Encyclopedia of the Eye

Cover......Page 1
sdarticle......Page 2
sdarticle_001......Page 3
Glossary......Page 860
sdarticle_002......Page 6
Vitreous Anatomy, Aging, and Anomalous Posterior Vitreous Detachment......Page 566
Vessel Regression......Page 7
sdarticle_004......Page 9
Secondary Photoreceptor Degenerations: Age-Related Macular Degeneration......Page 884
sdarticle_005......Page 10
Effects of Disorders of the EOMs on Eye Movements......Page 11
The Photoreceptor Outer Segment as a Sensory Cilium......Page 480
Effects of Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction on Eye Movements......Page 13
Horizontal Movements......Page 14
Vertical Movements......Page 15
Conclusions......Page 16
Further Reading......Page 17
Mapping of Intraocular Oxygen: Oxygen Gradients......Page 18
Thyroid Eye Disease......Page 1984
Glossary......Page 107
The Discovery of the Endothelial Precursor Cell and Circulating Endothelial Cells......Page 1779
Environmental Challenge......Page 1688
Adaptation to Mean Background Light......Page 690
Conclusions/Summary......Page 903
Retinal Degeneration in pde6 Mutants: Secondary Retinal Degeneration, the Bystander Effect - Models and Mechanisms......Page 1676
Evolution of Sexually Dimorphic Eyes: Opsin Duplications and Sex-Specific Filtering Pigment Expression......Page 1277
Stimulating Accommodation......Page 26
Conclusions......Page 27
Glossary......Page 28
POAG as a Complex Inherited Disorder......Page 675
Introduction......Page 1790
Development......Page 1659
nAChR Pharmacology......Page 1058
Current Treatments for Glaucoma......Page 30
Further Reading......Page 1769
Further Reading......Page 1406
Surgical Factors......Page 202
Spatial Densities......Page 263
Ecological Significance of Butterfly Visual System Diversity......Page 1472
Further Reading......Page 1612
Glossary......Page 34
The Advantages and Techniques of the Zebrafish Model System......Page 1765
AII Amacrine Cells......Page 1132
Vitreous Traction......Page 634
Symptoms......Page 1359
TGF-beta Activation and Thrombospondin-1......Page 1337
X-Linked RP......Page 887
Acute Regulation of pIgR Traffic......Page 38
A Mechanism That Constitutively Secretes Autoantigens to the Stroma......Page 39
FcgammaRn and IgG1......Page 40
Circadian Control of Dopamine Release and Metabolism......Page 569
RPE-Choroid Changes with Age......Page 371
Limbal Stem Cell Niche......Page 1318
Morphology......Page 42
Glossary......Page 958
Genetic Contributions......Page 368
T-cell activation......Page 43
T cell differentiation and effector function......Page 45
T-cell immune responses in the eye......Page 47
Epidemiology......Page 48
sdarticle_011......Page 49
Glossary......Page 588
Anterior Eye Development......Page 84
Human RPE: Morphology, Polarity, and Function......Page 800
Structure and Implications for Function......Page 51
Transcription Factors and Competence......Page 1690
The Laminar Structure of the Retina Forms as Cells Exit the Cell Cycle and Differentiate......Page 1978
Segmental Nature of the Choroidal Vascular Bed......Page 1314
Tobacco Smoking......Page 55
IPCs Signal Time of Day from the Retinal Clock......Page 56
Imaging Retinal Disease......Page 57
Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy......Page 780
Introduction......Page 59
Genetic Approaches to Gene Identification......Page 1919
Zebrafish as a Model for Understanding Retinal Diseases: Pde6, Apoptosis, and the Bystander Effects......Page 242
Techniques to Determine the Rate of Uveoscleral Flow......Page 697
Location of PVR Membranes......Page 60
The Biochemistry of Microvascular Damage and Vasoregression......Page 650
Age-Related Changes in the Capsule......Page 1454
Tear Production......Page 1435
Tear Distribution and Stability......Page 1836
The Host Response in Endophthalmitis......Page 62
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 381
Further Reading......Page 63
GC Effects on the TM......Page 64
Introduction......Page 687
Ciliary Processes......Page 707
Isoform-specific VEGF mouse model......Page 453
Cell Attachments......Page 896
Vascular Organization of the CB......Page 1009
Distribution of alphaBgt-Sensitive nAChRs......Page 771
IP3 Can Release Ca2+ from the SER......Page 67
X\r laevis as a Model for Eye Development/Developmental Disorders......Page 1804
sdarticle_014......Page 68
Signal transfer from rod bipolar cells to AII amacrine cells......Page 1480
Glossary......Page 782
The Structure and Function of the Tear\rFilm......Page 1153
Comparative Angioarchitecture of the Ciliary Processes in Other Species......Page 100
Etiology......Page 356
alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone......Page 1248
Ex Vivo Expansion of Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells......Page 95
Stereopsis at Large Disparities......Page 238
Gene Families......Page 71
Evidence for Intraflagellar Transport in Photoreceptors......Page 306
Further Reading......Page 1988
Rods versus Cones......Page 74
Pupil......Page 1192
Glossary......Page 1701
RPE Development......Page 1288
Contact Lenses......Page 863
Fibroblastic Cells......Page 508
Confounding Observations......Page 1412
Structure and Properties......Page 680
Assembly of Tight Junctions during Differentiation......Page 1717
Sequela of PVD......Page 2015
Events Underlying Regeneration of the Light- Damaged Retina......Page 2043
Pulsatile Ocular Blood Flow......Page 82
Optical Doppler Tomography......Page 83
EPCs as a Source of Paracrine Growth Factors for Vessel Growth......Page 898
The Active Pulley Hypothesis......Page 1559
Glossary......Page 1475
Ciliary Muscle......Page 1956
Anomalous PVD......Page 661
Zebrafish Models of Retinal Degeneration: Mutations in pde6c......Page 1803
Aging Changes......Page 89
The Role of the Tear Film......Page 1465
Glossary......Page 159
Background......Page 1061
Further Reading......Page 424
Neuroprotection......Page 93
sdarticle_018......Page 94
Glossary......Page 843
Phosphorylation......Page 1033
History and concept of ocular surface reconstruction......Page 1596
Peripheral nerve tumors......Page 1289
Embryonic Eye Patterning......Page 1253
Tear Evaporation......Page 97
Summary......Page 1492
Concluding Remarks......Page 859
Introduction......Page 1693
Diagnosis and Measuring Glaucoma Progression......Page 101
Rhodopsin-GRK \r1......Page 523
Waxy Pallor of the Optic Nerve......Page 1360
Static Suprathreshold Perimetry......Page 908
Vitreoschisis......Page 418
RPE in the Larger Context of Ocular Biology and Disease......Page 500
Complications......Page 647
The Surgical Treatment for Corneal Epithelial Stem Cell Deficiency, Corneal Epithelial Defect, and Peripheral Corneal Ulcer......Page 1369
Introduction......Page 1965
Bipolar Cells......Page 350
Other Radiation Exposure......Page 1541
Clinical Findings......Page 946
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells......Page 109
Nicotine......Page 1361
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha......Page 388
NFs as Neuroprotective Agents......Page 1213
Complement System and Protection of Eye......Page 1084
Pulley Translation......Page 111
Distribution of Different Lens Opacity Types in Different Racial Groups or Populations......Page 766
Nomenclature of the EPC......Page 783
Further Reading......Page 804
Refractive Surgery and Inlays......Page 113
The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Trabecular Meshwork......Page 1057
Vitreoretinal Interface......Page 1503
Rhodopsin Cycle - Retinal Isomerization......Page 115
Further Reading......Page 842
Further Reading......Page 428
Angiogenic Factors in Vitreous......Page 117
Conclusions......Page 118
Further Reading......Page 119
sdarticle_022......Page 121
Introduction......Page 1445
Corneal Immune Privilege......Page 831
Epithelial Langerhans cells......Page 122
ARMS2/HTRA1......Page 907
Addition of Retinal Cells Throughout the Life of a Zebrafish......Page 1101
Catalytic Antioxidants......Page 621
Pneumatic Retinopexy......Page 880
Lens Epithelial Cell Migration......Page 326
Peters Anomaly......Page 1718
Fuchs\' Endothelial......Page 408
Regression phase......Page 1514
Molecular Basis of Wavelength Sensitivity......Page 127
Prevention of Vasoregression......Page 2007
sdarticle_023......Page 129
Glossary......Page 805
Introduction......Page 1669
The AqH Combines Immune Modulation and Angiogenic Privilege......Page 130
X\r laevis as a Model for Glaucoma......Page 2021
\rRelevant Website......Page 135
sdarticle_024......Page 136
Vasoregression in Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 1784
The Pathways Concept......Page 631
IO and IR Pulleys......Page 227
pde6cw59......Page 1771
Transforming Growth Factor beta......Page 139
Epidemiology of PVD......Page 1861
High-Pass Resolution Perimetry (Ring Perimetry)......Page 897
The Single-Photon Signal and Noise......Page 1588
Endothelial Damage and Loss Leading to \rVasoregression......Page 1339
Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy......Page 143
Summary......Page 1437
Voltage-Gated Currents......Page 223
Surgery......Page 145
Summary......Page 146
Conclusion......Page 1247
sdarticle_025......Page 147
Glossary......Page 718
Zebrafish regenerate all retinal neurons......Page 334
Mutations in Rhodopsin and Retinal Diseases......Page 151
False-Negative Responses......Page 1240
sdarticle_026......Page 153
Glossary......Page 701
Anatomy of the Lacrimal Gland......Page 575
Antioxidant Mechanisms in the Outflow Pathways......Page 155
Steroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension......Page 615
Epidemiology......Page 217
X\r laevis and Studies of the Transport of Rhodopsin......Page 991
Structural Changes in the Trabecular Meshwork with Primary Open Angle Glaucomaast\r......Page 1016
Introduction......Page 1321
Rod and Cone Pathways in the Fish Retina......Page 1446
Anatomy and Dimensions......Page 1527
Horizontal Cells......Page 1201
Regeneration in the Zebrafish Retina......Page 358
Corneal Biomechanical Effects in Refractive Surgery......Page 1618
Mechanisms and Regulation of Electrolyte and Water Secretion by the Lacrimal Gland......Page 274
Further Reading......Page 1450
Further Reading......Page 163
The Vascular Stem Cell......Page 165
Glossary......Page 1501
Introduction......Page 1392
Substance P......Page 387
The basement membrane......Page 170
MAPK-coupled signaling pathway......Page 335
Pores as possible fixation artifacts and the possible importance of flow through inner-wall cell junctions or through water cha......Page 172
Evidence of Oxidative Stress in the Outflow Pathway......Page 559
sdarticle_029......Page 175
Zebrafish: Retinal Development and Regeneration......Page 1815
General Background......Page 1100
Polarization Responses of Photoreceptor Cells......Page 178
Signs......Page 179
PG Analogs......Page 1051
Alternative splicing......Page 1109
Transdifferentiation, matrix contraction, and matrix deposition......Page 1538
Vitreoretinal Interface......Page 314
Rare tumors of neuroectodermal origin......Page 182
Clinical Characteristics......Page 187
Further Reading......Page 1906
Rheumatoid Arthritis......Page 1696
Outline placeholder......Page 0
Artificial Tears......Page 221
Conjunctival Stem Cells......Page 425
Clinical Implications......Page 191
Basic Research Directions......Page 192
Further Reading......Page 890
sdarticle_030......Page 194
Animal Models of Vision......Page 195
Regeneration of Rhodopsin or Cone Opsin......Page 774
Adhesion Molecules......Page 264
The Corneal Stroma......Page 201
Role of Oxygen in Retinal Development......Page 1511
Axon-like fine process......Page 203
In Vitro Glaucoma Models......Page 204
alphaBgt-Insensitive nAChR Expression in the Retina......Page 205
Color Vision and Light Level......Page 206
Retinal Disease......Page 576
sdarticle_032......Page 208
Glossary......Page 1973
The Relationship Between Tear-Film Lipids and Refraction......Page 578
Further Reading......Page 1700
Summary......Page 213
sdarticle_033......Page 215
What Are Crystallins?......Page 230
Glossary......Page 1071
Understanding the Role for LSC in Corneal Homeostasis......Page 1297
Conclusions......Page 1413
Acknowledgments......Page 218
els......Page 772
Overexpression of E2F2 Promotes Proliferation of CEC......Page 1631
Vitreo-Macular Traction Syndrome......Page 618
Further Reading......Page 224
sdarticle_034......Page 225
Ocular Mesenchyme and Development of the Chamber Angle......Page 226
Glossary......Page 799
The Butterflies and Their Evolutionary History......Page 231
Material Properties......Page 1134
Effects of Oxidative Stress on the Outflow Pathway......Page 1580
Cannabinoids- Development and Neuroprotecti\ron......Page 1500
Vitreous Cortex......Page 237
Gap Junctions......Page 240
Conclusion......Page 797
Sector RP......Page 370
Further Reading......Page 1683
X\r laevis as a Model for Vitamin A Deprivation......Page 1895
Modeling RP in Transgenic X\r laevis......Page 1673
Acknowledgments......Page 248
sdarticle_037......Page 249
Arfs......Page 1529
BrM Development......Page 496
Cytisine......Page 299
Müller cell-endothelial cell interactions......Page 253
Vasculogenesis......Page 254
Biochemical Assay......Page 594
Zygomatic-Maxillary Complex Fractures (Tripod)......Page 543
History and concepts......Page 1967
Rho-kinase inhibitors (Y-27632, Y39983, HA-1077, H-1152, and INS117548)......Page 256
sdarticle_038......Page 258
Rod and Cone Photoreceptor Cells: Outer-Segment Membrane Renewal......Page 942
Corneal Epithelial Transplantation for\rTotal Stem Cell Deficiency......Page 316
Conclusions......Page 651
Other Oxidative Stress......Page 1901
Collagen and Fibronectin Receptors......Page 1238
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis......Page 682
FGF-2 Signaling Pathway......Page 1028
Rate of Vesicle Release......Page 1068
Acknowledgments......Page 1830
sdarticle_039......Page 267
Glossary......Page 1674
Enzyme Candidates for Vitreous Disruption......Page 549
Glossary......Page 275
Summary......Page 932
sdarticle_041......Page 281
Pharmacologic Vitreous Manipulation......Page 1324
RPE Cells......Page 585
Introduction......Page 287
Adrenergic Agonists......Page 1303
EPC in the Retinal Disease......Page 294
Relevant Websites......Page 296
sdarticle_043......Page 297
Glossary......Page 913
The beta- and gamma-Crystallins......Page 704
Rhodopsin-G\rt......Page 592
Break localization - principles based on topography of RRD......Page 1732
Gender......Page 1156
Ocular-surface epithelium-specific Pax6 promoter (Pax6OS)......Page 300
Ethambutol......Page 301
Exposure to metals and chemicals......Page 302
Stability and Functional Integrity of Retinal Blood Vessels......Page 1358
A.Circadian Clock Pathway in the Retina......Page 1060
sdarticle_044......Page 303
Introduction......Page 2010
Further Reading......Page 1141
What Is the IFT Cargo?......Page 309
Innate Immune Mechanisms......Page 1340
sdarticle_045......Page 311
Contrast......Page 312
Tear film......Page 313
Ganglion cell sensitivity......Page 1992
Dependence of Sensitivity on Background Intensity: Weber\'s Law......Page 1426
Introduction......Page 598
Amacrine Cells......Page 318
Smoking......Page 773
Medial Wall Fractures......Page 990
Normal Values......Page 1670
RP with Preserved Peri-Arteriolar\r RPE......Page 1576
Role of Oxidative Stress......Page 1738
The Physiological Control of Active Deturgescence......Page 419
Negative Feedback......Page 321
Cone Visual Pigment and Phototransduction......Page 1430
Stromal Extracellular Matrix......Page 322
sdarticle_047......Page 323
Vitreous Body......Page 1966
Endothelial Barrier Function......Page 324
Structure and Thickness of the Tear Film......Page 366
Values Obtained with Tracers in Different Species......Page 325
Glaucoma......Page 327
Structure and Properties......Page 329
PGs of the TM......Page 1021
Streptococci......Page 979
sdarticle_048......Page 333
Shortened R*\r lifetime......Page 1436
Corneal-epithelium-specific promoter......Page 337
Rod-OFF Pathway......Page 1993
Wagner syndrome (OMIM #143200)......Page 338
NK cells......Page 400
The Role of Pericytes in Vasoregression......Page 759
Cataract as a Predictor of Mortality......Page 1903
Role of Avascular Retina......Page 342
sdarticle_049......Page 346
Pump Mechanism......Page 352
Symptoms......Page 1487
Orbital Autoantibodies......Page 909
Molecular Genetics of CG: Mapped Loci and Identified Candidates......Page 353
sdarticle_050......Page 354
Glossary......Page 1130
Site of Outflow Resistance......Page 1086
Inflammation......Page 357
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenital (OMIM #183900)......Page 719
Factors that Affect Collagen and Fibronectin Expression and Assembly into the ECM......Page 1127
Further Reading......Page 359
sdarticle_051......Page 360
The Role of the Vitreous in Macular Hole Formation......Page 1960
Further Reading......Page 1892
Localization\r- Metabolizing Enzymes......Page 1603
Pneumatic Retinopexy......Page 1747
The Mediators of Vasoregression......Page 601
Further Reading......Page 373
sdarticle_053......Page 375
Glossary......Page 736
Future Management......Page 1937
Further Reading......Page 1119
Further Reading......Page 382
Conclusion......Page 383
Further Reading......Page 384
sdarticle_054......Page 385
TM Contractility Inhibition......Page 689
Reaction Steps Underlying Rapid Recovery of the Cone\'s Light Response......Page 386
Role of Growth Factors......Page 409
New Directions in Antiangiogenic Therapy......Page 395
TGF-beta signaling pathways......Page 493
Protein Misfolding......Page 683
Conclusion......Page 389
Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy......Page 390
Surgical PION......Page 977
Cannabinoids\r- Retinal Physiology......Page 525
Pterygium excision......Page 391
Refractive surgery......Page 392
Descements Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty......Page 393
Retinal Degeneration in pde6 Mutants: Primary Degeneration......Page 1638
Summary and Future Perspectives......Page 1198
Biochemial Pathway Inhibitors......Page 620
Intraorbital......Page 1311
Posterior segment......Page 1512
Vitreous Base......Page 823
Cellular responses......Page 495
Genetics......Page 796
Ciliary (Gt)......Page 1486
Relevant Websites......Page 1665
sdarticle_056......Page 403
Pathogenesis......Page 1597
T-lymphocyte activation......Page 404
Impression Cytology......Page 405
AM as a suitable carrier for corneal epithelial cell culture......Page 406
Schirmer\'s Test......Page 1282
Cell culture procedure......Page 407
Neoplasms......Page 1292
Relevant Websites......Page 410
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Vascular Homeostasis by Ang/Tie Signals......Page 411
Pulleys and Muscle Paths......Page 1263
Inner Retina - Amacrine Cells......Page 709
Classic Pattern for RP......Page 714
Human Health Implications of the Retinal Clock......Page 417
Related Posterior Membrane Dystrophies......Page 420
Relevant Websites......Page 421
sdarticle_058......Page 422
Cornea......Page 1246
Assessment of Tear Film Stability and Quantity......Page 653
sdarticle_059......Page 429
Retinal Vasculopathies: Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 1721
Further Reading......Page 1044
Human Eyes......Page 1237
Conclusion......Page 434
Relevant Websites......Page 435
sdarticle_060......Page 436
Photoreceptor Development......Page 1169
Intracellular Signaling Cascades Mediated by Tie2 Activation......Page 702
Further Reading......Page 1918
Further Reading......Page 441
sdarticle_061......Page 443
The Colorful Visual World of Butterflies......Page 1459
Afferent Pathway......Page 1608
Gene Variants Associated with POAG......Page 446
Laser Treatments......Page 1542
Opsin and Color Vision......Page 447
Further Reading......Page 449
sdarticle_062......Page 450
Introduction......Page 1242
Definition......Page 738
Schlemm\'s Canal......Page 813
Homeostasis and Repair......Page 1258
The normal cornea......Page 451
Retinal astrocytes......Page 452
Sources of Noise......Page 1761
Mooren\'s Ulcer......Page 454
nAChR Function in the Retina......Page 1553
sdarticle_063......Page 472
Refractive Surgery......Page 478
Peptide Receptor Localization......Page 1196
Cholinergic Agents......Page 1660
Glossary......Page 1947
Pathophysiology......Page 484
sdarticle_065......Page 486
Development......Page 490
Break type - identification......Page 491
Termination of the fibrotic repair response (about 3-4\ryears after injury)......Page 497
sdarticle_066......Page 502
Introduction......Page 1279
Additional Cortical Influences on Pupillary Responses......Page 835
Summary and Perspective......Page 506
sdarticle_067......Page 507
IgE in ocular allergy......Page 509
Sensory root of the ciliary ganglion......Page 510
Infratrochlear nerve......Page 511
Striated muscle tumors......Page 512
Chronic RRD......Page 921
Antagonists......Page 888
Rewiring......Page 513
Cytokines......Page 1987
Tear-Stability Analyses......Page 1261
Marfan syndrome (OMIM #154700)......Page 722
Clues from Embryonic Maturation......Page 974
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and ROS Generation......Page 1373
Role of Uveoscleral Flow in Normal and Diseased Eyes......Page 1419
sdarticle_068......Page 519
Constant Intense Light Kills Photoreceptors, Which Are then Regenerated by Muumlller Glia......Page 1610
Further Reading......Page 526
sdarticle_069......Page 527
Introduction......Page 1627
Acute neovascular stages......Page 529
Pericyte-endothelial cell interactions: Vessel stability......Page 536
Nonlens Relatives......Page 567
Surgical Treatment......Page 537
sdarticle_070......Page 539
Glossary......Page 1805
Biological Factors......Page 1433
Microtubule Inhibition......Page 1175
Color Vision and the Butterfly Eye......Page 788
Arousal......Page 544
Synaptic Transfer Function: Nonlinear Threshold......Page 1762
Background......Page 546
Further Reading......Page 1923
Functional Implications of Circadian Clock Control of Rod-Cone Coupling......Page 1869
sdarticle_072......Page 554
Early Work on X\r laevis - Biochemistry, Electrophysiology, and Microscopy......Page 2020
Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System......Page 713
Heredity......Page 659
RRD due to retinal tear......Page 1257
Efferent arm of the immune response: immunoregulation......Page 570
Afferent arm of the immune response during autoimmune-based\rinflammation......Page 571
Efferent arm of the immune response during autoimmune-based inflammation\r......Page 572
Total Deviation and Pattern Deviation Plots......Page 573
Reduction of Misfolded Proteins in Neuroprotection......Page 1681
PTK for Corneal Epithelial Defect......Page 1250
Further Reading......Page 579
Advantages of a Mobile Pupil......Page 581
The Microvillus is the Cellular Structure Mediating Visual Transduction......Page 648
Relevant Website......Page 587
Directional Selectivity......Page 1120
Acknowledgments......Page 597
The Epidemiology of Cataract......Page 1751
Sclerotomy Sites after Vitrectomy......Page 1507
sdarticle_078......Page 604
Further Reading......Page 609
sdarticle_079......Page 610
Neuronal Localization......Page 665
Mechanical Factors......Page 1921
sdarticle_080......Page 614
Pde6 Structure......Page 2033
Fundus Findings......Page 1565
Cell-Cell Interactions......Page 637
Further Reading......Page 1478
sdarticle_082......Page 627
sdarticle_083......Page 633
Glossary......Page 1856
Center-Surround Receptive Fields......Page 822
Aniridia......Page 1187
sdarticle_084......Page 642
Apoptosis......Page 1370
CFH......Page 643
Mapping of Protein and Gene Structure......Page 1034
RPE Structure and Function......Page 1079
Oxidative Stress......Page 998
Diversification of Visual Pigments via Gene Duplication and Positive Selection......Page 1874
Further Reading......Page 652
sdarticle_086......Page 655
Spatial frequency/size......Page 658
The superior PCA......Page 1483
Ephrins and Ephs......Page 1291
Classification by Fundus Appearance......Page 660
Other Interface Layers......Page 662
sdarticle_087......Page 663
Amacrine Cells and Ganglion Cells......Page 668
Relevant Website......Page 669
sdarticle_088......Page 670
Vascular Lesions......Page 1299
Active Pulley Shifts......Page 1850
sdarticle_090......Page 685
Molecular Level......Page 854
Incidence and Risk Factors......Page 695
Further Reading......Page 1939
Relevant Website......Page 696
Further Reading......Page 700
Prevalence......Page 1037
Effect of Ciliary Muscle Tone......Page 705
Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis......Page 1215
Antioxidants as Neuroprotective Agents......Page 1680
Electrophysiologic Evidence for the APH......Page 1219
MC Remodeling......Page 706
Dry Eye Syndromes......Page 1262
Posterior Subcapsular and Anterior Polar Cataract......Page 1002
Cone Pathways......Page 1018
Relevant Websites......Page 711
sdarticle_094......Page 712
Effect of Age......Page 1998
The Visual System: Phosphodiesterase and Phototransduction......Page 812
Goldmann-Favre syndrome/enhanced S-cone dystrophy (OMIM #268100)......Page 724
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide......Page 1891
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (OMIM #133780, #601813, and #305390)......Page 725
Surgical therapy......Page 1604
Snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration (OMIM #193230)......Page 726
Relevant Website......Page 728
sdarticle_096......Page 729
Active Pulley Hypothesis......Page 734
Further Reading......Page 1897
Evaluating zebrafish vision......Page 2028
Cicatricial contraction of the proliferative membrane......Page 739
Development......Page 1041
Further Reading......Page 1320
sdarticle_098......Page 742
Rat 50/10 OIR (model of peripheral severe ROP)......Page 1363
Management of Hyperopia......Page 745
sdarticle_099......Page 748
Acknowledgments......Page 753
sdarticle_100......Page 754
sdarticle_101......Page 758
sdarticle_102......Page 764
Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Fungal Keratitis......Page 1338
Physiology......Page 1158
sdarticle_103......Page 770
Visual Field......Page 1110
sdarticle_104......Page 775
Xenopus laevis as a Model for Understanding Retinal Diseases......Page 2019
Iris Musculature......Page 803
Maturation of Photoreceptors......Page 1264
Acknowledgments......Page 786
sdarticle_106......Page 787
What Do We Know From Primary and Subcultured CECs......Page 821
Further Reading......Page 791
sdarticle_107......Page 792
nAChR Subunits in the Vertebrate Retina......Page 968
Other Transgenic X\r laevis Models of Retinal Disease......Page 2023
sdarticle_110......Page 811
IFNgamma Regulation of RPE Fluid Transport......Page 1710
Directional selectivity......Page 815
Further Reading......Page 817
sdarticle_111......Page 818
Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy......Page 1341
sdarticle_112......Page 826
sdarticle_113......Page 832
sdarticle_114......Page 837
Agonists......Page 846
Intracanalicular......Page 873
Saccadic suppression......Page 849
Conclusions anSummary......Page 1327
sdarticle_116......Page 851
Retinal Capillary Bed......Page 1495
Relevant Websites......Page 867
sdarticle_118......Page 868
Experimental Animals......Page 1050
RRD due to retinal hole or dialysis......Page 1745
PKC Signaling Pathways in Regulating Proliferation of CECs......Page 881
Relevant Websites......Page 883
Effect of MLC Phosphorylation on Corneal Endothelium Barrier Integrity......Page 1611
sdarticle_121......Page 892
sdarticle_122......Page 900
Pulley Heterotopy......Page 1853
sdarticle_123......Page 906
Primary Gene Therapy......Page 910
Bionic Implants......Page 911
Polymer Substrates......Page 916
Relevant Websites......Page 919
Rod Bipolar Pathway......Page 920
MAPK-coupled signaling pathway......Page 922
RRD due to retinal hole or dialysis......Page 923
Complement......Page 924
Link between Innate and Adaptive Immunity......Page 925
Further Reading......Page 926
sdarticle_126......Page 927
sdarticle_127......Page 934
Introduction......Page 1935
Collagen: Structure and Localization......Page 1123
sdarticle_129......Page 952
Conclusions......Page 1624
Flashes on Backgrounds: Desensitization and Acceleration......Page 955
Concept......Page 1434
Histology......Page 1065
Surface and sulfur......Page 970
Pretectal olivary nucleus......Page 971
Asymmetry of involvement......Page 972
Methyllycaconitine (MLA)......Page 1944
Conversion to Glaucoma......Page 978
Further Reading......Page 1421
sdarticle_132......Page 981
Biosynthesis and Turnover......Page 982
Inducible Cre-LoxP system......Page 983
Ocular surface tissue-specific Pax6OS-rtTA mouse line......Page 985
Role of TGFbeta2 on development......Page 986
Role of TGF-beta signaling in wound healing of corneal epithelium......Page 988
Symptoms......Page 992
sdarticle_133......Page 993
Aqueous Humor Stimulants......Page 1151
Further Reading......Page 1007
sdarticle_135......Page 1008
PLD-coupled signaling pathway......Page 1011
Pathogenetic concept......Page 1012
Race......Page 1013
NO-coupled signaling pathway......Page 1014
Funneling Theory......Page 1020
sdarticle_137......Page 1023
sdarticle_138......Page 1031
Zebrafish Eyes Form from a Single Field in the Anterior Neural Plate......Page 1236
sdarticle_140......Page 1045
sdarticle_141......Page 1049
Tear-Film Break-Up Time (TFBUT)......Page 1052
Common Malignant Eyelid Tumors......Page 1053
Venous Malformations......Page 1055
Transducin......Page 1059
Physiology......Page 1066
Staphylococci......Page 1067
Synthesis and Release......Page 1657
sdarticle_145......Page 1083
Contact Lenses and the Lipid Layer......Page 1089
sdarticle_146......Page 1091
Light-Dependent Ion Channels......Page 1098
Conjunctival MCs......Page 1102
Genetics and Cataract......Page 1902
Conjunctival Fibroblasts......Page 1105
Retinal Tears......Page 1852
Cytokines and Chemokines in Ocular Allergy......Page 1106
sdarticle_148......Page 1107
Myosin II inhibitors (blebbistatin)......Page 1111
Biofilm Formation......Page 1112
sdarticle_149......Page 1114
Relevant Website......Page 1121
sdarticle_150......Page 1122
sdarticle_152......Page 1135
Polarization sensitivity......Page 1137
sdarticle_153......Page 1144
Contacts with rods......Page 1146
Relevant Website......Page 1152
sdarticle_155......Page 1160
Anatomy......Page 1165
sdarticle_156......Page 1168
sdarticle_157......Page 1176
sdarticle_158......Page 1182
Drainage of Tears......Page 1839
sdarticle_160......Page 1199
Acknowledgments......Page 1203
Further Reading......Page 1204
sdarticle_161......Page 1205
sdarticle_162......Page 1211
Detecting Small Central Dysfunction......Page 1216
Comparison of the mfVEP and the ONHC of the mfERG in an Asymmetric Glaucoma Patient......Page 1226
Patient with Unknown Vision Loss......Page 1228
Acknowledgment......Page 1229
sdarticle_163......Page 1230
Treatment Failure......Page 1567
Truncation......Page 1234
Further Reading......Page 2024
Further Reading......Page 1235
Further Reading......Page 1241
Chromovitrectomy......Page 1910
Conclusions......Page 1438
Toxin Production......Page 1251
Electroretinograms......Page 1566
Treatment......Page 1266
Summary......Page 1267
sdarticle_168......Page 1268
Summary......Page 1808
Orbital extension of eyelid tumors......Page 1293
Orbital extension of lacrimal sac tumors......Page 1294
Infections - orbital cellulitis and sinusitis (microbial)......Page 1298
Capillary Hemangiomas......Page 1300
sdarticle_171......Page 1301
GAG Turnover......Page 1773
sdarticle_172......Page 1310
Discovery and Analysis of Candidate Genes Involved in Retinal Regeneration......Page 2041
Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 1679
sdarticle_174......Page 1330
Glial-Neuronal Interactions......Page 1334
Tear Film Osmolarity......Page 1838
Gyrate Atrophy......Page 1577
Anterior-Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation......Page 1335
Resources/Support for Patients with RP......Page 1569
Further Reading......Page 1336
sdarticle_176......Page 1342
Bacterial infections......Page 1344
VKH disease......Page 1345
Ocular manifestations and complications......Page 1601
Conclusion......Page 1656
sdarticle_177......Page 1349
Angiopoietins......Page 1355
Components of the complement cascade......Page 1356
alpha-Conotoxins......Page 1943
RRD due to retinal tear......Page 1357
T\rlymphocytes......Page 1362
sdarticle_179......Page 1365
Acknowledgments......Page 1368
Linear Regression......Page 1374
Relevant Websites......Page 1375
sdarticle_181......Page 1376
sdarticle_182......Page 1381
sdarticle_183......Page 1385
sdarticle_185......Page 1401
Retinal G-Protein Receptor/Go......Page 1900
Further Reading......Page 1439
sdarticle_186......Page 1409
Squid Visual Arrestin......Page 1414
Further Reading......Page 1415
sdarticle_187......Page 1416
Adaptation, a Decrease in the Sensitivity of the Visual Cascade, is Mediated by Small, Lingering Elevations of Ca2+......Page 1422
Conclusion......Page 1423
sdarticle_188......Page 1424
sdarticle_189......Page 1431
Assessment of Other Tear Functions......Page 1463
sdarticle_190......Page 1440
sdarticle_192......Page 1451
Further Reading......Page 1457
Management......Page 1589
Vortex veins......Page 1481
Choroidal anastomoses......Page 1484
sdarticle_197......Page 1493
Safety, Efficacy, and Satisfaction of LASIK......Page 1506
sdarticle_199......Page 1508
Asymmetric involvement......Page 1513
Treatment......Page 1515
sdarticle_200......Page 1518
Disentangling polarization and color sensitivity......Page 1522
sdarticle_201......Page 1526
Relevant Websites......Page 1533
sdarticle_202......Page 1534
sdarticle_204......Page 1545
Optimizing Remaining Vision......Page 1570
Gene Therapy......Page 1571
Relevant Websites......Page 1572
sdarticle_207......Page 1573
Inverse RP......Page 1575
Abetalipoproteinemia......Page 1578
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (Batten Disease)......Page 1579
Cone-Isolated ERG Response......Page 1581
Relevant Websites......Page 1582
sdarticle_208......Page 1583
Further Reading......Page 1648
Conclusions......Page 1590
Relevant Website......Page 1591
sdarticle_209......Page 1592
Molecular pathophysiology......Page 1599
Diagnosis......Page 1600
Systemic manifestations......Page 1602
sdarticle_211......Page 1606
sdarticle_212......Page 1613
Relevant Websites......Page 1620
sdarticle_213......Page 1621
Corneal Inlays......Page 1625
Relevant Website......Page 1626
sdarticle_215......Page 1633
Effect of IOP......Page 1999
Role of cAMP-PKA\raxis in the Regulation of Barrier Integrity......Page 1639
sdarticle_216......Page 1640
sdarticle_217......Page 1649
Effects on Ganglion cells......Page 1661
WIN 55,212-2\r Affects the Cone Light Response......Page 1664
sdarticle_219......Page 1666
Acknowledgments......Page 1672
Extracellular Matrix Degradation......Page 1682
sdarticle_221......Page 1685
Choroidal change impact on RPE......Page 1697
BrM Changes......Page 1698
Higher Order Aberration (HOA) Measurement......Page 1845
Further Reading......Page 1711
Further Reading......Page 1712
sdarticle_224......Page 1713
Levels of the Bystander Effect in Photoreceptor Degeneration......Page 1730
Management of ROP......Page 1731
Swinholide A......Page 1735
Mouse OIR (model of aggressive posterior ROP)......Page 1736
Relevant Websites......Page 1740
sdarticle_227......Page 1741
Retinal round holes......Page 1742
Inferior......Page 1743
RRD due to retinal hole or dialysis......Page 1744
RRD due to retinal hole or dialysis......Page 1746
Pars Plana Vitrectomy......Page 1748
Pars Plana Vitrectomy......Page 1749
sdarticle_229......Page 1755
sdarticle_230......Page 1759
Negative Feedback......Page 1763
Acknowledgment......Page 1764
GAG Biosynthesis......Page 1767
sdarticle_232......Page 1770
Relevant Website......Page 1783
Do Cell Therapies Have a Role in the Eye If so, Who Will Benefit......Page 1846
Relevant Websites......Page 1789
Stromal Cells......Page 1791
sdarticle_236......Page 1798
Adaptation: Cone Pathways......Page 1801
sdarticle_238......Page 1810
sdarticle_240......Page 1825
Further Reading......Page 1831
sdarticle_241......Page 1832
Can Diabetes Alter Cytokine Secretion by EPCs......Page 1981
Further Reading......Page 1840
sdarticle_242......Page 1841
sdarticle_243......Page 1847
Pulley Hindrance......Page 1854
Relevant Website......Page 1855
sdarticle_245......Page 1864
sdarticle_246......Page 1871
Further Reading......Page 1878
sdarticle_247......Page 1879
Acknowledgments......Page 1885
sdarticle_248......Page 1886
Pericyte migration......Page 2004
Latrunculins......Page 1888
Broad specificity protein kinase inhibitors (H-7)......Page 1889
sdarticle_249......Page 1893
sdarticle_250......Page 1899
sdarticle_251......Page 1905
sdarticle_252......Page 1912
sdarticle_254......Page 1924
sdarticle_255......Page 1928
Further Reading......Page 1934
sdarticle_257......Page 1940
Relevant Websites......Page 1946
sdarticle_259......Page 1952
Indications......Page 1968
Cell culture procedure......Page 1969
Clinical outcome of cultivated autologous oral mucosal epithelial transplantation......Page 1970
Postoperative management......Page 1971
Drug Modulation of EPC Function......Page 1982
Further Reading......Page 1983
sdarticle_264......Page 1989
sdarticle_265......Page 1995
Similarities and Differences of Development with Retinal Ontogeny/Genesis......Page 2000
Uveitis......Page 2002
sdarticle_266......Page 2003
Macular Holes......Page 2017
sdarticle_269......Page 2025
sdarticle_270......Page 2035
Vestigial Retinal Regeneration Activity in Mammals......Page 2044