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ویرایش: سری: ISBN (شابک) : 9781536156942, 1536156949 ناشر: سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 1314 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 17 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Encyclopedia of Vitamins New Research (4 Volume Set) به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب دائرclالمعارف ویتامین ها تحقیقات جدید (مجموعه 4 جلدی) نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Contents Preface Chapter 1 Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols (Vitamin E) in Food of Plant Origin Abstract Introduction Sample Preparation Chromatographic Determination of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Conclusions References Chapter 2 Differentiation Signaling Induced by Retinoic Acid and Vitamin D3 Abstract Introduction Genomic Control 1. Nuclear Receptors 2. Target Genes 2.1. ATRA Target Genes 2.2. 1,25(OH)2D3 Target Genes 3. Cell Cycle Regulatory Molecules Intracellular Signaling Pathways 1. Raf-MEK-ERK 2. Protein Kinase (PKC) Isoforms 3. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3-K)-AKT Pathway Summary References Chapter 3 Suicide Risk Factors: Vitamin D Levels Abstract Introduction Vitamin D Excretion UVB induced synthesis of active vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2D3) in the skin and its significance Mechanisms of action of vitamin D Functions of vitamin D Measuring vitamin D nutritional status Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency Consequences of vitamin D deficiency Genetic and environmental triggers related to vitamin D and suicide Chronic medical illness Autoimmune diseases Fibromyalgia Cancer Psychiatric disorders Mood and anxiety disorders Schizophrenia Suicide Adequate intake of vitamin D Conclusions Acknowledgments References APPENDIX Chapter 4 Role of Ultraviolet-B Irradiance and Vitamin D in Reducing Risk of Cancer 1Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, San Francisco, California, US 2School of Arts and Sciences, American University in Dubai Dubai, UAE Abstract Introduction Evidence That Ultraviolet-B Irradiance and Vitamin D Reduce the Risk of Cancer Case–Control Studies of 25(OH)D Level and Cancer Incidence Rates Nested Case–Control Studies of 25(OH)D Level and Cancer Incidence Rates Bladder Cancer Ovarian Cancer Prostate Cancer Cancer Survival with Respect to Serum 25(OH)D Level Racial Disparities in Cancer Survival Randomized Controlled Trials Occupation in Nordic Countries Night-Shift Work Vitamin D Mechanisms in Cancer Biology Proliferation and Telomerase Cell Cycle Control Mechanisms and Apoptosis Cellular Stress, DNA Damage and Repair Alterations in Cellular Microenvironment (E.G., Hypoxia) Promoting Angiogenesis and Metastasis Interactions with Growth Factors That Mediate Transformation, Cell Adhesion, Invasion, and Metastasis Inflammation and Cancer Causality Using Hill’s Criteria References Chapter 5 HPLC Analysis of Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12 and Vitamin C in Various Food Matrices Abstract Introduction Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B1 Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B1 Assay Methodology for Vitamin B1 (Vitamins B2, B3 and B6) – General HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B1 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B2 Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B2 Assay Methodology for Vitamin B2 – General HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B2 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B3 Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B3 HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B3 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B6 Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources – Vitamin B6 HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B6 Improvements and Recent Developments: Vitamin B6 Methods Vitamin B9 (Folate) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B9 Nutritional/Physiological Importance – Vitamin B9 Dietary Sources – Vitamin B9 Assay Methodology for Vitamin B9 – General HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B9 Improvements and Recent Developments – Vitamin B9 Methods Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin B12 Nutritional/Physiological Importance – Vitamin B12 Dietary Sources – Vitamin B12 Assay Methodology for Vitamin B12 – General HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin B12 Improvements and Recent Developments – Vitamin B12 Methods Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Generic Description and Structures – Vitamin C Nutritional/Physiological Importance and Dietary Sources Assay Methodology for Vitamin C – General HPLC Assay Methodology for Vitamin C References Chapter 6 Vitamin E Isoforms: Multiple Mechanisms of Action against Carcinogenesis Abstract Abbreviations Introduction Diet Plays a Role in Cancer Risk Vitamin E Compounds Other than Alpha Tocopherol are Physiologically Relevant Vitamin E has Antioxidant Properites BUT Also Plays a Role in Signal Transduction Modulation The Biology of Vitamin E Vitamin E is at Least Eight Structurally Related Compounds Synthetic Vitamin E is Not Identical to Natural Vitamin E Vitamin E Transport and Metabolism Occur in the Liver with Different Reaction Kinetics Depending Upon Various Conditions Vitamin E Interactions The Role of Vitamin E Isoforms on Apoptosis Natural Vitamin E Isoforms are Effective Apoptotic Modulators in Cancer Cell Lines Apoptotic Induction by Natural Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Occurs in Animal Models Natural Tocotrienols Need not be Purified to Demonstrate Apoptotic Activity Synthetic Forms of Vitamin E Result in Apoptosis of Cancer Cells Anticancer Effects of Synthetic Vitamin E Analogues Using Apoptosis as an Endpoint The Influence of Vitamin E Isoforms on Cell Cycle, Cell Proliferation, and Tumor Burden a-VES Modulates the Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Modulation is Also Regulated by Tocotrienols Cell Cycle Intervention by Vitamin E Isoforms in Animal Models Non-Alpha-Tocopherol Forms of Vitamin E Reduce Tumor Burden in Animal Models Vitamin E Inhibits Radiation-Induced Genotoxicity Epidemiological Evidence that Multiple Forms of Vitamin E, Rather than Alpha Tocopherol Alone May be Chemopreventive Vitamin e’s role in Oxidative Stress and Cancer Vitamin E and Aberrant Crypt Foci Some Vitamin E Isoforms May Exert Anticancer Effects by Non-Redox Mechanisms The Potential for Vitamin E Isoforms to be Used as Adjuvant Chemotherapy Some Vitamin E Isoforms Demonstrate an Ability to Enhance the Antiproliferative Effects of Chemotherapy in Cancer Cell Lines Some Vitamin E Isoforms Reduce the Harmful Side Effects of Chemotherapeutic Agents Vitamin E Isoforms Modulate Major Regulatory Elements Involved in Inflammation Vitamin E Isoforms Modulate Pathways Involved in Metastasis Vitamin E Isoforms Modulate Ras Levels Resulting in Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis Vitamin E Modulates the Master Fat Regulatory Element, Peroxisome Proliferator Activator Receptor, (PPAR) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity is Modulated by Redox Silent Forms of Vitamin E as Well as Naturally occuring Vitamin E forms Vitamin E Compounds Modulate Proteins Involved in the Sphingolipid and Cholesterol Metabolism Conclusion References Chapter 7 Thiol Metabolic Changes Induced by Oxidative Stress and Possible Role of B-Vitamins Supplements in Esophageal Cancer Patients Abstract Introduction 1. The Cell-Hormetic Responses to Oxidative Stress 2. The Role of Antioxidant Defenses 2.1. Sulfur-Containing Antioxidants 2.2. Glutathione Functions 2.3. Glutathione Modulation 3. Esophageal Cancer 3.1. Nutritional Risk-Factors Objectives Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 8 Vitamin B12 Modulates AM-Coagulation Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Results and Discussion References Chapter 9 The Relations between Water-Soluble B Vitamins and Indoleamines Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 2.1. Thiamine Deficiency in Animals 2.3. Thiamine Deficiency in Humans 2.3.1. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome 2.3.2. Other Neural Diseases 3. Vitamin B9 (Folate) 3.1. Folate Deficiency in Animals 3.2. Folate Administration in Animals 3.3. Folate Deficiency in Humans 3.3.1. Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Adults 3.4. Folate Administration in Humans 4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 4.1. Background 4.2. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Animals 4.3. Vitamin B6 Administration in Animals 4.4. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Humans 4.4. Vitamin B6 Administration in Human Subjects 5. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 5.1. Background 5.2. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Animals 5.3. Vitamin B12 Administration in Animals 5.4. Vitamin B12 Deficiency In Humans 5.5. Vitamin B12 Administration in Humans Conclusion References Chapter 10 Sun Exposure and Protection Habits and Vitamin D Levels in Children and Adolescents With a History of Malignancy Abstract Abbreviations Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer Recommendations of Sun Protection Behaviors Sources of Vitamin D Sun Exposure Food Daily Vitamin D Requirements Recommendations for 25OHD Levels Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D Roles Skeletal Extra-Skeletal Sun Exposure and Non-Skin Cancer Vitamin D and Cancer Risk, Morbidity and Mortality Vitamin D Levels in Pediatric Patients with Malignancy Childhood Cancer Survivors and Sun Exposure Conclusion - Balancing Risks and Benefits of Sun Exposure References Chapter 11 The Effects of B Vitamins on Behavior and Neurochemistry University of Rouen, Dept Psychology, ICONES Laboratory EA 4699, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan France Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 2.1. Background 2.2. Thiamine Deficiency in Animals 2.2.1. Neurochemistry 2.2.2. Behavior 2.3. Thiamine Deficiency in Humans 2.3.1. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome 2.3.2. Other neurodegenerative diseases 2.3.2.1. Neurochemistry 2.3.2.2. Behavior 2.4. Thiamine Supplements in the Normal Population 3. Vitamin B9 (Folate) 3.1. Background 3.2. Folate Deficiency in Animals 3.2.1. Neurochemistry 3.2.2. Behavior 3.3. Folate Administration In Animals 3.4. Folate Deficiency in Humans 3.4.1. Neuropsychiatric disorders in adults 3.4.2. Neuropsychiatric disorders in children 3.4.3. Dementia 3.4.4. Normal aging 3.4.5. Young adults or chilren 3.5. Folate Supplements in Children and Adults 4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 4.1. Background 4.2. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Animals 4.3. Vitamin B6 Deficiency in Humans 4.4. Vitamin B6 Supplements in Normal Adults and Children 5. Vitamin B12 5.1. Background 5.2. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Animals 5.3. Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Humans 5.3.1. Neurologic cases 5.3.2. Depression 5.3.3. Dementia 5.3.4. Normal aging 5.3.5. Neurologic syndromes in children 5.3.6. Normal children or adolescents 5.4. Vitamin B12 Supplements in Humans 5.4.1. Neuropsychiatric cases 5.4.2. Dementia and normal aging 6. Multiple B Vitamins 6.1. Vitamin B-Deficient Diets in Animals 6.2. Multiple B Vitamins in Humans 6.2.1. Stroke and dementia 6.2.2. Normal aging 6.2.3. Normal young adults 6.2.4. Normal children 7. Future Directions 7.1. Myelin 7.2. Optimal Vitamin Doses References Chapter 12 Development of Vitamin D Deficiency in Obese Individuals Undergoing Bariatric Surgery Abstract Growing International Prevalence of Obesity Surgical Treatment of Obesity Overview of the Physiology of Vitamin D Vitamin D and Obesity Vitamin D and Bariatric Surgery Proposed Mechanisms of Vitamin D Deficiency After Bariatric Surgery Vitamin D Deficiency and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency Management of Vitamin D Deficiency After Bariatric Surgery Conclusion References Chapter 13 Vitamins and Minerals as Alternative or Complementary Therapies in Depression Abstract Introduction Vitamins Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin C Folic Acid Other Vitamin B Minerals Zinc Magnesium Chrome Selenium Conclusion References Chapter 14 Vitamin B12 Importance for the Proper Body Condition Abstract Introduction [1] Prevalence of Vitamin B12 Deficiency [2] Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency [3] Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency Case Report Discussion [3, 9-11, 13] Conclusion References Chapter 15 Association between Vitamin D and Anti-Mullerian Hormone Abstract Introduction Vitamin D and AMH Gene a) AMH Gene b) Serum AMH Protein Level Vitamin D and AMH in Women with PCOS Conclusion Questions References Chapter 16 Impact of Vitamin D System on Ventricular Remodeling Abstract Introduction Metabolism of Vitamin D Vitamin D receptor Vitamin D Circulating Levels and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Evidences Vitamin D Pathway and Cardiac Hypertrophy Conclusion References Chapter 17 Dexamethasone Suppresses Neurosteroid Biosynthesis in Human Glial Cells via Cross-Talk with Vitamins A and D Abstract Introduction Vitamin A and D Enhance Neurosteroid Synthesis in Human Glioma GI-1 Cells Effect of Dex on the Steroidogenic Gene Expression in GI-1 Cells Effects of Dex on Vitamin-Induced Steroidogenic Gene Expression in GI-1 Cells Dex Reduces de novo Biosynthesis of Neurosteroids in GI-1 Cells Regulation of 11-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD11B) Gene Expression by Cross-Talk between GC and RA Receptors in GI-1 Cells Conclusion Acknowledgments Competing Interests References Chapter 18 Vitamins and Supplements in Alcoholic Liver Disease Abstract Introduction Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid/Folate) Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A (Retinol) Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Vitamin D Minerals and Trace Elements Iron Calcium and Magnesium Zinc References Chapter 19 A Comparative Study of Liposoluble Vitamin Effects in Decapod Crustacean with Emphasis in Argentine Shrimp Species 1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Argentina 2Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Lorenzo Scaglia, Municipalidad de General Pueyrredón, Mar del Plata, Argentina Abstract Introduction Argentine Shrimp Species Vitamin a and Carotenoids Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Conclusion Reviewed By References Chapter 20 Antioxidant Vitamins and the Heart Abstract Introduction Effects of Vitamins in Cardiovascular Diseases Individual Vitamins and Minerals Vitamin A and C Vitamin E and Selenium β-Carotene and Folic Acid Acknowledgments References Chapter 21 Antioxidant Vitamins and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Heart Failure Abstract Introduction Subjects and Methods Study Design Laboratory Data Statistical Analysis Results Discussion Acknowledgments References Chapter 22 Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress: Cell Signaling Mechanisms and Protective Role of Vitamin C and Cilnidipine Abstract Introduction Hypoxia: An Overview Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress – Molecular Interactions Hypoxia, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 23 Vitamins, Minerals, Herbal Supplements and Other Dietary Supplements as Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Cancer Care Abstract Introduction Literature search Eligibility criteria Selection process, data abstraction and analysis Findings Of the 20 eligible studies, 15 evaluated herbal supplements (8-22), 4 evaluated dietary supplements (23-26), 2 evaluated vitamins (8, 27), and two evaluated minerals (in combination with herbal supplements) (13, 14) (see Table 1). Four enrolled patien... Therapies treating side-effects Two independent studies investigated the efficacy of Goshajinkigan (GJG), a traditional Japanese medicine, in treating chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity and found promising results. Abe and colleagues compared GJG with Mecobalamin (vitamin B12) as tr... Therapies for disease management A total of 5 studies primarily assessed the efficacy of complementary and alternative therapies on disease management (9, 12, 16, 25, 26). Discussion Conclusion The use of VMHD in the treatment of cancer and traditional treatment side effects appears potentially promising. Many of the studies included in our scoping review were unique in their treatment condition and reported outcomes, making comparisons acro... References Chapter 24 Vitamin D and Cognitive Impairment: An Update Abstract Introduction Vitamin D: Overview Vitamin D Physiology Vitamin D Deficiency: Definition Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D Deficiency: Causes and Risk Factors Vitamin D and the Elderly Clinical Consequences of VD Deficiency Vitamin D Status and Cognition Vitamin D and the Brain Dementia and Cognitive impairment: Concepts and Epidemiology Cognitive Decline and Dementia Risk Associated to Hypovitaminosis D VD Status and Neuropsychological Profile VD Status and Alzheimer’s Disease VD Status and Lewy Body Disorders VD Status and Vascular Dementia VD Status and Mild Cognitive Impairment VD Status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Vitamin D and Neuroimaging Screening and Treatment of VD Deficiency Conclusion References Chapter 25 The Effects of Valproate and Levetiracetam as a Monotherapy on Vitamin D Status in Epileptic Children Abstract Introduction Methods Participants Clinical Information and Anthropometry Biochemical Analysis Statystical Analysis Results Discussion References Biographical Sketch Chapter 26 Photochemistry of Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Related Compounds Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Anaerobic Photoreactions 3. Aerobic Photoreactions 4. Types of Photochemical Reactions 4.1. Photoreduction 4.1.1. Intramolecular Photoreduction 4.1.2. Intermolecular Photoreduction 4.2. Photodealkylation 4.3. Photoaddition Reactions 4.4. Photooxidation 4.5. Photosenstization Reactions 4.6. Photostabilisation Reactions 4.7. Factors Affecting Photochemical Reactions of RF 4.7.1. Radiation Source 4.7.2. pH Effect 4.7.3. Buffer Effect 4.7.4. Effect of Complexing Agents 4.7.5. Effect of Quenchers 4.7.6. Effect of Solvent 4.7.7. Effect of Ionic Strength 4.7.8. Effect of Metal Ion 4.7.9. Effect of Formulation Conclusion References Chapter 27 Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis Abstract Introduction Vitamin D: Production and Biological Effects Vitamin D Deficiency and MS: Environmental Exposure vs. Genetic Predisposition Role of Vitamin D Levels in MS Management Conclusion References Chapter 28 The Use of Vitamins, Minerals, Herbal Supplements, and Other Dietary Supplements as Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Cancer Care: A Literature Review Abstract Introduction Methods Eligibility criteria Selection process, data abstraction and analysis Results Therapies treating side-effects Therapies for disease management Discussion Conclusion Conflict of interest Acknowledgments References Chapter 29 Immunomodulators and Postoperative Pain: Immunonutrition and Topical Vitamin E Abstract Immunonutrition Components of Immunonutrition Effects of Inmmunonutrition on Postoperative Pain After Bariatric Surgery Topical Vitamin E Conclusion References Chapter 30 Micronutrients and Periodontal Disease: The Potential Role of Vitamins Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Relationship between Vitamins and Periodontal Disease - A Contemporary Review 3. Physiological Function of Vitamins 3.1. Vitamin A 3.2. Vitamin B 3.3. Vitamin C 3.4. Vitamin D 3.5. Vitamin E 3.6. Vitamin K 4. Effects of Vitamins Supplementation on Periodontal Disease 4.1. Animal Studies 4.2. Human Studies Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations References Chapter 31 Vitamin E: Nutritional Recommendation and Biofortified Foods Abstract Introduction Function Metabolism of Vitamin E Absorption Transport and Distribution of Vitamin E Nutrition Recommendation Biofortification Vitamin E and Biofortification of Plant Crops Biosynthesis of Vitamin E Biofortification of Plants with Vitamin E by Transgenic Approach Biofortification of Plants with Vitamin E by Conventional Breeding Vitamin E in Foods of Animal Origin and the Importance of Biofortification Eggs Fish Chicken, Pork, Lamb and Beef Milk Conflict of Interest References Chapter 32 Occurrence and Health Benefits of Alkaloids and Vitamins and Their Affinities to Plasma Proteins Abstract Abbereviations 1. Introduction 2. Occurance, Structure and Health Benefits of Alkaloids and Vitamins 2.1. Alkaloids 2.2. Vitamins 3. Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Investigations 3.1. Affinity of Alkaloids to Plasma Proteins 3.2. Binding Characteristics of Interactions of Vitamins with Blood Proteins Conclusion References Chapter 33 Vitamin C Supplementation: Favorable or Noxious? Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Physiological Concentrations of Vitamin C 2.1. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Vitamin C 2.2. Dietary Sources and Bioavailability of Vitamin C 2.3. Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C 3. Effects of Vitamin C on Health 4. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Effect of Vitamin C 5. Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of the Vitamin C 5.1. Effects of Vitamin C Over Transition Metals 5.2. Effects of Vitamin C Over Alkylating Agents 5.3. Effects of Vitamin C in Diabetes 5.4. Effects of Vitamin C in Obesity 5.5. Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors 5.6. Effects of Vitamin C in Amfepramone Treatment 5.7.Vitamin C and Nicotine Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 34 An Overview of the Analytical Methods to Determine Ascorbic Acid in Foodstuffs Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Extraction Procedures of Ascorbic Acid From Foods 3. Analytical Techniques 3.1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 3.1.1. Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) 3.2. Gas Chromatography (GC) 3.3. Capillary Electrophoresis 3.4. Spectrophotometric and Spectrofluorimetric Methods 3.5. Other Methods 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 35 Vitamin C Daily Supplements and Its Ameliorative Effects Abstract Introduction 1. Recommended Supplementation 2. Basis of Vitamin C Role 3. Hepatic Effects 4. Renal Effects 5. Cardiovascular Effects 6. Respiratory Effects 7. Anti-Cancer Effects 8. Ophthalmological Effects 9. Gynaecological and Obstetrical Effects 10. Toxicological Effects 11. Dermatological Effects 12. Endocrine Effects 13. Psychological Effects 14. Neuropsychiatric Effects 15. Anti-Infective and Immunity Effects 16. Physical Performance Effects 17. Vitamin C and Minerals 18. Vitamin C and Stem Cells 19. Vitamin C and Laboratory Investigations 20. Miscellaneous Effects Conclusion References Chapter 36 Ionizing Radiation Effects on Vitamin C Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Effects of Radiation on Food 3. Gamma Irradiation on Vitamin C Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 37 Vitamin C in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Vitamin C Requirement in Marine Teleosts 2.1. Materials and Methods 2.1.1. Experimental Semipurified Diets 2.1.2. Experimental Diet, Fish and Feeding Trails Experiment 1 (Korean Rockfish 3.1± 0.02 g) Experiment 2 (Korean Rockfish 7.12 ± 0.02 g) Experiment 3 (Korean Rockfish 12.6 ± 0.02 g) Experiment 4 (Olive Flounder 3± 0.06 g) Experiment 5 (Parrot Fish 3.9 ± 0.06 g) 2.1.3. Sample Collection and Analyses 2.2. Results Experiment 1 (Korean Rockfish 3.1 ± 0.02 g) Experiment 2 (Korean Rockfish 7.12 ± 0.02 g) Experiment 3 (Korean Rockfish 12.6 ± 0.02 g) Experiment 4 (Olive Flounder 3 ± 0.06 g) Experiment 5 (Parrot Fish 3.9 ± 0.06 g) 2.3. Discussion 3. Vitamin C Requirement in Freshwater Teleosts 3.1. Materials and Methods 3.1.1. Experimental Semipurified Diets 3.1.2. Experimental Diet, Fish & Feeding Trail 3.1.3. Sample Collection and Analyses 3.2. Results 3.3. Discussion 4. General Discussion and Summary Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 38 Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Immunity and Low Grade Systemic Inflammation 1Department of Food Industry, Polythecnic Institute of Viseu, Portugal 2Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal 3Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal 4Educational Technologies and Health Study Center Quinta da Alagoa, Estrada de Nelas, Viseu, Portugal Abstract 1. Introduction 2. General Aspects of the Inflammatory Process and the Role of Vitamin C 2.1. Actions of Vitamin C in the Innate Immune System 2.1.1. Immunobiological Relevance of the Antioxidant Capacity of Vitamin C 2.1.2. Immunobiological Relevance of Vitamin C by Its Involvement in the Carnitine Synthesis 2.1.3. Influence on the Synthesis of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Nitric Oxide 2.2. Chronic Inflammation 3. Vitamin C and Low Grade Systemic Inflammatory Diseases 3.1. Atherosclerosis 3.2. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 3.3. Cancer 3.4. Aging 4. Pharmacological Approach of Vitamin C 4.1. Vitamin C Concentration in Humans As a Function of Dose 4.2. Vitamin C: Use As a Pro-Drug and Safe Profile Evidences Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 39 Vitamin C Deficiency Enhances Disruption of Adrenal Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems in ODS Rats with Water-Immersion Restraint Stress Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials 2.2. Animals 2.3. Induction of WIRS 2.4. Assays of Adrenal and Serum Components 2.5. Statistical Analysis 3. Results 4. Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 40 Vitamin C and Erythrocytes Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Erythrocytes and Oxidative Stress 3. Vitamin C and Erythrocytes: Observations in Animals and Humans 3.1. Vitamin C and Storage of Human Erythrocytes 3.2. Vitamin C and Erythrocyte Diseases Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 41 Vitamin C: Loss through Cooking and Conservation Methods and Symptoms of Deficiency School of Nutrition Director, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maimonides University, Buenos Aires City, Argentina Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Vitamin C: Loss through Cooking and Conservation Methods and Symptoms of Deficiency 2.1. Sources of Vitamin C 2.2. Function 2.3.1. Potential for Maintaining Levels Found in the Fresh Produce 2.3.2. Effects of Processing 2.3.3. Industrial Processing 2.3.4. Losses during Storage 2.3.5. Conservation and Domestic Cooking 2.4. Symptoms of Deficiency of Vitamin C 2.4.1. Evidence on Dental Health and Vitamin C 2.4.2. Vitamins and the Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 42 Pharmacological Effects of Ascorbic Acid Departments of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Pharmacological Utilization of AA 2.1. Scurvy 2.2. Osteoarthritis 2.3. Common Cold 2.4. Heart Diseases 2.5. Hypertension 2.6. Cancer 2.7. Diabetes Mellitus 2.8. Asthma 2.9. Pregnancy 2.10. Wound Healing 2.11. Gout 2.12. Cataracts and Glaucoma 2.13. Depression 2.14. Parkinsonism 2.15. Schizophrenia 2.16. Alzheimer Disease 2.17. Urinary Tract Infections 3. Adverse Effects and Contraindications 3.1. Kidney Stones 3.2. Other Complications 3.3. Contraindications Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 43 Contradictions and Ambivalences of Vitamin C Consumption on Human Health: A Review of the Literature Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Beneficial Effects of Vitamin C in Human Health 3. Action of Vitamin C As a Pro-oxidant 4. The Hypervitaminosis C 5. Considerations on the Effects of Vitamin C, Its Consumption and the Establishment of Nutritional Recommendations for Populations Conclusion References Chapter 44 Vitamin C Role in Human Health, Disease and Sport Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease 2.1. Vitamin C and Diabetes 2.2. Vitamin C and Cancer 2.3. Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease 2.4. Vitamin C and Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Cataracts 2.5. Vitamin C and Immune Function 2.6. Vitamin C and Tobacco Usage 2.7. Health Risks from Excessive Vitamin C Intake 3. Vitamin C and Sports 3.1. Vitamine C as Ergogenic Aid in Sport 3.2. Potential Action of Vitamine C in Sports Injuries and Muscle Recovery Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 45 Variability in the Vitamin C Content of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Fruit Pulp from Three African Sahelian Countries Abstract 1. Introduction 2. The Baobab Tree 2.1. Description and Geographical Distribution 2.2. Importance of the Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) Tree 3. Regional Variability of Baobab Fruits Content in Vitamin C Conclusion Acknowledgments/Revision References Chapter 46 Vitamin A and Other Biochemical Markers in Obese Patients with Biliopancreatic Bypass Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Study Desing Analytical Instrumentation Statistical Analysis Results Conclusion References Chapter 47 Dietary Vitamin E Intake by Older Japanese Adults Abstract Introduction Methods Study Design and Participants Interview Food Frequency Questionnaire Statistical Analysis Results Discussion Appendix. Vitamin E content of foods from Japanese Food Composition Tables [12] References Chapter 48 Vitamin A: Dietary Sources and Health Consequences Abstract 1. Introduction 1. Daily Requirements 1.1. Toxicity 1.2. Factors Affecting Requirements 2. Dietary Sources 3. Symptoms of Deficiency 3.1. Clinical Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin A Deficiency 3.2. Age and Sex 3.3. Morbidity and Mortality References Chapter 49 Vitamin E and its Role in Dementia Declaration Abstract Introduction Conclusion References Chapter 50 Indigeneous Vegetables: An Excellent Source of Vitamin A Abstract 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Nutrition and Vitamin A Deficiency 1.3. Role of Indigenous Vegetables in VAD Alleviation 1.4. Preservation of Indigenous Vegetables 1.5. The Future of Indigenous Vegetables in Africa References Chapter 51 Medicinal and Dietary Aspects of Vitamin E Abstract 1. Biosynthesis 2. Vitamin E Activity 2.1 Mechanism of Antioxidant Activity 2.2 Application of the Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin E 3. Absorption of Vitamin E 4. Current Medical Applications of Vitamin E in Cancer Cell Treatments 5. Vitamin E Deficiency 5.1 Genetic Defect of α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein 5.2 Insufficient Lipids Absorption 5.3 Malnutrition or Improper Diet 6. Daily Requirements 7. Dietary Sources of Vitamin E Conclusions and Future Vitamin E Research References Chapter 52 Vitamin E: Daily Requirements, Dietary Sources, Symptoms of Deficiency and Recent Use in Clinical Studies Abstract Abbreviations Introduction Sources of Vitamin E Biochemical and Physiological Functions of Vitamin E Absorption, Transport, Metabolism and Excretion of Vitamin E Daily Requirement of Vitamin E Symptoms Deficiency in Vitamin E Sign and Symptoms of Toxicity Recent Research in Vitamin E Vitamin E and diabetes mellitus Vitamin E and Asthma Vitamin E and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Vitamin E and Skin Disorders Vitamin E and Pregnancy Conclusion References Chapter 53 Vitamin D in the Immune System and Role of its Deficiency in Rheumatic Diseases Abstract Introduction Vitamin D Role in Immune System Vitamin D Role in Autoimmunity Role of Vitamin D Deficiency in Rheumatic Diseases Rheumatoid Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Antiphospholipid Syndrome Systemic Sclerosis Systemic Vasculitis Behcet’s Disease Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease Psoriatic Arthritis Spondyloarthropathies Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Conclusion References Chapter 54 Genetic and Epigenetic Changes of Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer Abstract Introduction 1.1. Vitamin D Metabolism 1.2. Anticancer Activity of Vitamin D 1.3. Vitamin D Related Genes 2. Genetic Changes in Vitamin D Related Genes 2.1. VDR Gene Polymorphisms EcoRV (rs4516035) FokI (rs2228570) BsmI (rs1544410) ApaI (rs7975232) TaqI (rs731236) BsmI-ApaI-TaqI Haplotype Block Cdx-2 (rs11568820) Poly A (rs2544038) 2.2. CYP27A1 Gene Polymorphisms 2.3. CYP27B1 Gene Polymorphisms 2.4. CYP24A1 Gene Polymorphisms 3. Epigenetic Changes in Vitamin D Related Genes 3.1. DNA Methylation and Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer 3.2. Histone Modifications and Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer 3.3. MicroRNAs and Vitamin D-Related Genes in Cancer Conclusion References Chapter 55 Vitamin D and Ageing in Adults and the Elderly: Literature Review and Future Research Implications Abstract Introduction Vitamin D and Brain Development Epidemiological Studies Possible Mechanism Conclusion References Chapter 56 The Importance of Some Analytical Aspects and Confounding Factors in Relation to Clinical Interpretation of Results Abstract Introduction Vitamin D: 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D Preanalytical Issues in the 25(OH)D Estimation Analytical Issues in the 25(OH)D Estimation and External QualityASsessment (EQA) Schemes Latitude, Season, Age and Sex Influences Genetic Aspects Affecting 25(OH)D Levels Reference Intervals for 25(OH)D Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 57 Hypovitaminosis D and Cardiovascular Disease Abstract References Chapter 58 Evidence for Positive Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disease Conditions beyond Bone Health in Adults: A Review of the Recent Literature Abstract Introduction Methods Study Identification Review Methods Results Discussion Fractures Muscle Strength and Falls Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality Diabetes Current recommendations for Vitamin D Conclusion References Chapter 59 Hypovitaminosis D and Osteopenia/Osteoporosis in a Haemophilia Population: A Study in HCV and HCV/HIV Infected Patients Introduction Patients and Methods Results Discussion References Chapter 60 Vitamin D: Do We Know Everything? Abstract Introduction Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D Metabolism Vitamin D Action Bones Muscle Cancer Heart Autoimmune Infections Asthma Neurons Mortality Fertility Pregnancy Supplemental and Treatment Doses Summary References Chapter 61 Vitamin D Beyond Skeletal Health: Implications for Muscle Function and Physical Performance Abstract Introduction Vitamin D Metabolism Vitamin D Status Roles of Vitamin D Insulin Resistance Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle Function Observational Studies Muscular Strength and Power Mobility and Balance Supplementation Studies Lean Mass Accumulation and Muscle Morphology Muscular Strength and Physical Performance Vitamin D supplementation during Exercise Training Conclusion References Chapter 62 The History and Modern Controversies of Vitamin D Fortification and Supplementation Abstract Introduction First Observations of Rickets Finding the Cause of Rickets – Early Observations with Light and Cod Liver Oil Isolation of the Anti-Rachitic Factor Development of Fortification Isolation of Vitamin D Metabolites The Light-er ER Side of Vitamin D Into the 21st Century Determing How Much Vitamin D We Need – What Does Vitamin D Do? Serum Testing and Goals Supplement Options A Variety of Supplementation Recommendations A Variety of Replacement Regimens Conclusion Referneces Index Blank Page