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دانلود کتاب Encyclopedia of Vitamins New Research (4 Volume Set)

دانلود کتاب دائرclالمعارف ویتامین ها تحقیقات جدید (مجموعه 4 جلدی)

Encyclopedia of Vitamins New Research (4 Volume Set)

مشخصات کتاب

Encyclopedia of Vitamins New Research (4 Volume Set)

ویرایش:  
 
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 9781536156942, 1536156949 
ناشر:  
سال نشر: 2019 
تعداد صفحات: 1314 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
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توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی



فهرست مطالب

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Liquid Chromatography  for the Determination of Tocopherols  and Tocotrienols (Vitamin E) in Food  of Plant Origin
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Sample Preparation
	Chromatographic Determination  of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2
Differentiation Signaling Induced  by Retinoic Acid and Vitamin D3
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Genomic Control
		1. Nuclear Receptors
		2. Target Genes
			2.1. ATRA Target Genes
			2.2. 1,25(OH)2D3 Target Genes
		3. Cell Cycle Regulatory Molecules
	Intracellular Signaling Pathways
		1. Raf-MEK-ERK
		2. Protein Kinase (PKC) Isoforms
		3. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3-K)-AKT Pathway
	Summary
	References
Chapter 3
Suicide Risk Factors: Vitamin D Levels
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D
		Excretion
		UVB induced synthesis of active vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2D3) in the
		skin and its significance
		Mechanisms of action of vitamin D
		Functions of vitamin D
		Measuring vitamin D nutritional status
		Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency
		Consequences of vitamin D deficiency
		Genetic and environmental triggers related to vitamin D and suicide
	Chronic medical illness
		Autoimmune diseases
		Fibromyalgia
		Cancer
	Psychiatric disorders
		Mood and anxiety disorders
		Schizophrenia
	Suicide
	Adequate intake of vitamin D
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
	APPENDIX
Chapter 4
Role of Ultraviolet-B Irradiance and Vitamin D in Reducing Risk of Cancer
	1Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center,
	San Francisco, California, US
	2School of Arts and Sciences, American University in Dubai
	Dubai, UAE
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Evidence That Ultraviolet-B Irradiance
	and Vitamin D Reduce the Risk of Cancer
		Case–Control Studies of 25(OH)D Level and Cancer Incidence Rates
		Nested Case–Control Studies of 25(OH)D Level and Cancer Incidence Rates
			Bladder Cancer
			Ovarian Cancer
			Prostate Cancer
		Cancer Survival with Respect to Serum 25(OH)D Level
		Racial Disparities in Cancer Survival
		Randomized Controlled Trials
		Occupation in Nordic Countries
		Night-Shift Work
	Vitamin D Mechanisms in Cancer Biology
		Proliferation and Telomerase
		Cell Cycle Control Mechanisms and Apoptosis
		Cellular Stress, DNA Damage and Repair
		Alterations in Cellular Microenvironment (E.G., Hypoxia) Promoting Angiogenesis and Metastasis
		Interactions with Growth Factors That Mediate Transformation, Cell Adhesion, Invasion, and Metastasis
		Inflammation and Cancer
		Causality Using Hill’s Criteria
	References
Chapter 5
HPLC Analysis of Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12 and Vitamin C in Various Food Matrices
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B1
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B1
		Assay Methodology for Vitamin B1 (Vitamins B2, B3 and B6) – General
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B1
	Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B2
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B2
		Assay Methodology for Vitamin B2 – General
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B2
	Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B3
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B3
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B3
	Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B6
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B6
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B6
		Improvements and Recent Developments: Vitamin B6 Methods
	Vitamin B9 (Folate)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B9
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance – Vitamin B9
		Dietary Sources – Vitamin B9
		Assay Methodology for Vitamin B9 – General
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B9
		Improvements and Recent Developments – Vitamin B9 Methods
	Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B12
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance – Vitamin B12
		Dietary Sources – Vitamin B12
		Assay Methodology for Vitamin B12 – General
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B12
		Improvements and Recent Developments – Vitamin B12 Methods
	Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
		Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin C
		Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources
		Assay Methodology for Vitamin C – General
		HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin C
	References
Chapter 6
Vitamin E Isoforms: Multiple Mechanisms  of Action against Carcinogenesis
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
		Diet Plays a Role in Cancer Risk
		Vitamin E Compounds Other than Alpha Tocopherol are  Physiologically Relevant
		Vitamin E has Antioxidant Properites BUT Also Plays a Role in Signal Transduction Modulation
	The Biology of Vitamin E
		Vitamin E is at Least Eight Structurally Related Compounds
		Synthetic Vitamin E is Not Identical to Natural Vitamin E
		Vitamin E Transport and Metabolism Occur in the Liver with Different Reaction Kinetics Depending Upon Various Conditions
		Vitamin E Interactions
	The Role of Vitamin E Isoforms on Apoptosis
		Natural Vitamin E Isoforms are Effective Apoptotic Modulators  in Cancer Cell Lines
		Apoptotic Induction by Natural Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Occurs  in Animal Models
		Natural Tocotrienols Need not be Purified to Demonstrate Apoptotic Activity
		Synthetic Forms of Vitamin E Result in Apoptosis of Cancer Cells
		Anticancer Effects of Synthetic Vitamin E Analogues Using Apoptosis  as an Endpoint
	The Influence of Vitamin E Isoforms on Cell Cycle,  Cell Proliferation, and Tumor Burden
		a-VES Modulates the Cell Cycle
		Cell Cycle Modulation is Also Regulated by Tocotrienols
		Cell Cycle Intervention by Vitamin E Isoforms in Animal Models
		Non-Alpha-Tocopherol Forms of Vitamin E Reduce Tumor Burden  in Animal Models
		Vitamin E Inhibits Radiation-Induced Genotoxicity
	Epidemiological Evidence that Multiple Forms of Vitamin E, Rather than Alpha Tocopherol Alone May  be Chemopreventive
	Vitamin e’s role in Oxidative Stress and Cancer
		Vitamin E and Aberrant Crypt Foci
		Some Vitamin E Isoforms May Exert Anticancer Effects by  Non-Redox Mechanisms
	The Potential for Vitamin E Isoforms  to be Used as Adjuvant Chemotherapy
		Some Vitamin E Isoforms Demonstrate an Ability to Enhance  the Antiproliferative Effects of Chemotherapy in Cancer Cell Lines
		Some Vitamin E Isoforms Reduce the Harmful Side Effects  of Chemotherapeutic Agents
	Vitamin E Isoforms Modulate Major Regulatory Elements Involved in Inflammation
	Vitamin E Isoforms Modulate Pathways Involved  in Metastasis
	Vitamin E Isoforms Modulate Ras Levels Resulting  in Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis
	Vitamin E Modulates the Master Fat Regulatory Element, Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor, (PPAR)
	Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity is Modulated by Redox Silent Forms of Vitamin E as Well as Naturally occuring Vitamin E forms
	Vitamin E Compounds Modulate Proteins Involved  in the Sphingolipid and Cholesterol Metabolism
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Thiol Metabolic Changes Induced by Oxidative Stress and Possible Role of  B-Vitamins Supplements in Esophageal Cancer Patients
	Abstract
	Introduction
		1. The Cell-Hormetic Responses to Oxidative Stress
		2. The Role of Antioxidant Defenses
		2.1. Sulfur-Containing Antioxidants
		2.2. Glutathione Functions
		2.3. Glutathione Modulation
		3. Esophageal Cancer
		3.1. Nutritional Risk-Factors
	Objectives
	Methods
	Results
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 8
Vitamin B12 Modulates  AM-Coagulation
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Material and Methods
	Results and Discussion
	References
Chapter 9
The Relations between Water-Soluble
B Vitamins and Indoleamines
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
		2.1. Thiamine Deficiency in Animals
		2.3. Thiamine Deficiency in Humans
			2.3.1. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
			2.3.2. Other Neural Diseases
	3. Vitamin B9 (Folate)
		3.1. Folate Deficiency in Animals
		3.2. Folate Administration in Animals
		3.3. Folate Deficiency in Humans
			3.3.1. Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Adults
		3.4. Folate Administration in Humans
	4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
		4.1. Background
		4.2. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Animals
		4.3. Vitamin B6 Administration in Animals
		4.4. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Humans
		4.4. Vitamin B6 Administration in Human Subjects
	5. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
		5.1. Background
		5.2. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Animals
		5.3. Vitamin B12 Administration in Animals
		5.4. Vitamin B12 Deficiency In Humans
		5.5. Vitamin B12 Administration in Humans
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
Sun Exposure and Protection Habits and Vitamin D Levels in Children  and Adolescents With a History  of Malignancy
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
	Recommendations of Sun Protection Behaviors
	Sources of Vitamin D
		Sun Exposure
		Food
		Daily Vitamin D Requirements
		Recommendations for 25OHD Levels
		Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency
	Vitamin D Roles
		Skeletal
		Extra-Skeletal
		Sun Exposure and Non-Skin Cancer
	Vitamin D and Cancer Risk, Morbidity  and Mortality
	Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients  with Malignancy
	Childhood Cancer Survivors and Sun Exposure
	Conclusion -  Balancing Risks and Benefits of Sun Exposure
	References
Chapter 11
The Effects of B Vitamins on Behavior  and Neurochemistry
	University of Rouen, Dept Psychology, ICONES Laboratory EA 4699,  76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan France
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
		2.1. Background
		2.2. Thiamine Deficiency in Animals
			2.2.1. Neurochemistry
			2.2.2. Behavior
		2.3. Thiamine Deficiency in Humans
			2.3.1. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
			2.3.2. Other neurodegenerative diseases
				2.3.2.1. Neurochemistry
			2.3.2.2. Behavior
		2.4. Thiamine Supplements in the Normal Population
	3. Vitamin B9 (Folate)
		3.1. Background
		3.2. Folate Deficiency in Animals
			3.2.1. Neurochemistry
			3.2.2. Behavior
		3.3. Folate Administration In Animals
		3.4. Folate Deficiency in Humans
			3.4.1. Neuropsychiatric disorders in adults
			3.4.2. Neuropsychiatric disorders in children
			3.4.3. Dementia
			3.4.4. Normal aging
			3.4.5. Young adults or chilren
		3.5. Folate Supplements in Children and Adults
	4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
		4.1. Background
		4.2. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Animals
		4.3. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Humans
		4.4. Vitamin B6 Supplements in Normal Adults and Children
	5. Vitamin B12
		5.1. Background
		5.2. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Animals
		5.3. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Humans
			5.3.1. Neurologic cases
			5.3.2. Depression
			5.3.3. Dementia
			5.3.4. Normal aging
			5.3.5. Neurologic syndromes in children
			5.3.6. Normal children or adolescents
		5.4. Vitamin B12 Supplements in Humans
			5.4.1. Neuropsychiatric cases
			5.4.2. Dementia and normal aging
	6. Multiple B Vitamins
		6.1. Vitamin B-Deficient Diets in Animals
		6.2. Multiple B Vitamins in Humans
			6.2.1. Stroke and dementia
			6.2.2. Normal aging
			6.2.3. Normal young adults
			6.2.4. Normal children
	7. Future Directions
		7.1. Myelin
		7.2. Optimal Vitamin Doses
	References
Chapter 12
Development of Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese Individuals Undergoing  Bariatric Surgery
	Abstract
	Growing International Prevalence of Obesity
	Surgical Treatment of Obesity
	Overview of the Physiology of Vitamin D
	Vitamin D and Obesity
	Vitamin D and Bariatric Surgery
	Proposed Mechanisms of Vitamin D Deficiency After Bariatric Surgery
	Vitamin D Deficiency and Small Intestinal  Bacterial Overgrowth
	Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency
	Management of Vitamin D Deficiency  After Bariatric Surgery
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
Vitamins and Minerals as Alternative  or Complementary Therapies in Depression
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamins
		Vitamin D
		Vitamin E
		Vitamin C
		Folic Acid
		Other Vitamin B
	Minerals
		Zinc
		Magnesium
		Chrome
		Selenium
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14
Vitamin B12 Importance for
the Proper Body Condition
	Abstract
	Introduction [1]
		Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency [2]
	Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency [3]
	Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
	Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
	Case Report
	Discussion [3, 9-11, 13]
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Association between Vitamin D  and Anti-Mullerian Hormone
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D and AMH Gene
		a) AMH Gene
		b) Serum AMH Protein Level
	Vitamin D and AMH in Women with PCOS
	Conclusion
	Questions
	References
Chapter 16
Impact of Vitamin D System  on Ventricular Remodeling
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Metabolism of Vitamin D
	Vitamin D receptor
	Vitamin D Circulating Levels and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Evidences
	Vitamin D Pathway and Cardiac Hypertrophy
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17
Dexamethasone Suppresses Neurosteroid Biosynthesis in Human Glial Cells
via Cross-Talk with Vitamins A and D
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Vitamin A and D Enhance Neurosteroid Synthesis in Human Glioma  GI-1 Cells
		Effect of Dex on the Steroidogenic Gene Expression in GI-1 Cells
		Effects of Dex on Vitamin-Induced Steroidogenic Gene Expression in  GI-1 Cells
		Dex Reduces de novo Biosynthesis of Neurosteroids in GI-1 Cells
		Regulation of 11-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD11B) Gene Expression by Cross-Talk between GC and RA Receptors in GI-1 Cells
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
		Competing Interests
	References
Chapter 18
Vitamins and Supplements in Alcoholic  Liver Disease
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Water Soluble Vitamins
		Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
		Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
		Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
		Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
		Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid/Folate)
		Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
		Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
	Fat Soluble Vitamins
		Vitamin A (Retinol)
		Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
		Vitamin D
	Minerals and Trace Elements
		Iron
		Calcium and Magnesium
		Zinc
	References
Chapter 19
A Comparative Study of Liposoluble Vitamin Effects in Decapod Crustacean with Emphasis in Argentine Shrimp Species
	1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras,
	Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales,
	Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-Consejo Nacional
	de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Argentina
	2Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia,
	Municipalidad de General Pueyrredón,
	Mar del Plata, Argentina
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Argentine Shrimp Species
	Vitamin a and Carotenoids
	Vitamin D
	Vitamin E
	Vitamin K
	Conclusion
	Reviewed By
	References
Chapter 20
Antioxidant Vitamins and the Heart
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Effects of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Diseases
	Individual Vitamins and Minerals
		Vitamin A and C
		Vitamin E and Selenium
		β-Carotene and Folic Acid
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 21
Antioxidant Vitamins and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Heart Failure
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Subjects and Methods
		Study Design
		Laboratory Data
		Statistical Analysis
	Results
	Discussion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 22
Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress:  Cell Signaling Mechanisms and Protective Role of Vitamin C and Cilnidipine
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Hypoxia: An Overview
	Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress – Molecular Interactions
	Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 23
Vitamins, Minerals, Herbal Supplements and Other Dietary Supplements as Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Cancer Care
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Literature search
		Eligibility criteria
		Selection process, data abstraction and analysis
	Findings
Of the 20 eligible studies, 15 evaluated herbal supplements (8-22), 4 evaluated dietary supplements (23-26), 2 evaluated vitamins (8, 27), and two evaluated minerals (in combination with herbal supplements) (13, 14) (see Table 1). Four enrolled patien...
	Therapies treating side-effects
Two independent studies investigated the efficacy of Goshajinkigan (GJG), a traditional Japanese medicine, in treating chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity and found promising results. Abe and colleagues compared GJG with Mecobalamin (vitamin B12) as tr...
	Therapies for disease management
A total of 5 studies primarily assessed the efficacy of complementary and alternative therapies on disease management (9, 12, 16, 25, 26).
	Discussion
	Conclusion
The use of VMHD in the treatment of cancer and traditional treatment side effects appears potentially promising. Many of the studies included in our scoping review were unique in their treatment condition and reported outcomes, making comparisons acro...
	References
Chapter 24
Vitamin D and Cognitive Impairment:  An Update
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D: Overview
		Vitamin D Physiology
		Vitamin D Deficiency: Definition
		Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency
		Vitamin D Deficiency: Causes and Risk Factors
		Vitamin D and the Elderly
		Clinical Consequences of VD Deficiency
	Vitamin D Status and Cognition
		Vitamin D and the Brain
		Dementia and Cognitive impairment: Concepts and Epidemiology
		Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk Associated to Hypovitaminosis D
		VD Status and Neuropsychological Profile
		VD Status and Alzheimer’s Disease
		VD Status and Lewy Body Disorders
		VD Status and Vascular Dementia
		VD Status and Mild Cognitive Impairment
		VD Status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Vitamin D and Neuroimaging
		Screening and Treatment of VD Deficiency
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 25
The Effects of Valproate and Levetiracetam as a Monotherapy on Vitamin D Status in Epileptic Children
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
		Participants
		Clinical Information and Anthropometry
		Biochemical Analysis
		Statystical Analysis
	Results
	Discussion
	References
	Biographical Sketch
Chapter 26
Photochemistry of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Related Compounds
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Anaerobic Photoreactions
	3. Aerobic Photoreactions
	4. Types of Photochemical Reactions
		4.1. Photoreduction
			4.1.1. Intramolecular Photoreduction
			4.1.2. Intermolecular Photoreduction
		4.2. Photodealkylation
		4.3. Photoaddition Reactions
		4.4. Photooxidation
		4.5. Photosenstization Reactions
		4.6. Photostabilisation Reactions
		4.7. Factors Affecting Photochemical Reactions of RF
			4.7.1. Radiation Source
			4.7.2. pH Effect
			4.7.3. Buffer Effect
			4.7.4. Effect of Complexing Agents
			4.7.5. Effect of Quenchers
			4.7.6. Effect of Solvent
			4.7.7. Effect of Ionic Strength
			4.7.8. Effect of Metal Ion
			4.7.9. Effect of Formulation
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 27
Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D: Production and Biological Effects
	Vitamin D Deficiency and MS:  Environmental Exposure  vs. Genetic Predisposition
	Role of Vitamin D Levels in MS Management
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 28
The Use of Vitamins, Minerals, Herbal Supplements, and Other Dietary Supplements as Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Cancer Care: A Literature Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
		Eligibility criteria
		Selection process, data abstraction and analysis
	Results
		Therapies treating side-effects
		Therapies for disease management
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	Conflict of interest
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 29
Immunomodulators and Postoperative Pain: Immunonutrition and Topical Vitamin E
	Abstract
	Immunonutrition
		Components of Immunonutrition
		Effects of Inmmunonutrition on Postoperative Pain After Bariatric Surgery
	Topical Vitamin E
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 30
Micronutrients and Periodontal Disease: The Potential Role of Vitamins
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Relationship between Vitamins and Periodontal  Disease - A Contemporary Review
	3. Physiological Function of Vitamins
		3.1. Vitamin A
		3.2. Vitamin B
		3.3. Vitamin C
		3.4. Vitamin D
		3.5. Vitamin E
		3.6. Vitamin K
	4. Effects of Vitamins Supplementation  on Periodontal Disease
		4.1. Animal Studies
		4.2. Human Studies
	Discussion
	Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 31
Vitamin E:  Nutritional Recommendation  and Biofortified Foods
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Function
		Metabolism of Vitamin E
		Absorption
		Transport and Distribution of Vitamin E
		Nutrition Recommendation
		Biofortification
		Vitamin E and Biofortification of Plant Crops
		Biosynthesis of Vitamin E
		Biofortification of Plants with Vitamin E by Transgenic Approach
		Biofortification of Plants with Vitamin E by Conventional Breeding
		Vitamin E in Foods of Animal Origin and the Importance of Biofortification
		Eggs
		Fish
		Chicken, Pork, Lamb and Beef
		Milk
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 32
Occurrence and Health Benefits of Alkaloids and Vitamins and Their Affinities to Plasma Proteins
	Abstract
	Abbereviations
	1. Introduction
	2. Occurance, Structure and Health Benefits of Alkaloids and Vitamins
		2.1. Alkaloids
		2.2. Vitamins
	3. Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Investigations
		3.1. Affinity of Alkaloids to Plasma Proteins
		3.2. Binding Characteristics of Interactions of Vitamins with Blood Proteins
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 33
Vitamin C Supplementation: Favorable or Noxious?
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Physiological Concentrations of Vitamin C
		2.1. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Vitamin C
		2.2. Dietary Sources and Bioavailability of Vitamin C
		2.3. Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C
	3. Effects of Vitamin C on Health
	4. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Effect of Vitamin C
	5. Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of the Vitamin C
		5.1. Effects of Vitamin C Over Transition Metals
		5.2. Effects of Vitamin C Over Alkylating Agents
		5.3. Effects of Vitamin C in Diabetes
		5.4. Effects of Vitamin C in Obesity
		5.5. Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
		5.6. Effects of Vitamin C in Amfepramone Treatment
		5.7.Vitamin C and Nicotine
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 34
An Overview of the Analytical Methods to Determine Ascorbic Acid in Foodstuffs
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Extraction Procedures of Ascorbic Acid From Foods
	3. Analytical Techniques
		3.1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
			3.1.1. Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC)
		3.2. Gas Chromatography (GC)
		3.3. Capillary Electrophoresis
		3.4. Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Methods
		3.5. Other Methods
	4. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 35
Vitamin C Daily Supplements and Its Ameliorative Effects
	Abstract
	Introduction
	1. Recommended Supplementation
	2. Basis of Vitamin C Role
	3. Hepatic Effects
	4. Renal Effects
	5. Cardiovascular Effects
	6. Respiratory Effects
	7. Anti-Cancer Effects
	8. Ophthalmological Effects
	9. Gynaecological and Obstetrical Effects
	10. Toxicological Effects
	11. Dermatological Effects
	12. Endocrine Effects
	13. Psychological Effects
	14. Neuropsychiatric Effects
	15. Anti-Infective and Immunity Effects
	16. Physical Performance Effects
	17. Vitamin C and Minerals
	18. Vitamin C and Stem Cells
	19. Vitamin C and Laboratory Investigations
	20. Miscellaneous Effects
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 36
Ionizing Radiation Effects on Vitamin C
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Effects of Radiation on Food
	3. Gamma Irradiation on Vitamin C
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 37
Vitamin C in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Vitamin C Requirement in Marine Teleosts
		2.1. Materials and Methods
			2.1.1. Experimental Semipurified Diets
			2.1.2. Experimental Diet, Fish and Feeding Trails
				Experiment 1 (Korean Rockfish 3.1± 0.02 g)
				Experiment 2 (Korean Rockfish 7.12 ± 0.02 g)
				Experiment 3 (Korean Rockfish 12.6 ± 0.02 g)
				Experiment 4 (Olive Flounder 3± 0.06 g)
				Experiment 5 (Parrot Fish 3.9 ± 0.06 g)
			2.1.3. Sample Collection and Analyses
		2.2. Results
			Experiment 1 (Korean Rockfish 3.1 ± 0.02 g)
			Experiment 2 (Korean Rockfish 7.12 ± 0.02 g)
			Experiment 3 (Korean Rockfish 12.6 ± 0.02 g)
			Experiment 4 (Olive Flounder 3 ± 0.06 g)
			Experiment 5 (Parrot Fish 3.9 ± 0.06 g)
		2.3. Discussion
	3. Vitamin C Requirement in Freshwater Teleosts
		3.1. Materials and Methods
			3.1.1. Experimental Semipurified Diets
			3.1.2. Experimental Diet, Fish & Feeding Trail
			3.1.3. Sample Collection and Analyses
		3.2. Results
		3.3. Discussion
	4. General Discussion and Summary
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 38
Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Immunity
and Low Grade Systemic Inflammation
	1Department of Food Industry, Polythecnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal
	2Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
	3Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
	4Educational Technologies and Health Study Center
	Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Viseu, Portugal
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. General Aspects of the Inflammatory
	Process and the Role of Vitamin C
		2.1. Actions of Vitamin C in the Innate Immune System
			2.1.1. Immunobiological Relevance of the Antioxidant Capacity of Vitamin C
			2.1.2. Immunobiological Relevance of Vitamin C by Its Involvement in the  Carnitine Synthesis
			2.1.3. Influence on the Synthesis of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Nitric Oxide
		2.2. Chronic Inflammation
	3. Vitamin C and Low Grade
	Systemic Inflammatory Diseases
		3.1. Atherosclerosis
		3.2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		3.3. Cancer
		3.4. Aging
	4. Pharmacological Approach of Vitamin C
		4.1. Vitamin C Concentration in Humans As a Function of Dose
		4.2. Vitamin C: Use As a Pro-Drug and Safe Profile Evidences
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 39
Vitamin C Deficiency Enhances Disruption of Adrenal Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems in ODS Rats with Water-Immersion
Restraint Stress
	Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University
	School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Materials and Methods
		2.1. Materials
		2.2. Animals
		2.3. Induction of WIRS
		2.4. Assays of Adrenal and Serum Components
		2.5. Statistical Analysis
	3. Results
	4. Discussion
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 40
Vitamin C and Erythrocytes
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Erythrocytes and Oxidative Stress
	3. Vitamin C and Erythrocytes: Observations  in Animals and Humans
		3.1. Vitamin C and Storage of Human Erythrocytes
		3.2. Vitamin C and Erythrocyte Diseases
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 41
Vitamin C: Loss through Cooking
and Conservation Methods and
Symptoms of Deficiency
	School of Nutrition Director, Faculty of Health Sciences,
	Maimonides University, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Vitamin C: Loss through Cooking
	and Conservation Methods and
	Symptoms of Deficiency
		2.1. Sources of Vitamin C
		2.2. Function
			2.3.1. Potential for Maintaining Levels Found in the Fresh Produce
			2.3.2. Effects of Processing
			2.3.3. Industrial Processing
			2.3.4. Losses during Storage
			2.3.5. Conservation and Domestic Cooking
		2.4. Symptoms of Deficiency of Vitamin C
			2.4.1. Evidence on Dental Health and Vitamin C
			2.4.2. Vitamins and the Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 42
Pharmacological Effects of Ascorbic Acid
	Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Pharmacological Utilization of AA
		2.1. Scurvy
		2.2. Osteoarthritis
		2.3. Common Cold
		2.4. Heart Diseases
		2.5. Hypertension
		2.6. Cancer
		2.7. Diabetes Mellitus
		2.8. Asthma
		2.9. Pregnancy
		2.10. Wound Healing
		2.11. Gout
		2.12. Cataracts and Glaucoma
		2.13. Depression
		2.14. Parkinsonism
		2.15. Schizophrenia
		2.16. Alzheimer Disease
		2.17. Urinary Tract Infections
	3. Adverse Effects and Contraindications
		3.1. Kidney Stones
		3.2. Other Complications
		3.3. Contraindications
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 43
Contradictions and Ambivalences of Vitamin C Consumption on Human Health: A Review of the Literature
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin C in Human Health
	3. Action of Vitamin C As a Pro-oxidant
	4. The Hypervitaminosis C
	5. Considerations on the Effects of Vitamin C, Its Consumption and the Establishment of Nutritional Recommendations for Populations
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 44
Vitamin C Role in Human Health, Disease  and Sport
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease
		2.1. Vitamin C and Diabetes
		2.2. Vitamin C and Cancer
		2.3. Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease
		2.4. Vitamin C and Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Cataracts
		2.5. Vitamin C and Immune Function
		2.6. Vitamin C and Tobacco Usage
		2.7. Health Risks from Excessive Vitamin C Intake
	3. Vitamin C and Sports
		3.1. Vitamine C as Ergogenic Aid in Sport
		3.2. Potential Action of Vitamine C in Sports Injuries and Muscle Recovery
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 45
Variability in the Vitamin C Content  of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Fruit  Pulp from Three African Sahelian Countries
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. The Baobab Tree
		2.1. Description and Geographical Distribution
		2.2. Importance of the Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) Tree
	3. Regional Variability of Baobab Fruits Content  in Vitamin C
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments/Revision
	References
Chapter 46
Vitamin A and Other Biochemical Markers in Obese Patients with Biliopancreatic Bypass
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Material and Methods
		Study Desing
		Analytical Instrumentation
		Statistical Analysis
	Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 47
Dietary Vitamin E Intake by Older
Japanese Adults
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
		Study Design and Participants
		Interview
		Food Frequency Questionnaire
		Statistical Analysis
	Results
	Discussion
	Appendix. Vitamin E content of foods from Japanese Food Composition Tables [12]
	References
Chapter 48
Vitamin A: Dietary Sources and Health Consequences
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	1. Daily Requirements
		1.1. Toxicity
		1.2. Factors Affecting Requirements
	2. Dietary Sources
	3. Symptoms of Deficiency
		3.1. Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency
		3.2. Age and Sex
		3.3. Morbidity and Mortality
	References
Chapter 49
Vitamin E and its Role in Dementia
	Declaration
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 50
Indigeneous Vegetables:
An Excellent Source of Vitamin A
	Abstract
	1.1. Introduction
	1.2. Nutrition and Vitamin A Deficiency
	1.3. Role of Indigenous Vegetables in
	VAD Alleviation
	1.4. Preservation of Indigenous Vegetables
	1.5. The Future of Indigenous Vegetables
	in Africa
	References
Chapter 51
Medicinal and Dietary Aspects of Vitamin E
	Abstract
	1. Biosynthesis
	2. Vitamin E Activity
		2.1 Mechanism of Antioxidant Activity
		2.2 Application of the Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin E
	3. Absorption of Vitamin E
	4. Current Medical Applications of Vitamin E in Cancer Cell Treatments
	5. Vitamin E Deficiency
		5.1 Genetic Defect of α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein
		5.2 Insufficient Lipids Absorption
		5.3 Malnutrition or Improper Diet
	6. Daily Requirements
	7. Dietary Sources of Vitamin E
	Conclusions and Future Vitamin E Research
	References
Chapter 52
Vitamin E: Daily Requirements, Dietary Sources, Symptoms  of Deficiency and Recent Use  in Clinical Studies
	Abstract
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Sources of Vitamin E
	Biochemical and Physiological Functions of Vitamin E
	Absorption, Transport, Metabolism and Excretion of Vitamin E
	Daily Requirement of Vitamin E
	Symptoms Deficiency in Vitamin E
	Sign and Symptoms of Toxicity
	Recent Research in Vitamin E
		Vitamin E and diabetes mellitus
		Vitamin E and Asthma
		Vitamin E and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
		Vitamin E and Skin Disorders
		Vitamin E and Pregnancy
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 53
Vitamin D in the Immune System and Role of its Deficiency in Rheumatic Diseases
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D Role in Immune System
	Vitamin D Role in Autoimmunity
	Role of Vitamin D Deficiency in Rheumatic Diseases
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Antiphospholipid Syndrome
		Systemic Sclerosis
		Systemic Vasculitis
		Behcet’s Disease
		Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease
		Psoriatic Arthritis
		Spondyloarthropathies
		Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 54
Genetic and Epigenetic Changes
of Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer
	Abstract
	Introduction
		1.1. Vitamin D Metabolism
		1.2. Anticancer Activity of Vitamin D
		1.3. Vitamin D Related Genes
	2. Genetic Changes in Vitamin D Related Genes
		2.1. VDR Gene Polymorphisms
			EcoRV (rs4516035)
			FokI (rs2228570)
			BsmI (rs1544410)
			ApaI (rs7975232)
			TaqI (rs731236)
			BsmI-ApaI-TaqI Haplotype Block
			Cdx-2 (rs11568820)
			Poly A (rs2544038)
		2.2. CYP27A1 Gene Polymorphisms
		2.3. CYP27B1 Gene Polymorphisms
		2.4. CYP24A1 Gene Polymorphisms
	3. Epigenetic Changes in Vitamin D Related Genes
		3.1. DNA Methylation and Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer
		3.2. Histone Modifications and Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer
		3.3. MicroRNAs and Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 55
Vitamin D and Ageing in Adults and the Elderly: Literature Review and Future Research Implications
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D and Brain Development
	Epidemiological Studies
	Possible Mechanism
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 56
The Importance of Some Analytical Aspects and Confounding Factors  in Relation to Clinical Interpretation  of Results
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D: 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D
	Preanalytical Issues in the 25(OH)D Estimation
	Analytical Issues in the 25(OH)D Estimation  and External QualityASsessment (EQA) Schemes
	Latitude, Season, Age and Sex Influences
	Genetic Aspects Affecting 25(OH)D Levels
	Reference Intervals for 25(OH)D
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 57
Hypovitaminosis D  and Cardiovascular Disease
	Abstract
	References
Chapter 58
Evidence for Positive Effects
of Vitamin D Supplementation
on Disease Conditions beyond Bone Health  in Adults:
A Review of the Recent Literature
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Methods
		Study Identification
		Review Methods
	Results
	Discussion
		Fractures
		Muscle Strength and Falls
		Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality
		Diabetes
		Current recommendations for Vitamin D
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 59
Hypovitaminosis D and Osteopenia/Osteoporosis in a Haemophilia Population: A Study in HCV and HCV/HIV Infected Patients
	Introduction
	Patients and Methods
	Results
	Discussion
	References
Chapter 60
Vitamin D: Do We Know Everything?
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D Deficiency
	Vitamin D Metabolism
	Vitamin D Action
	Bones
	Muscle
	Cancer
	Heart
	Autoimmune
	Infections
	Asthma
	Neurons
	Mortality
	Fertility
	Pregnancy
	Supplemental and Treatment Doses
	Summary
	References
Chapter 61
Vitamin D Beyond Skeletal Health: Implications for Muscle Function and Physical Performance
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Vitamin D Metabolism
	Vitamin D Status
	Roles of Vitamin D
		Insulin Resistance
		Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation
	Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle Function
		Observational Studies
			Muscular Strength and Power
			Mobility and Balance
		Supplementation Studies
			Lean Mass Accumulation and Muscle Morphology
			Muscular Strength and Physical Performance
			Vitamin D supplementation during Exercise Training
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 62
The History and Modern Controversies of Vitamin D Fortification and Supplementation
	Abstract
	Introduction
	First Observations of Rickets
	Finding the Cause of Rickets – Early Observations with Light and Cod Liver Oil
	Isolation of the Anti-Rachitic Factor
	Development of Fortification
	Isolation of Vitamin D Metabolites
	The Light-er ER Side of Vitamin D
	Into the 21st Century
	Determing How Much Vitamin D We Need –
	What Does Vitamin D Do?
	Serum Testing and Goals
	Supplement Options
	A Variety of Supplementation Recommendations
	A Variety of Replacement Regimens
	Conclusion
	Referneces
Index
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