Hypercalcemia
		2. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
	C. Hypocalcemia
		1. Hypocalcemia_ Diagnosis and Treatment
		2. Hypocalcemia Management
		3. Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism
	D. Disorders in Vitamin D Action
	E. Primary Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism
	F. The Kidney and Minerals
		1. Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease
		2. Nephrolithiasis
			Kidney Stone Emergencies
	G. Bone Disease
		1. Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Bone - Histogenesis, Growth and Remodeling
		2. Osteoporosis
			a. The Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
			b. Osteoporosis_ Clinical Evaluation
			c. Osteoporosis_ Prevention and Treatment
			d. Osteoporosis _ Vertebral Compression Fractures
			e. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
		3. Osteogenesis Imperfecta
		4. Paget's Disease of Bone
		5. Fibrous Dysplasia
VII- Diabetes Mellitus and Carbohydrate Metabolism
	A. Physiology of Insulin & Glucagon
		1. Insulin Biosynthesis, Secretion, Structure, and Structure-Activity Relationships
		2. The Insulin Receptor and Its Signal Transduction Network
		3. Glucagon Physiology
	B. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
	C. Diabetes Diagnosis, Assessment and Monitoring Techniques
		1. Pancreatic Islet Function Tests
		2. Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Humans
		3. Monitoring Technologies - Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Mobile Technology, Biomarkers of Glycemic Control
	D. Modalities for Treatment of Diabetes
		1. Nutritional Recommendations for Individuals with Diabetes
		2. Insulin – Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens And Principles Of Intensive Insulin Therapy
		3. Oral and Injectable (Non-insulin) Pharmacological Agents for Type 2 Diabetes
		4. Transplantation of the Pancreas
		5. Islet Transplantation
	E. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
		1. Pathogenesis of Type 1A Diabetes
		2. Changing the Course of Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
		3. The Management of Type 1 Diabetes
	F. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		1. Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
			Metabolic Syndrome
		2. Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
			a. Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention Options For Type 2 Diabetes_ Diets And Dietary Supplements (Botanicals, Antioxidants, and Minerals)
			b. Management Of Type 2 Diabetes_ Selecting Amongst Available Pharmacological Agents
			c. Initial Management of Severe Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes
	G. Other Types of Diabetes Mellitus
		1. Atypical Forms of Diabetes
		2. Diabetes Mellitus After Solid Organ Transplantation
	H. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
		1. Acute Complications & Emergencies
			a. Hyperglycemic Crises_ Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), And Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)
				i. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
				ii. Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
			b. Hypoglycemia During Therapy of Diabetes
			c. Emergencies in Childhood Diabetes
		2. Chronic Complications & Comorbid Cardiovascular Risk Factors
			a. Diabetic Retinopathy
			b. Diabetic Nephropathy and Treatment of Hypertension
			c. Diabetic Neuropathies
			d. The Diabetic Foot
			e. Sexual Dysfunction in Diabetes
			f. Hypertension in Diabetes
			g. Role Of Glucose And Lipids In The Cardiovascular Disease Of Patients With Diabetes
	I. Special Populations & Situations
		1. Diabetes Mellitus in Children
			a. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children
			b. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents
		2. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
		3. Diabetes in the Elderly
		4. Inpatient Diabetes Management
			Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients
	J. Hypoglycemia
		1. Non-Diabetic Hypoglycemia
			Hypoglycemia
		2. Insulinomas
VIII- Obesity
	A. Regulation of Food, Energy & Body Weight in Humans
		1. Regulation of Body Weight in Humans
		1.b Neuroendocrine Integration of Body Weight Regulation
		2. The Regulation of Food Intake in Humans
		3. Regulation of Energy Intake in Humans
		4. Control of Energy Expenditure in Humans
	B. Definitions and Classification of Obesity
	C. Pathogenesis of Obesity
		1. The Genetics of Obesity in Humans
		2. Environmental Factors Influencing Obesity
		3. The Role of Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis in Human Obesity
		4. Lessons From Rodent Models of Obesity
		5. Molecular links between Obesity and Diabetes Diabesity
	D. Clinical, Endocrine and Metabolic Changes in Obesity
		1. Clinical Problems Caused by Obesity
		2. Endocrine Changes in Obesity
		3. Metabolic Syndrome
	E. Management of Obesity
		1. Dietary Treatment of Obesity
		2. Exercise Treatment of Obesity
		3. Behavior Modification for Obesity
		4. Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity
		5. New Molecular Targets for the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
		6. Surgical Treatment of Obesity
	F. Special Considerations Relative to Pediatric Obesity
	G. Prevention of Obesity
IX- Diseases of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Adults and Children
	A. Adult Lipidology
		1. Background
			a. Introduction to Lipids and Lipoproteins
			b. The Measurement of Lipids, Lipoproteins, Apolipoproteins, Fatty Acids, and Sterols, and Next Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid Disorders
			c. Utility of Advances Lipoprotein Testing in Clinical Practice
			d. The Role of Lipids and Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis
			e. Management of High Blood Cholesterol
			f. Risk Assessment and Guidelines for the Management of High Triglycerides
		2. Genetic Disorders of Lipid and Lipoprotien Metabolism
			a. The Severe Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype_ Genes and Beyond
			b. Genetic Disorders of Triglyceride Metabolism
			c. Hypertriglyceridemic Pancreatitis (HTGP)
			d. Rare Genetic Disorders Altering Lipoproteins
		3. Secondary Disorders of Lipid and Lipoprotien Metabolism and Special Populations
			a. Diabetes and Dyslipidemia
			b. Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
			c. Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Liver Disease
			d. The Effect of Endocrine Disorders on Lipids and Lipoproteins
			e. The Effect of Inflammation and Infection on Lipids and Lipoproteins
			f. Medication Induced Changes in Lipid and Lipoproteins
			g. Obesity and Dyslipidemia
			h. Management of Dyslipidemia in the Elderly
		4. Treatment
			a. Approach to the Patient with Dyslipidemia
			b. Lifestyle Changes_ Effect of Diet, Exercise, Functional Food, and Obesity Treatment, on Lipids and Lipoproteins
			c. Cholesterol Lowering Drugs
			d. Triglyceride Lowering Drugs
			e. Lipoprotein Apheresis
	B. Pediatric Lipidology
		1. Background
			a. Is Atherosclerosis a Pediatric Disease
			b. Fetal and Neonatal Cholesterol Metabolism
			c. Non-Invasive Imaging in Pediatric Atherosclerosis
			d. Genetics and Dyslipidemia
		2. Screening and Guidelines
			a. Guidelines for Screening, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents
			b. Lipid Screening in Youth
		3. Hypercholesterolemia
			a. Familial Hypercholesterolemia
			b. Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency
			c. Sitosterolemia in the Pediatric Population
			d. Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
			e. Lipoprotein (a)
		4. Hypertriglyceridemia
			a. Genetic Disorders Causing Hypertriglyceridemia in Children and Adolescents
			b. Secondary Hypertriglyceridemia
			c. Combined Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents
		5. Treatment
			a. Nutritional Management of Pediatric Dyslipidemia
			b. Use of Lipid Lowering Medications in Youth
X- Neuro-Endocrinology
	1. Diffuse Hormonal Systems
	2. Carcinoid Tumors
	3. Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETS)
	4. Gastrinoma
	5. Insulinomas
	6. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Tumor (VIPoma)
	7. Glucagonoma Syndrome
	8. Somatostatinoma
	9. Pancreatic Polypeptide PPoma
	10. Neurotensinomas
	11. Ghrelinoma
	12. Paraneoplastic Syndromes related to Neuroendorine Tumours
XI- Polyglandular & Multiple Tumor Syndromes
	1. Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
	3. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
	4. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A (including Familial Medullary Carcinoma) and Type 2B
	5. Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
	22. Carney's Complex
XII- Miscellaneous Topics in Endocrinology
	1. Stress, Endocrine Physiology and Pathophysiology
	2. Immune System Effects on the Endocrine System
	3. Hormones of the Cardiovascular System
	4. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
	5. Fibromyalgia
	6. Benign Breast Disease in Women