Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3e, Energy

Cover......Page 1
Glossary......Page 2
Coal Characteristics Related to Coal Preparation......Page 3
Breaking, Crushing, and Grinding......Page 4
Grinding......Page 5
Coal Screening......Page 6
Recent Developments......Page 7
Float-and-Sink Analysis......Page 8
Dense-Medium Separation......Page 12
Dense Media......Page 14
Jigs......Page 15
Concentrating Tables......Page 16
Flotation......Page 17
Separation Efficiency......Page 19
Coal Preparation Flowsheets......Page 21
On-Line Analysis......Page 22
Ash Analysis......Page 23
Otisca Process......Page 24
Oil Agglomeration......Page 25
Flotation......Page 26
Chemical Desulfurization......Page 27
References......Page 29
Glossary......Page 30
Geology: Origin and Deposition......Page 31
Coal Classifications......Page 32
Heat of Combustion......Page 33
Pore Structure......Page 34
Extractable Material......Page 36
Nitrogen......Page 37
Sulfur......Page 38
Oxygen......Page 39
Maceral Chemical Structure......Page 40
Structure Models......Page 41
Liquefaction......Page 42
Hydrocarbon Synthesis......Page 43
Coke Formation......Page 44
References......Page 45
Glossary......Page 46
Economic Measures......Page 47
Physical Efficiency Indicators......Page 48
Reference Plant Approach......Page 49
Decomposition Analysis......Page 50
Reaggregation of Energy Efficiency Indicators......Page 51
References......Page 53
Glossary......Page 54
Introduction......Page 55
Paradoxes about Energy and Resource Use......Page 56
Is Energy a Scarce Resource?......Page 57
How do we Evaluate Resource Qauality? The Search for an Integrated Assessment in Biophysical Analyses......Page 58
Describing Matter Flows......Page 59
Accounting for (User-Side) Resource Quality: The Exergy Approach......Page 60
Factors of Scale and System Boundaries......Page 61
Life-Cycle Assessment......Page 63
From Embodied Exergy to Emergy......Page 64
Solar Emergy—Concepts and Definitions......Page 65
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells......Page 66
A Basis for Value......Page 69
Conclusions......Page 71
References......Page 72
Glossary......Page 74
Is a High Level of Energy Consumption Necessary or Desirable for Human Welfare?......Page 75
Fossil-Fuel Resources......Page 76
Fuels for Nuclear Fission Reactors......Page 77
Fuels for Nuclear Fusion Reactors......Page 78
Concluding Observations on Resources for Breeder and Fusion Reactors......Page 79
Solar Energy Input to the Surface of the Earth......Page 80
Oil Reserves......Page 81
Natural Gas Reserves and Methane Hydrate Resources......Page 83
Shale-Oil Reserves......Page 84
Elimination of Long-Lived Radioactive Products......Page 85
Research and Development Agenda for Future Energy Security......Page 86
The Preferred Research and Development Agenda for the Future......Page 87
References......Page 88
Glossary......Page 90
Hydrocarbon Reserves and Potential of Enhanced Recovery......Page 91
Microscopic Displacement Efficiency......Page 92
Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency......Page 93
Capillary Number Correlation......Page 94
Single-Contact Miscible Processes......Page 95
Multiple-Contact Miscible Processes......Page 96
Introduction......Page 98
Micellar–Polymer Processes......Page 99
Alkaline Processes......Page 100
Introduction......Page 101
In Situ Combustion......Page 102
Microbial Processes......Page 103
Screening Criteria......Page 104
References......Page 105
Glossary......Page 106
Carnot Cycle......Page 107
Power Station Technologies......Page 108
Pulverized-Coal Boilers......Page 109
Fuel Considerations......Page 110
Inorganic Matter......Page 111
Coal Energy Content and Flame Temperatures......Page 113
Advanced Analysis Methods......Page 114
Reaction Types......Page 115
Char Oxidation......Page 116
Coal Devolatilization......Page 117
Char Oxidation......Page 118
Ash Formation......Page 119
Pollutant Species......Page 120
Air-Quality and Emissions Regulations......Page 121
NOx Formation and Reduction......Page 122
Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 124
Foundations......Page 125
Equations and Solutions......Page 126
Code Evaluation—Field Tests......Page 127
The Future......Page 128
References......Page 129
Glossary......Page 130
Environment of Stability......Page 131
Measuring Gas Hydrate in Wells......Page 133
Sensing Gas Hydrate in Seismic Reflection Profiles......Page 134
Environments of Gas Hydrate Concentration......Page 136
Effect on Seafloor Slides and Slumps......Page 137
Concentration......Page 140
Environmental Concerns......Page 142
References......Page 143
Glossary......Page 144
Solar Heat Stored in Tropical Oceans......Page 145
Open-Cycle OTEC Systems......Page 146
Heat Exchangers......Page 147
Heat Exchanger Designs......Page 148
Working Fluid Requirements......Page 149
Cold Water Pipe (CWP) Design and Construction......Page 150
CWP Support Design......Page 151
Warm and Mixed Effluent Ducting......Page 152
Ammonia......Page 153
Position Control for OTEC Plantships......Page 154
Claude Cycle......Page 155
Uehara Cycle......Page 156
Closed-Cycle OTEC Development Status......Page 157
OTEC-1 Program and Accomplishments......Page 158
OSEA 100-MWe OTEC Power Plant......Page 159
Conceptual Designs of French 5-MWe OTEC Plants at Tahiti......Page 160
Conceptual Design of Taiwan 50-MWe (net) Shore-Based OTEC Plants......Page 161
Baseline 40-MWe (net) Moored and Grazing OTEC Plants......Page 162
Preliminary Design of Shelf-Mounted OTC OTEC Power Plant for Hawaii......Page 163
Conclusions about Closed-Cycle OTEC Development Status......Page 166
Cost Uncertainties and Perceived Risk versus Engineering Status......Page 168
Japanese Floating OTEC Plants......Page 171
Puerto Rico Electric Power Co. (PREPA) Conceptual Design of a 40-MWe (nom) Tower-Mounted OTEC Plant......Page 172
Capital Investments and Sales Prices for OTEC Products......Page 173
OTEC Economics......Page 174
Fuels from oil shale......Page 175
Liquid fuels formed by natural gas reforming......Page 176
Comments......Page 177
Economic Impact of OTEC Commercialization......Page 178
References......Page 181
Glossary......Page 182
Origin of Petroleum......Page 183
The Production and Preservation of Organic Matter......Page 184
Petroleum Migration......Page 185
Porosity and Permeability......Page 186
Terminology and Classification......Page 188
Diapiric Traps......Page 190
Stratigraphic Traps......Page 191
Hydrodynamic and Combination Traps......Page 192
References......Page 193
Glossary......Page 194
Terms, Definition, and Description......Page 197
Use and Potential......Page 199
Herbaceous Energy Crops......Page 201
Pyrolytic decomposition.......Page 202
Gasification.......Page 203
Direct Combustion......Page 204
Household Cookstove......Page 205
Oven for Wood Chips......Page 207
Cigar Burner......Page 208
Coalification......Page 209
Gasification......Page 210
Fixed-bed gasifier.......Page 211
Gas Utilization......Page 212
Oil Production......Page 213
Use......Page 214
Substrate Production......Page 215
Basics......Page 216
Biogas Production......Page 217
Use......Page 218
References......Page 219
Glossary......Page 220
Solar Collectors......Page 221
Hot Water Systems......Page 223
Space Heating......Page 225
Passive Systems......Page 227
Solar Cooling......Page 229
User Influence......Page 231
Urban Problems......Page 232
Recent Developments......Page 233
References......Page 234
Glossary......Page 236
Historical Background......Page 237
Thermionic Emission......Page 238
Basic Principles of Thermionic Conversion......Page 239
Operating Modes......Page 240
Barrier Index......Page 241
Rasor Plot......Page 242
Vacuum-Mode Diodes......Page 243
Additive Diodes......Page 244
Radioisotope Generators......Page 245
Combustion Converters......Page 246
References......Page 247
Glossary......Page 248
Exergy Components......Page 249
Control Volume Exergy Balance......Page 251
Exergy Destruction......Page 252
Estimation of Total Capital Investment......Page 253
Levelized Costs......Page 256
Exergy Costing......Page 257
Auxiliary Costing Equations......Page 258
Thermoeconomic Evaluation......Page 262
Thermoeconomic Variables......Page 263
Design Evaluation......Page 264
Evaluation of the First Design Case Base-Case Design)......Page 265
Evaluation of the Second Design Case (1. Iteration)......Page 267
Recent Developments in Thermoeconomics......Page 268
References......Page 269
Glossary......Page 270
Introductory Remarks on Wte Plants......Page 271
Initial Growth Rates for Mwi Use in the United States......Page 272
The 1999 Integrated Waste Services Association Wte Directory of U.S. Plants......Page 273
Potential Electricity Production from Wte Systems in the United States......Page 274
Representative Mwi Systems......Page 275
References......Page 277