Encyclopedia of Pest Management

Contents......Page 4
Acaricides Types and Effects......Page 16
REFERENCES......Page 17
SOURCES AND ROUTES OF EXPOSURE......Page 18
Anticholinesterases: Organophosphates and Carbamates......Page 19
CONCLUSION......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
MODE OF ACTION OF ADJUVANTS......Page 22
REGULATORY ISSUES......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
Low Volume LV Spraying......Page 26
AIRCRAFT SPRAY DEPOSITION......Page 27
THE FUTURE......Page 28
REFERENCES......Page 29
Cross Flow Fans......Page 30
Propeller Fans......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
EFFECTS OF DISEASES ON ALFALFA......Page 33
Variety Selection......Page 35
REFERENCES......Page 36
BIOLOGICALLY BASED SUPPRESSION......Page 37
REFERENCES......Page 38
NATURAL OCCURRENCE......Page 40
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
ALLERGIC DISEASE IN CEREAL WORKERS BY STORED GRAIN PESTS......Page 44
OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA BY STORAGE MITES CONTAMINATING FOODS......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 46
METHODOLOGY OF BREEDING FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE......Page 47
Application of molecular biological methods......Page 48
FURTHER READING......Page 49
Antagonistic Plants in Cultural Pest Control......Page 50
Benefits and Risks of Antagonistic Plants......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 52
REFLECTIVE PLASTIC AND WHEAT STRAW MULCH REDUCES APHID ALIGHTING AND DELAYS VIRUS INFECTION......Page 53
Grower Trials......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 56
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 57
CLASSIFICATION OF AQUATIC WEEDS......Page 58
Herbicide Selectivity......Page 59
FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF AQUATIC HERBICIDES......Page 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 61
Integrated Pest Management......Page 62
A Paradigm for Areawide IPM: The Codling Moth Program......Page 63
EXTENDING THE AREAWIDE IPM PARADIGM......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
PERCENTAGE OF CROPS THAT HAVE SOME DEGREE OF PEST RESISTANCE......Page 67
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 68
SOLID WOOD PACKING MATERIALS: BEWARE......Page 70
BATTLE ZONES ESTABLISHED AND FORTIFIED......Page 71
POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL DISASTER AT HOME......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 74
GREENHOUSE PESTS......Page 75
ROW CROP PESTS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
Surfactants......Page 78
Other Auxiliaries......Page 80
REFERENCES......Page 81
DIRECT ANTAGONISM OF PLANT PATHOGENS......Page 82
INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE VERSUS SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE......Page 83
FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CONCERNS......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 85
Culture and Control......Page 86
Culture and Control......Page 87
FURTHER READING......Page 88
Advantages of Banding Pesticide Applications......Page 89
Equipment Requirements......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 91
BIOACCUMULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 92
In the Soil......Page 93
APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 94
REFERENCES......Page 95
ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR PREDATORS AND PARASITOIDS......Page 96
CONCLUSIONS......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 98
Phytohormones......Page 99
Phosphorus solubilization......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
STRATEGIES FOR USING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 102
Parasitoids......Page 103
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN PRACTICE......Page 104
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 105
BIOCONTROL AGENTS SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN NEMATODE PESTS......Page 106
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 107
MECHANISMS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL BY FUNGI......Page 109
APPLICATION OF FUNGAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
CONTROL MEASURES......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
BIOCONTROL OF INTERNALLY FEEDING PESTS......Page 116
BIOCONTROL OF EXTERNALLY FEEDING PESTS......Page 117
REFERENCES......Page 118
MYXOMATOSIS AND EUROPEAN RABBITS......Page 119
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RODENTS......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
HISTORY AND IMPACT OF CLASSICAL WEED BIOCONTROL......Page 122
Costs and Agent Success......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 124
CLASSICAL AND INUNDATIVE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 125
EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS......Page 126
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
EVIDENCE FOR IMPROVED EFFICACY......Page 129
Southern Green Stink Bug......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
Bioinsecticides......Page 133
Biofungicides......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
FURTHER READING......Page 136
Bacteria and Actinomycetes......Page 137
CONSTRUCTED STRAINS......Page 139
REFERENCES......Page 141
DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CROPS......Page 142
Toxicity of Herbicides and HRCs......Page 144
BT for Insect Control......Page 146
DISCUSSION......Page 147
FURTHER READING......Page 148
Aquatic Communities......Page 149
Terrestrial Communities......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 151
TOXICANTS......Page 153
IMMOBILIZING AGENTS......Page 154
FURTHER READING......Page 155
Quelea Control in Africa......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides......Page 160
Field Testing?Active Monitoring......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
REDUCING THE IMPACT OF BIRDS IN CROPS......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
BOTANICAL TYPES AND THEIR EFFECTS......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 167
ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 168
CANCER IN HUMANS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF PESTS ON PLANT CANOPIES......Page 171
MULTIPLE EFFECTS OF PESTS AND MULTIPLE STRESSES......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
Farmyard Flies......Page 174
Management......Page 175
Culcidae......Page 176
Damage......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
EVOLUTION OF CROP DISEASES......Page 179
DISEASE EPIDEMICS AND CROP MANAGEMENT......Page 180
FURTHER READING......Page 181
GROWING SYSTEMS OF CEREALS......Page 182
Monitoring of Animal Pests in Winter Wheat......Page 183
REFERENCES......Page 184
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 185
THE TRANSMISSION OF TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI BY TRIATOMINES......Page 186
House Improvement......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 188
Sex Attractant Structures......Page 189
Sex Attraction Responses......Page 190
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 192
CHEMIGATION AS AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IPM TOOL......Page 193
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF CHEMIGATION......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
USES OF PESTICIDES......Page 197
Heterocyclic Organophosphates......Page 198
REACTION BETWEEN OP AND ChE ENZYME......Page 199
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS......Page 200
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS......Page 201
FUNGICIDES......Page 202
PESTICIDES AS PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND ALTERNATIVE......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
STATISTICS CONCERNING CHRONIC INTOXICATION......Page 205
Mechanisms of Action......Page 206
Paraquat......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
RESPONSE TO CLIMATE VARIABLES......Page 209
CURRENT TRENDS......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
Negative Interactions......Page 212
Positive Interactions......Page 213
PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO INTEGRATION......Page 214
REFERENCES......Page 215
Cultural Practices......Page 216
Alternative Food Sources......Page 217
REFERENCES......Page 218
AVOID HARMFUL PRACTICES OF PESTICIDES......Page 219
OVERWINTERING AND SHELTER SITES......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 221
TYPES OF APPLICATION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 225
HISTORY OF COSMETIC STANDARDS......Page 226
HEALTH EFFECTS OF EATING INSECTS/INSECT PARTS IN FOOD......Page 227
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 228
Parasitic Weeds......Page 229
COVER CROPS FOR INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
Heteroptera......Page 233
PLANT?INSECT INTERACTIONS AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACT......Page 234
REFERENCES......Page 235
Cover Crop Systems for Annual Crops......Page 236
Costs, Benefits, and Problems of Using Cover Crops......Page 237
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 238
THE INFLUENCE OF DECOY AND TRAP CROPS ON PESTS......Page 239
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
SUCCESS IN PEST CONTROL......Page 243
MANAGEMENT COMPLEXITY......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 245
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 247
BENEFICIAL ROLE......Page 248
CONCLUSION......Page 249
REFERENCES......Page 250
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 251
Wheat......Page 252
Potatoes......Page 253
Cotton......Page 254
CONCLUSIONS......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS......Page 257
CHOOSING A CROP PEST CONTROL CONSULTANT......Page 258
SELECTED RELEVANT WEB SITES......Page 259
EFFECT OF CROP RESIDUES ON SOIL PEST POPULATIONS......Page 260
CONTROL MEASURES......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
SUCCESSFULLY MANAGING PESTS WITH CROP ROTATION......Page 263
ADAPTATION TO CROP ROTATION......Page 264
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 265
ATTRITION OF PATHOGEN INOCULUM......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 267
Competition......Page 268
Allelopathy......Page 269
CONCLUSION......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 271
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 272
COST OF CROSS-RESISTANCE......Page 273
FURTHER READING......Page 274
CULTURAL CONTROL FOR INSECT PESTS OF CROPS......Page 276
CULTURAL CONTROL OF NEMATODES......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 279
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 281
FLIES AFFECTING CONFINED ANIMALS......Page 282
CATTLE LICE......Page 283
REFERENCES......Page 284
ECONOMIC DAMAGE AND ECONOMIC INJURY LEVELS......Page 285
OTHER APPROACHES TO PEST MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING......Page 286
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 287
Agricultural Crop Losses......Page 288
Physical Barriers......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
Defoliants......Page 291
APPLICATION METHODS AND PRECAUTIONS......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 293
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF DELUSORY PARASITOSIS?......Page 294
CONCLUSIONS......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS......Page 297
PREVENTION......Page 298
REFERENCES......Page 299
IMPROVING DEPOSITION......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 302
DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL ENEMIES BY PESTICIDES......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 304
WIND......Page 305
INSECTS......Page 306
HUMANS......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
U.S. DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY......Page 309
Causes of the Problem in Developing Countries......Page 310
PREVENTIVE MEASURES......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 312
Insecticide Poisoning......Page 313
PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
WHEN AND WHERE DID DOMESTICATION OCCUR?......Page 316
CHANGES RESULTING FROM DOMESTICATION......Page 317
REFERENCES......Page 318
DISEASES CONTROLLED BY DORMANT SPRAYS......Page 319
ALTERNATIVES TO DORMANT SPRAYS......Page 320
REFERENCES......Page 321
TYPES OF RESISTANCE......Page 322
PYRAMIDING GENES FOR DURABLE RESISTANCE......Page 323
REFERENCES......Page 324
PEST POPULATION DYNAMICS AND SPECIES DIVERSITY......Page 325
EXAMPLES......Page 326
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 327
Eruptive Dynamics......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 330
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF WEEDS......Page 332
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF PATHOGENS......Page 333
REFERENCES......Page 334
FROM GREEN REVOLUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL REVOLUTION......Page 335
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337
BENEFITS OF OTHER CONTROL MEASURES......Page 338
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 340
The ET......Page 342
CURRENT AND FUTURE APPROACHES......Page 343
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 344
INTRODUCTION......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
CRY PROTEIN TOXICITY FOR HERBIVORE NATURAL ENEMIES......Page 348
PREDICTING INSECT POPULATION DYNAMICS IN TRANSGENIC AGROECOSYSTEMS......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 350
ENERGY USE IN PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING PROCESS......Page 351
CONCLUSION......Page 353
REFERENCES......Page 354
ENERGY INVESTED IN PESTICIDE MANUFACTURE......Page 355
ALTERNATIVE PEST CONTROL PRACTICES TO LOWER ENERGY USE......Page 356
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
MECHANISMS OF ENHANCED PESTICIDE BIODEGRADATION......Page 359
REFERENCES......Page 360
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 361
Pesticide Resistance in Pests......Page 362
Wild Birds and Mammals......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 364
Relative eradication......Page 365
Conservation Biological Control......Page 366
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 367
GM PLANTS......Page 368
ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS......Page 369
REFERENCES......Page 370
THERMAL FOG APPLICATION......Page 372
ULV COLD FOGGING APPLICATION......Page 373
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 374
ONGOING ERADICATION PROJECTS......Page 375
DECISION MAKING IN ERADICATION PROJECTS......Page 376
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 377
THE ROLE OF ETHICS......Page 378
RISK......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 380
ETHICAL GROUNDS......Page 381
REFERENCES......Page 383
PART 1......Page 384
FURTHER READING......Page 386
Benefits of Plant Feeding by Predators......Page 387
Augmentation biocontrol......Page 388
REFERENCES......Page 389
Soil-Dwelling Arthropod Pests......Page 390
EFFECT OF FALLOWING PRACTICES ON BENEFICIAL SOIL BIOTA......Page 391
REFERENCES......Page 392
KEY PROVISIONS OF FIFRA......Page 394
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 395
Banding......Page 396
Green Manures......Page 397
REFERENCES......Page 398
COTTON PEST CASE STUDY......Page 399
CONCLUSION......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 402
High-Quality, Pathogen-Free Seed......Page 403
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE......Page 404
DIVERSITY......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
GIVING GROPS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OVER WEEDS......Page 407
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 408
B. malayi and B. timori......Page 409
CONTROL OF FILARIASIS......Page 410
REFERENCES......Page 411
ATTACKS ON PEOPLE......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 414
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 415
IMPORTANCE OF FITNESS COSTS ESTIMATION......Page 416
CONCLUSIONS......Page 417
REFERENCES......Page 418
Effects of Flaming on Weeds......Page 419
FIELD EXPERIMENTS......Page 420
SUMMARY......Page 421
FURTHER READING......Page 422
Effects on Poultry Production......Page 423
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 424
PROBLEMS OF INFESTATIONS 4......Page 426
WEED CONTROL WITH LESS LABOR AND LESS WATER 7......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 428
Static Flooding......Page 429
Cyclical Submergence or Intermittent Flooding......Page 430
VENTILATION OF WATER WEEDS......Page 431
FLOOD FALLOW......Page 432
FURTHER READING......Page 433
AFTER REGISTRATION......Page 434
TRADE ISSUES......Page 435
FUTURE......Page 436
REFERENCES......Page 437
Regulatory Inspection and Enforcement......Page 438
RESPONSIBILITY OF FOOD MANUFACTURERS......Page 439
REFERENCES......Page 440
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 441
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 442
FRIT FLY ON OATS......Page 443
FUTURE ASPECTS ON FORECASTING PESTS AND DISEASES......Page 444
REFERENCES......Page 445
WORLDWIDE IMPACT......Page 446
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 448
EMERGING FOREST INSECT PEST PROBLEMS......Page 449
FOREST INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES......Page 450
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 451
REGULATORY CONTROL......Page 452
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 453
EXOTIC INVASIVE WEEDS......Page 454
REFERENCES......Page 455
FORMULATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 457
Suspension Concentrates SC......Page 458
EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET TRENDS......Page 459
REFERENCES......Page 460
IMPACT OF INSECT AND MITE PESTS......Page 461
Citrus......Page 462
Tropical Fruit......Page 463
REFERENCES......Page 464
Mechanical Tillage......Page 465
Cover Crops......Page 466
CHEMICAL METHODS......Page 467
FURTHER READING......Page 468
FUMIGATION CONTEXT AND METHODS......Page 469
COMPOUNDS USED......Page 470
REFERENCES......Page 471
Fumigants and the Environment......Page 472
FUTURE CONCERN......Page 473
FURTHER READING......Page 474
Mixed Cropping Systems and Resource Subsidies......Page 475
Volatile Information......Page 476
REFERENCES......Page 477
STRATEGIES FOR USE......Page 479
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 483
TYPES OF FUNGICIDES......Page 484
DISCOVERY......Page 485
FUTURE TRENDS......Page 486
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 487
TWO MAIN IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES......Page 488
TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGIES......Page 489
CONCLUSIONS......Page 490
REFERENCES......Page 491
THE CONCEPT OF SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE......Page 492
RISKS......Page 493
REFERENCES......Page 494
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE......Page 495
BREEDING STRATEGIES......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 497
QUARANTINE......Page 498
REFERENCES......Page 499
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS......Page 500
FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 501
REFERENCES......Page 502
Crop Losses......Page 503
Cost of Pest Control......Page 504
REFERENCES......Page 505
Cultural Control Strategies......Page 507
Environment Management Strategies......Page 508
REFERENCES......Page 509
CASE STUDY GRAPE PEST MANAGEMENT IN CALIFORNIA......Page 510
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA VINEYARDS......Page 515
CONCLUSIONS......Page 516
REFERENCES......Page 517
DISEASE IMPACT ON THE GREENHOUSE INDUSTRY......Page 518
REFERENCES......Page 520
BOTRYTIS CINEREA......Page 521
BACTERIA......Page 522
VIRUSES......Page 523
REFERENCES......Page 524
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 525
Mounted Sprayers......Page 526
ON-TARGET SPRAY DEPOSITION FROM GROUND APPLICATIONS......Page 527
REFERENCES......Page 528
Attributes of the Message......Page 529
Attributes of the Environment......Page 530
GLOBAL HARMONIZATION OF PESTICIDE LABELING......Page 531
REFERENCES......Page 532
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES......Page 534
NATURAL SYSTEMS/AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES......Page 535
B. thuringiensis Sprays......Page 536
CONCLUSIONS......Page 537
REFERENCES......Page 538
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON INSECT PEST POPULATIONS......Page 539
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 540
REFERENCES......Page 541
Benefits and Risks for the Farmer......Page 542
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 544
COMPONENTS OF HERBICIDE ACTION......Page 545
HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS......Page 546
HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS......Page 547
REFERENCES......Page 548
The Great Irish Famine......Page 549
The Great Bengal Famine......Page 550
REFERENCES......Page 551
PEST CONTROL AND THE TRIPLE REVOLUTION: SCIENCE, INDUSTRY, AND CAPITALISM......Page 552
PEST CONTROL SCIENCE AND SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES......Page 553
THE CRISIS OF SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES AND A NEW SCIENCE OF PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 554
THE FUTURE......Page 555
REFERENCES......Page 556
HISTORY AND SCOPE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS......Page 557
Conservation Biological Control of Insects......Page 558
REFERENCES......Page 559
THE ASCENDANCY OF PESTICIDES......Page 560
DDT: DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPACT......Page 561
REBUFF AND REASSESSMENT......Page 562
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 564
MECHANISMS OF CHEMICAL DISRUPTION......Page 565
REFERENCES......Page 566
NEW THEORY......Page 568
OTHER CONTRIBUTING FACTORS......Page 569
FUTURE WORK......Page 570
REFERENCES......Page 571
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE......Page 572
Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Measures......Page 573
Chemical Control......Page 574
REFERENCES......Page 575
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND DIVERSITY......Page 576
ALLERGIC REACTIONS......Page 577
REFERENCES......Page 579
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PERIDOMESTIC PESTS......Page 580
Infesting Insects......Page 581
FURTHER READING......Page 582
SYRPHIDAE AS POTENTIAL CONTROL OF APHIDS......Page 583
HOVERFLIES AS INDICATORS OF BIODIVERSITY......Page 584
REFERENCES......Page 586
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 587
SYMPTOMS OF LICE INFESTATION AND INJECTED SALIVARY TOXINS......Page 588
Head Lice......Page 589
REFERENCES......Page 590
Regional Reports......Page 591
INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT......Page 592
REFERENCES......Page 593
EXAMPLES OF HYGIENE......Page 594
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 596
OC Insecticides......Page 597
Carbamates......Page 598
CONCLUSIONS......Page 599
REFERENCES......Page 600
INORGANIC HERBICIDES......Page 601
INORGANIC INSECTICIDES......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 603
Juvenile Hormone Analogs JHAs 1, 2, 6, 7......Page 604
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IGRs......Page 606
REFERENCES......Page 607
TYPES OF MIGRATION......Page 608
FACTORS AFFECTING DISPERSAL......Page 609
REFERENCES......Page 610
INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 611
Implementing Integrated Pest Management......Page 612
REFERENCES......Page 613
Insect Monitoring Techniques......Page 614
Turfgrass selection......Page 616
Effective turfgrass management......Page 617
Beneficial insects and mites......Page 618
FURTHER READING......Page 619
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 620
INSECTICIDE USE TO MINIMIZE RESISTANCE......Page 621
RESISTANCE MONITORING AND THE USE OF SIMULATION MODELS......Page 622
REFERENCES......Page 623
PHEROMONES OF STORAGE INSECT PESTS......Page 625
INSECTISTASIS......Page 627
REFERENCES......Page 628
Aphididae......Page 630
Miridae......Page 631
REFERENCES......Page 632
Environmental......Page 633
Integrated Nutrient Management......Page 634
REFERENCES......Page 635
THE DERIVATION OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 636
Protocols......Page 637
REFERENCES......Page 638
Cultural Control......Page 639
Biological Control......Page 640
Chemical Control with Enticements or Deterrents......Page 641
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 642
Shortage of Prey......Page 643
Searching Behavior of Natural Enemies......Page 644
REFERENCES......Page 645
PROTECTION MECHANISMS ACTING IN INTERCROPPED SYSTEMS......Page 646
REFERENCES......Page 648
Data Sources......Page 649
Data entry......Page 651
Regional Activities?Trial Implementation Phase......Page 652
REFERENCES......Page 653
WHERE DO SPECIES INVADE?......Page 654
WHICH SPECIES HAVE EFFECTS AND WHERE?......Page 655
REFERENCES......Page 656
A GLOBAL MARKETPLACE......Page 659
Solid Wood Packing Material......Page 660
REFERENCES......Page 661
Losses to Internal Parasites......Page 663
CONCLUSIONS......Page 666
REFERENCES......Page 667
INSECT AND MITE DISINFESTATION......Page 668
CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS......Page 669
REFERENCES......Page 670
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF LANDSCAPES IN A MANAGEMENT CONTEXT: KEY PLANTS AND KEY PESTS......Page 671
Biological Control......Page 672
CONCLUSION......Page 673
REFERENCES......Page 674
Temporal Stability of Landscape Patterns......Page 676
REFERENCES......Page 677
DISEASE PRESENCE AND DAMAGE......Page 678
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 679
REFERENCES......Page 680
CULTURAL TREATMENTS......Page 681
CHEMICAL TREATMENTS......Page 683
REFERENCES......Page 684
Pesticide Properties......Page 685
Management Practices and Strategies to Prevent Pollution......Page 686
REFERENCES......Page 687
Untitled......Page 688
REGULATORY TRENDS......Page 689
REFERENCES......Page 690
CERTIFICATION......Page 691
RECORDKEEPING......Page 692
REFERENCES......Page 693
SEXUAL LETHAL GENES......Page 694
DRIVING GENES INTO INSECT POPULATIONS......Page 695
REFERENCES......Page 696
LETTUCE DISEASES......Page 697
LETTUCE DISEASE MANAGEMENT......Page 701
REFERENCES......Page 702
The Certification Process......Page 703
Recertification of pesticide applicators......Page 705
REFERENCES......Page 706
Black Light......Page 707
Robinson trap......Page 708
USES OF LIGHT TRAPS......Page 709
REFERENCES......Page 711
CHEMICAL CONTROL......Page 712
Biological Control......Page 713
REFERENCES......Page 714
INFLUENCES ON PEST AND WEED POPULATIONS......Page 715
CONSTRAINTS......Page 716
REFERENCES......Page 717
Food Production......Page 718
Public Health......Page 719
CONTROL......Page 720
REFERENCES......Page 721
Nematode Numbers and Yield......Page 722
NEMATODE MANAGEMENT......Page 723
REFERENCES......Page 724
RODENT PESTS?WHO ARE THEY AND WHAT IS THEIR IMPACT?......Page 725
METHODS USED TO CONTROL RODENTS......Page 726
REFERENCES......Page 727
MANIPULATING ALFALFA HARVEST TO MANAGE LYGUS BUGS......Page 728
WITHIN-FIELD CONFIGURATION AND AMOUNT OF UNCUT ALFALFA......Page 729
REFERENCES......Page 730
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 732
MICROBIAL AGENT......Page 733
ECOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 734
REFERENCES......Page 735
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS......Page 736
MOSQUITO VECTORS......Page 737
CONTROL......Page 738
REFERENCES......Page 739
TRAP EFFICIENCY......Page 740
FUTURE NEEDS......Page 741
REFERENCES......Page 742
When Are Pesticides Obsolete?......Page 743
Environmental, Health, and Social Implications......Page 744
THE FUTURE......Page 745
REFERENCES......Page 746
TRAP DENSITY, AREA SIZE IN TREATMENT, AND FACTORS FOR CONTROL......Page 747
PRACTICAL USE OF PHEROMONE-BASED MASS-TRAPPING......Page 749
REFERENCES......Page 750
MATING DISRUPTION......Page 752
FURTHER READING......Page 753
Rototilling......Page 754
Draglining/Dredging......Page 755
EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL CONTROL......Page 756
Booms and Screen Cleaners on Hydroelectric Lakes......Page 757
Suction Dredging in a Large Glacial Lake......Page 758
REFERENCES......Page 759
CULTIVATION AFTER CROP PLANTING......Page 760
MECHANICAL WEED MANAGEMENT DURING FALLOW PERIODS......Page 763
REFERENCES......Page 764
METABOLISM......Page 766
IMPACT OF RESISTANCE MECHANISMS ON MANAGEMENT OF RESISTANCE......Page 767
FURTHER READING......Page 768
ANTIXENOSIS......Page 769
ANTIBIOSIS......Page 770
CONCLUSIONS......Page 771
REFERENCES......Page 772
DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS......Page 773
LIMITING FACTORS......Page 777
REFERENCES......Page 778
IR-4 PROGRAM, UNITED STATES......Page 779
REMEDIES AGAINST MINOR USE PROBLEMS......Page 780
FURTHER READING......Page 781
Ecology and Epidemiology......Page 782
Clinical Features......Page 783
REFERENCES......Page 784
CHARACTERISTICS OF INVASIVE SPECIES AND HABITATS VULNERABLE TO INVASION......Page 786
ECONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF INVASIVE SPECIES......Page 787
REFERENCES......Page 788
MANAGEMENT APPROACHES......Page 789
CURRENT AND FUTURE TOOLS......Page 790
REFERENCES......Page 791
MODELING APPROACHES......Page 792
SIMULATION MODELS OF CROP SYSTEMS......Page 793
REFERENCES......Page 794
TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENTS......Page 796
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 797
Terrestrial Pest Snails......Page 798
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 799
FURTHER READING......Page 800
Mechanisms......Page 801
REFERENCE......Page 802
LIFE CYCLE......Page 803
PUBLIC AND VETERINARY HEALTH IMPORTANCE......Page 804
REFERENCES......Page 805
INDIVIDUAL EFFORTS......Page 806
ORGANIZED COMMUNITY CONTROL......Page 807
REFERENCES......Page 808
EPIDEMIOLOGY/ EPIZOOTIOLOGY......Page 809
ECOLOGY......Page 810
REFERENCES......Page 811
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT......Page 812
Controls......Page 813
REFERENCES......Page 814
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 816
INFLUENCE ON PESTS......Page 817
Vegetables......Page 818
FURTHER READING......Page 819
DEVELOPMENT OF RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW......Page 820
THE BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION AND THE CARTAGENA PROTOCOL......Page 821
CONCLUSION......Page 822
REFERENCES......Page 823
BENEFITS OF MYCORRHIZAE......Page 824
RISKS AND CHALLENGES......Page 825
REFERENCES......Page 826
FIVE IMPORTANT MYCOTOXINS......Page 827
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES......Page 828
REFERENCES......Page 829
OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES......Page 830
RESULTS FROM TWO STUDIES IN SWEDEN 1984 AND 1994......Page 831
REFERENCES......Page 832
Methods of Evaluation......Page 833
Life tables......Page 834
Exclusion method......Page 835
CONCLUSION......Page 836
REFERENCES......Page 837
Pyrethrins......Page 838
Bacillus thuringiensis......Page 839
HERBICIDES DERIVED FROM NATURE......Page 840
PROSPECT......Page 841
REFERENCES......Page 842
ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF NATURAL VEGETATION ON PARASITOIDS......Page 843
CRITERIA AND PRACTICAL INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGAINST ARTHROPOD PESTS......Page 845
REFERENCES......Page 846
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 848
NEMATODE MANAGEMENT......Page 849
Nonfumigant Nematicides......Page 850
FURTHER READING......Page 851
Host Range, Behavior, and Survival......Page 852
Field Efficacy......Page 853
Formulation and Storage......Page 854
FURTHER READING......Page 855
Nematode Monitoring......Page 856
REFERENCES......Page 858
Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme......Page 859
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels......Page 860
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid and Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channels......Page 861
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor......Page 862
REFERENCES......Page 863
RAPID GROWTH WORLDWIDE......Page 864
ORGANIC FARMING?A HOLISTIC APPROACH......Page 867
REFERENCES......Page 869
NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS MARINE, FRESHWATER, TERRESTRIAL......Page 870
HONEY BEES......Page 871
REFERENCES......Page 872
CROPS THAT PROVIDE 90% OF WORLD FOOD......Page 873
LIVESTOCK THAT PROVIDE 90% OF THE WORLD’S ANIMAL PROTEIN......Page 874
REFERENCES......Page 875
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 877
LOSSES DUE TO INSECTS......Page 878
LOSSES DUE TO PLANT PATHOGENS......Page 879
REFERENCES......Page 880
EFFECTS OF NO-TILL ON WEED MANAGEMENT......Page 881
EFFECTS OF NO-TILL ON DISEASE PROBLEMS......Page 882
FUTURE READING......Page 883
Venturi/Air-Induction Nozzles......Page 884
REFERENCES......Page 885
HOW OILS WORK......Page 886
EXAMPLES OF OILS IN PEST CONTROL......Page 887
CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF OILS FOR PEST CONTROL......Page 888
REFERENCES......Page 893
TREATMENT......Page 894
CONTROL......Page 895
REFERENCES......Page 897
Air utilization......Page 898
REFERENCES......Page 899
HISTORY......Page 901
CROP AND PEST PERFORMANCE IN ORGANIC SYSTEMS......Page 902
REFERENCES......Page 903
Weeds......Page 905
Insects And Other Invertebrates......Page 906
Diseases......Page 907
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 908
Release of Compounds Toxic to Insects and Plant Pathogens......Page 909
Stimulation of Antagonistic Microorganisms......Page 910
REFERENCES......Page 911
FURTHER EVOLUTION TOWARD BEING A SUCCESSFUL?NOXIOUS?WEED: NEW ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS......Page 913
GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGINS OF WEEDS......Page 914
REFERENCES......Page 915
Chemical Control......Page 917
Cultural Control......Page 919
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 920
REFERENCES......Page 921
Cultural Practices and Sanitation......Page 923
Chemical Control......Page 924
FURTHER READING......Page 925
Structural Pests......Page 926
Pests of forestry and agricultural crops......Page 927
REFERENCES......Page 928
Plant Chemicals......Page 929
Breadth of Host Range......Page 930
REFERENCES......Page 931
Papaya ‘‘Meleira’’ or ‘‘Sticky’’ Disease......Page 932
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES......Page 933
Other Fungal Disease......Page 934
REFERENCES......Page 935
LEMA AS HOST OF PARASITES......Page 937
REFERENCES......Page 939
METHODS OF VIRUS AND VIROID ELIMINATION......Page 941
MANAGEMENT OF THE VIRUS-FREE CROPS IN THE FIELD......Page 942
NEW METHODS FOR THE SENSITIVE DETECTION OF VIRUSES AND VIROIDS......Page 943
REFERENCES......Page 944
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 945
PROTOZOAN PARASITES OF NATURAL ENEMIES......Page 946
FUNGAL PATHOGENS OF NATURAL ENEMIES......Page 947
UNIDENTIFIED MICROBES OR DISEASE......Page 948
REFERENCES......Page 949
POWDERY MILDEW......Page 950
SEEDLING BLIGHT AND ROOT ROT......Page 951
ARTICLES OF FURTHER INTEREST......Page 952
REFERENCES......Page 953
Leafminers......Page 954
Pea Aphid......Page 955
REFERENCES......Page 956
BROWN ROT......Page 958
PERENNIAL CANKER......Page 960
FURTHER READING......Page 961
RUST......Page 962
GROUNDNUT ROSETTE......Page 963
CONCLUSIONS......Page 965
REFERENCES......Page 966
PECAN INSECT ECOLOGY......Page 967
CONCLUSIONS......Page 968
REFERENCES......Page 969
MAJOR ISSUES CONCERNING PERSISTENT ORGANIC PESTICIDES......Page 970
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO POPs PESTICIDES......Page 971
REFERENCES......Page 972
OECD Member States......Page 973
SWEDISH CONTRIBUTIONS......Page 975
Multilateral Environmental Agreements......Page 976
REFERENCES......Page 977
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 979
STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE......Page 980
SURVEILLANCE AND PROPHYLAXIS......Page 981
REFERENCES......Page 982
SPREADING ECOLOGICAL PRACTICES......Page 983
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FOR DIVERSE CROPPING SYSTEMS......Page 984
REFERENCES......Page 985
The Phenomenon of Biotic Natural Resistance of the Environment......Page 987
Anthropogenic Measures......Page 988
REFERENCES......Page 989
Low Application of Pest Management Options That Are Based on Tropical Pest Ecology......Page 990
Pesticide safety......Page 991
Synthetic Pesticides Era......Page 992
REFERENCES......Page 993
PURPOSE AND SCOPE......Page 994
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT......Page 995
REFERENCES......Page 996
FACTORS AFFECTING PEST STATUS......Page 997
REFERENCES......Page 999
Crop Tolerance in Staple Foods......Page 1000
CAN CROP TOLERANCE REDUCE PESTICIDE USE?......Page 1001
REFERENCES......Page 1002
INSECT PESTS......Page 1003
REFERENCES......Page 1004
LABEL DEVELOPMENT......Page 1005
CONCLUSION......Page 1007
REFERENCES......Page 1008
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1009
ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF PESTICIDE MUTAGENESIS......Page 1010
Assessment Methodology......Page 1011
REFERENCES......Page 1012
GAINING CONTROL: GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES 3......Page 1013
REDUCING RISKS 4?6......Page 1015
Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 1016
REFERENCES......Page 1017
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISK TO BEES FROM PESTICIDES......Page 1018
REFERENCES......Page 1019
WHAT CAUSES PESTICIDE/CHEMICAL SENSITIVITIES AND MCS?......Page 1021
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF PESTICIDE SENSITIVITIES?......Page 1022
REFERENCES......Page 1023
Reproductive Toxicity and the Environment......Page 1025
Assessment Protocol......Page 1029
REFERENCES......Page 1030
THE HISTORY OF PIC......Page 1031
Import Decisions, Information, and Website......Page 1032
REFERENCES......Page 1033
DANISH GROUNDWATER MONITORING PROGRAM......Page 1034
PESTICIDES AND METABOLITES FOUND IN DANISH GROUNDWATER......Page 1035
REFERENCES......Page 1037
TRAP DESIGNS......Page 1039
TRAP DEPLOYMENT......Page 1041
REFERENCES......Page 1042
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1044
Effectiveness and Cost......Page 1045
THE FUTURE......Page 1046
REFERENCES......Page 1047
PHYSICAL BARRIERS FOR RODENTS......Page 1048
PHYSICAL BARRIERS FOR SKUNKS, RACCOONS, AND OPOSSUMS......Page 1050
PHYSICAL BARRIERS FOR WHITE-TAILED DEER......Page 1051
REFERENCES......Page 1052
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1053
CHALLENGES FACING PHYTOSANITARY QUARANTINE PROGRAMS......Page 1054
EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYTOSANITARY QUARANTINE......Page 1055
REFERENCES......Page 1056
DAMAGE TO CROPS......Page 1057
INDIRECT EFFECTS?OTHER TROPHIC LEVELS......Page 1058
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1059
GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR FOOD SECURITY......Page 1060
DURABILITY OF RESISTANCE......Page 1061
CONCLUSION......Page 1063
FURTHER READING......Page 1064
INSECT?CROP INTERACTION......Page 1065
INTEGRATION......Page 1066
REFERENCES......Page 1067
Mass Rearing......Page 1068
Biological Control......Page 1069
REFERENCES......Page 1070
Biological Control Using PGPR......Page 1072
Technological......Page 1073
REFERENCES......Page 1074
STRATEGIES OF PATHOGEN MANAGEMENT......Page 1075
Eradication......Page 1076
REFERENCES......Page 1077
QUARANTINE METHODS......Page 1078
REFERENCES......Page 1080
Late Planting......Page 1081
Cereals......Page 1083
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 1084
REFERENCES......Page 1085
MANAGEMENT OF TARNISHED PLANT BUG ON STRAWBERRIES......Page 1086
Effects on Nontarget Arthropods and on Disease Transmission......Page 1087
REFERENCES......Page 1088
Composition and Distribution......Page 1089
FUTURE NEEDS......Page 1090
REFERENCES......Page 1091
Scorpions......Page 1093
Widow spiders Latrodectus......Page 1094
Ticks......Page 1095
DIPLOPODA. MILLIPEDES......Page 1096
Formicidae. Ants......Page 1097
Hemiptera. True Bugs......Page 1098
FURTHER READING......Page 1099
THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE POLLUTION......Page 1100
THE FUTURE POTENTIAL FOR PESTICIDE POLLUTION......Page 1101
REFERENCES......Page 1102
WHY POPULATION THEORY?......Page 1104
REFERENCES......Page 1106
WORLDWIDE IMPACT......Page 1107
DEVELOPMENT OF STORAGE PEST INSECT CONTROL......Page 1108
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1109
CONTROL OF POSTHARVEST VERTEBRATE PESTS......Page 1110
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1111
FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICACY......Page 1112
FUTURE OF INERT DUSTS......Page 1114
REFERENCES......Page 1115
PREVENTION OF LOSSES......Page 1116
REFERENCES......Page 1118
Mites......Page 1119
Fleas......Page 1120
Flies......Page 1121
REFERENCES......Page 1122
FUMIGANT FOR DENS......Page 1123
REFERENCES......Page 1124
QUALIFICATIONS OF PRESCRIBERS......Page 1126
FURTHER READING......Page 1127
RAISING THE LEVEL AT WHICH ECONOMIC DAMAGE OCCURS......Page 1128
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1129
METHODS USED TO CONTROL CROP WEEDS BIOLOGICALLY......Page 1130
Physiological Integration......Page 1131
FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 1132
REFERENCES......Page 1133
General Resistance: Horizontal Resistance......Page 1134
Fungicides......Page 1135
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CONTROL OPTIONS......Page 1136
REFERENCES......Page 1137
URGENT NEED TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVES......Page 1138
ROLE OF THE MARKET......Page 1139
REFERENCES......Page 1140
Biological and Microbial Controls......Page 1141
Crop and Greenhouse Management......Page 1142
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 1143
REFERENCES......Page 1144
WHAT PROTECTIVE CLOTHING IS AVAILABLE?......Page 1145
WHO DECIDES WHICH PPE?......Page 1146
REFERENCES......Page 1147
CONVENTIONAL APPLICATIONS......Page 1148
REFERENCES......Page 1149
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1151
ACUTE EFFECTS: PESTICIDE POISONINGS......Page 1152
EFFECTS ON CHILDREN......Page 1153
REFERENCES......Page 1154
QUALITY LOSSES......Page 1156
REFERENCES......Page 1157
TESTS AND METHODS......Page 1158
REFERENCES......Page 1160
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1161
QUALITY CONTROL OF PESTICIDES......Page 1162
Sampling......Page 1163
REFERENCES......Page 1164
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1165
OVERVIEW......Page 1166
REFERENCES......Page 1167
PREVENTING AND DELAYING APHID AND WHITEFLY COLONIZATION OR VIRUS TRANSMISSION......Page 1168
REFERENCES......Page 1169
Intentional Pest Refugia......Page 1170
REFUGIA FOR NATURAL ENEMIES......Page 1171
REFERENCES......Page 1172
IMPLEMENTATION......Page 1174
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS......Page 1175
REFERENCES......Page 1176
AVAILABLE INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES......Page 1177
FUTURE GLOBAL POLICY......Page 1178
Toxicological and Other Data Requirements for Pesticide Registration......Page 1179
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1180
SEMIOCHEMICALS......Page 1181
REFERENCES......Page 1182
WHAT ARE THE REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON FEMALES?......Page 1183
WHAT ARE EMBRYONIC OR DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS DUE TO PARENTAL EXPOSURE?......Page 1184
REFERENCES......Page 1185
ZONA PELLUCIDA......Page 1186
INDUCED INFERTILITY AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL IN AVIAN SPECIES......Page 1187
BIBILOGRAPHY......Page 1189
EXAMPLES OF RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT......Page 1190
REFERENCES......Page 1191
Horizontal Versus Vertical Resistance......Page 1193
Mixtures or ‘‘Multilines’’......Page 1194
REFERENCES......Page 1195
THE GENETICS AND MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE......Page 1197
REFERENCES......Page 1198
PATHOGEN EXAMPLES......Page 1200
WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT PESTS OVERCOMING HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE?......Page 1201
REFERENCES......Page 1202
THE CAUSES OF RESISTANCE......Page 1203
THE CONSEQUENCES OF RESISTANCE......Page 1204
REFERENCES......Page 1205
STAGES OF INFECTION......Page 1206
REFERENCES......Page 1207
THE NATURE OF THE RISK......Page 1208
CONCLUDING COMMENT......Page 1209
FURTHER READING......Page 1210
PROBABILITY OF ESTABLISHMENT......Page 1211
PROBABILITY OF DAMAGE......Page 1212
CONCLUSION......Page 1213
REFERENCES......Page 1214
Rodents of Agricultural Importance......Page 1215
Acute rodenticides......Page 1216
REFERENCES......Page 1217
MANAGEMENT OF RODENT PESTS BY EXCLUSION METHOD......Page 1219
Rodent Proofing......Page 1220
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 1221
REFERENCES......Page 1222
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1224
Risks = Hazard H Exposure......Page 1225
ANTICOAGULANT EFFECTS ON WILDLIFE?BRODIFACOUM?A CASE STUDY......Page 1226
REFERENCES......Page 1227
Strychnine......Page 1229
FUMIGANTS......Page 1230
REFERENCES......Page 1231
STATUTORY FRAMEWORK......Page 1232
TRENDS IN PESTICIDE REGULATION......Page 1233
REFERENCES......Page 1234
INCIDENCE-LEVEL MONITORING......Page 1235
ANTIMICROBIALS......Page 1236
REFERENCES......Page 1237
SURVEY OF FOOD INTAKES BY INDIVIDUALS......Page 1238
PESTICIDE RECORDKEEPING......Page 1239
REFERENCES......Page 1240
SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF ROUGING......Page 1241
REFERENCES......Page 1242
IMPORTANCE OF RUNOFF AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT......Page 1243
Climatic Condition......Page 1245
TESTING METHODS TO ASSESS RUNOFF PROCESSES......Page 1246
REFERENCES......Page 1247
LIMITATIONS OF ‘‘SAFE USE’’ STRATEGIES......Page 1248
IS SAFE PESTICIDE USE AT ALL POSSIBLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?......Page 1249
CONCLUSION......Page 1250
REFERENCES......Page 1251
A CRITIQUE OF INDUSTRY CLAIMS......Page 1252
Administrative Controls......Page 1253
REFERENCES......Page 1254
SWEDISH AGRICULTURE?EXTENSIVE AND ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY......Page 1255
CAMPAIGN RESULTS......Page 1256
REFERENCES......Page 1257
Reduce Pesticide Risk to Human Health, Nontarget Species, and the Environment......Page 1258
Reduce Pesticide Use......Page 1259
REFERENCES......Page 1260
SAFE USE......Page 1261
FURTHER READINGS......Page 1263
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1264
Accuracy of a Suspect Sampling Method......Page 1265
REFERENCES......Page 1266
Remote Sensing of the Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 1267
CONCLUSION......Page 1268
REFERENCES......Page 1269
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1270
Clinical Symptoms......Page 1271
Diagnosis of Scabies......Page 1272
Topical treatment......Page 1273
REFERENCES......Page 1274
Pest Detection and Identification......Page 1275
Prescribing a Management Tactic......Page 1276
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1277
PEST UPSETS......Page 1278
Mustard......Page 1279
REFERENCES......Page 1281
FURTHER READING......Page 1282
CROP PROTECTION USES......Page 1283
Limitations of Seed Treatment......Page 1284
REFERENCES......Page 1285
Ancillary Benefits of High Seeding Rates......Page 1286
FUTURE IMPACTS......Page 1287
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1288
Culture Indexing......Page 1289
MAINTENANCE AND PREVENTION OF REINFECTION OF PEST FREE STOCKS......Page 1291
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS......Page 1292
REFERENCES......Page 1293
SHEEP LICE......Page 1294
REFERENCES......Page 1295
Cougars, Jaguars, and Bears......Page 1297
Mobile Protectors Guard Animals......Page 1298
REFERENCES......Page 1299
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1301
THE PROCESS......Page 1302
KEYS TO SUCCESS......Page 1303
REFERENCES......Page 1304
COTTON AS THE MODEL......Page 1307
REFERENCES......Page 1308
Cucumber......Page 1310
CONCLUSION......Page 1312
REFERENCES......Page 1313
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1315
APPLICATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY TO AGRICULTURE......Page 1316
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1317
Population Screening......Page 1318
Antiparasitic Drugs......Page 1319
Cost/Benefit: Vector Control......Page 1320
REFERENCES......Page 1321
SOIL TRANSPORT AND PESTICIDE MOVEMENT DUE TO EROSION......Page 1322
SOIL EROSION AND PESTICIDE TRANSLOCATION CONTROL......Page 1323
REFERENCES......Page 1325
SOIL INFILTRATION BY PESTICIDES......Page 1326
FURTHER READING......Page 1329
WEEDS......Page 1330
SLUGS AND RODENTS......Page 1331
REFERENCES......Page 1332
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1334
HISTORY AND USAGE......Page 1335
THE PRINCIPLES OF SOIL SOLARIZATION......Page 1336
REFERENCES......Page 1337
DRIFT TRENDS......Page 1338
EQUIPMENT CHANGES......Page 1339
REFERENCES......Page 1340
HISTORY AND METHOD......Page 1342
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 1343
LIMITATIONS OF SIT......Page 1344
REFERENCES......Page 1345
OBSERVED EFFECTS IN HUMANS......Page 1346
REFERENCES......Page 1347
COMBINATION OF VISUAL AND OLFACTORY CUES......Page 1349
BENEFITS AND COSTS......Page 1350
REFERENCES......Page 1351
Vertebrate Pests......Page 1352
Sanitation......Page 1353
Biological Control......Page 1354
REFERENCES......Page 1355
Reducing the Use of All Pesticides......Page 1356
Improving the Mode of Using Pesticides......Page 1357
CHOOSING STRATEGY......Page 1358
REFERENCES......Page 1359
REDUCE PEST POPULATION STRATEGY......Page 1361
COMBINATION STRATEGY......Page 1362
REFERENCES......Page 1363
Drywood Termites......Page 1364
BEES AND ANTS HYMENOPTERA......Page 1365
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1366
VIRAL AND PHYTOPLASMAL DISEASES......Page 1367
BACTERIAL DISEASES......Page 1368
FUNGAL DISEASES......Page 1369
REFERENCES......Page 1370
PESTICIDE TRANSPORT AND PATTERNS OF OCCURRENCE......Page 1372
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES......Page 1373
GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE......Page 1374
REFERENCES......Page 1375
OPERATIONS......Page 1376
Pest Containment Program: Gypsy Moth......Page 1377
REFERENCES......Page 1378
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1379
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE......Page 1380
PEST MANAGEMENT AS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE......Page 1381
REFERENCES......Page 1382
ROOT-BORNE PATHOGENS......Page 1383
REFERENCES......Page 1384
COMMON PESTS OF SWINE......Page 1386
REFERENCES......Page 1388
Pest Birds......Page 1389
VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS......Page 1390
Bird IPM Programs......Page 1391
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1392
DISCUSSION......Page 1393
REFERENCES......Page 1396
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC VIRUSES......Page 1397
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA......Page 1398
FURTHER READING......Page 1399
DEFINITION AND HISTORY......Page 1400
DIAGNOSIS......Page 1401
Repressive pest control......Page 1402
REFERENCES......Page 1403
METHODS USED IN SYSTEMATICS OF ORGANISMS USED IN BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL......Page 1404
SYSTEMATICS OF MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISMS USED IN BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL: INSECTS AND MITES......Page 1405
REFERENCES......Page 1406
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1407
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES......Page 1408
Benefits......Page 1409
Costs......Page 1410
REFERENCES......Page 1411
SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES......Page 1412
Crop Attributes and Multitrophic Interactions......Page 1413
REFERENCES......Page 1414
MANAGEMENT BY ALTERING REPRODUCTION......Page 1415
REFERENCES......Page 1416
Stem Diseases......Page 1417
Cultural Control......Page 1418
Biological Control......Page 1419
REFERENCES......Page 1420
PESTS OF TEA......Page 1421
MANAGEMENT OF TEA PESTS......Page 1422
REFERENCES......Page 1423
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES......Page 1424
CONCLUSION......Page 1427
FURTHER READING......Page 1428
THE IPM FIELD SCHOOL APPROACH......Page 1429
TYPICAL FFS STUDIES......Page 1430
REFERENCES......Page 1431
RISK TO NONTARGET SPECIES......Page 1432
MITIGATING THE RISK......Page 1433
REFERENCES......Page 1434
Efficacy of Thermal Control of Colorado Potato Beetle......Page 1436
COMBINED STRATEGY TO CONTROL COLORADO POTATO BEETLE POPULATIONS DURING THE COMPLETE GROWING SEASON......Page 1437
FURTHER READING......Page 1438
DEFINITIONS......Page 1439
PROBLEMS IN EVALUATING BENEFITS AND COSTS FOR THE ECONOMIC THRESHOLD......Page 1440
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1441
CONTROL OF TICK-BORNE BABESIOSIS IN CATTLE......Page 1442
CONTROL OF HEARTWATER......Page 1443
REFERENCES......Page 1444
CHANGES IN SOIL PROPERTIES WITH TILLAGE......Page 1445
Beneficial Organisms......Page 1446
REFERENCES......Page 1447
TILLAGE SYSTEMS......Page 1448
CULTIVATION......Page 1449
REFERENCES......Page 1450
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF TOXINS IN PLANTS TO RESIST ATTACKS OF HERBIVORES AND PARASITES......Page 1451
ROLE THAT USE OF TOXINS HAS PLAYED AGRICULTURAL CROPS......Page 1452
REFERENCES......Page 1453
TRADITIONAL PRACTICES......Page 1454
CONCERNS......Page 1455
FURTHER READING......Page 1456
IMPLEMENTATION AND GROWING USE WORLDWIDE......Page 1457
RISKS......Page 1458
THE FUTURE......Page 1459
REFERENCES......Page 1460
INSECT CONTROL......Page 1461
REFERENCES......Page 1462
Nematode Control......Page 1463
REFERENCES......Page 1464
RESPONSE TO SEMIOCHEMICALS......Page 1466
DEALING WITH INSECT COMPLEXES......Page 1467
TRAPPING AS A COMPONENT OF IPM......Page 1468
REFERENCES......Page 1469
TECHNIQUES......Page 1470
REFERENCES......Page 1471
PESTICIDE REDUCTION IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION......Page 1472
RENPAP Pesticide Database......Page 1474
REFERENCES......Page 1475
ADVANTAGE OF UNISEXUAL REPRODUCTION FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: FACT OR FICTION?......Page 1477
REFERENCES......Page 1478
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1480
MASS TRAPPING......Page 1481
ATTRACTICIDE......Page 1482
FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 1483
REFERENCES......Page 1484
PREPLANT TREATMENT......Page 1485
POSTHARVEST TREATMENT......Page 1486
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 1488
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1489
THE IMPACT ON HUMANS......Page 1490
CONTROL OF VECTORS......Page 1492
REFERENCES......Page 1493
VEGETABLE PESTS AND MANAGEMENT......Page 1494
REFERENCES......Page 1496
Crop Phenology......Page 1497
Cumulative disease indices......Page 1498
REFERENCES......Page 1499
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING HERBICIDES......Page 1500
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1502
CONTROL MEASURES......Page 1503
Lethal control......Page 1504
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1505
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DAMAGE......Page 1506
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1507
Strategies of Resistance Management......Page 1508
REFERENCES......Page 1509
Baculoviruses as Viral Insecticides......Page 1510
IMPROVING VIRAL INSECTICIDES BY GENETIC ENGINEERING......Page 1512
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1513
BACULOVIRUS PATHOGENESIS......Page 1514
CHARACTERIZATION OF INSECT VIRUSES......Page 1515
VIRUS COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION......Page 1516
REFERENCES......Page 1517
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1518
Concentration Stations......Page 1519
Habitat Modification......Page 1520
REFERENCES......Page 1521
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1522
DISPERSAL IN SPACE: THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF DISPERSAL AGENTS......Page 1523
FUTURE CONCERNS......Page 1524
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1525
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POWER REQUIREMENT......Page 1526
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1527
REFERENCES......Page 1528
METHODS OF WEED MANAGEMENT IN NURSERIES......Page 1529
FURTHER READINGS......Page 1531
WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR LAWNS......Page 1532
WEED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR ORNAMENTALS......Page 1533
FURTHER READINGS......Page 1534
CHEMICAL CONTROL......Page 1535
REFERENCES......Page 1537
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1538
WEED MANAGEMENT......Page 1539
Cultural Control......Page 1540
REFERENCES......Page 1541
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1542
CONCEPTUALIZING WEED SEED DORMANCY......Page 1543
USING WEED SEED DORMANCY CHARACTERISTICS TO DESIGN WEED CONTROL STRATEGIES......Page 1544
REFERENCES......Page 1546
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1547
INVASIVE WEEDS......Page 1548
Chemical Management......Page 1549
REFERENCES......Page 1550
MOSQUITO LARVAL CONTROL......Page 1551
ULTRALOW VOLUME SPRAYING......Page 1552
REFERENCES......Page 1553
Request Permission or Order Reprints Instantly!......Page 1555
INCIDENT MONITORING......Page 1556
ROUTES OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE RESPONSIBLE FOR KILLS......Page 1557
Granular Formulations and Treated Seed......Page 1558
Forestry Insecticides......Page 1559
REFERENCES......Page 1560
CLASSICAL WOOD PRESERVATIVES......Page 1561
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF PRESERVATIVE SYSTEMS......Page 1562
REFERENCES......Page 1563
HEALTH RISKS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE......Page 1564
TOXICOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE......Page 1565
REFERENCES......Page 1566
Pesticide safety training......Page 1567
Reduced REI for low-risk pesticides......Page 1568
Michigan Survey......Page 1569
REFERENCES......Page 1570
AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND AGROBIODIVERSITY......Page 1571
BIOINDICATOR DEVELOPMENT IN SHADED COFFEE IN LATIN AMERICA......Page 1572
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1574
REFERENCES......Page 1575
Black Spot, Dark Leaf Spot......Page 1576
Protection......Page 1577
MANAGING FOLIAR PATHOGENS......Page 1578
REFERENCES......Page 1579
THE FOUNDING POPULATION......Page 1580
The Optimization Strategy......Page 1581
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1582
REFERENCES......Page 1583
LEAF SPOT......Page 1584
BACTERIAL CANKER......Page 1585
MANAGEMENT OF CHERRY DISEASES......Page 1586
REFERENCES......Page 1587
COCONUT PESTS......Page 1588
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1589
REFERENCES......Page 1591
THE COFFEE LEAF MINER [LEUCOPTERA COFFEELLA GUERIN-MENEVILLE LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE]......Page 1593
Monochamus leuconotus Pascoe......Page 1594
REFERENCES......Page 1595
Foliar Pests......Page 1597
Predators......Page 1598
INSECTICIDAL CONTROL......Page 1599
REFERENCES......Page 1600
RESPONSES OF INVERTEBRATES TO MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN VINEYARDS......Page 1601
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 1606
REFERENCES......Page 1607
IRRIGATION......Page 1608
CHEMICAL CONTROL......Page 1609
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1610
REFERENCES......Page 1611
Management Options......Page 1612
THE OLIVE MOTH......Page 1613
REFERENCES......Page 1614
Control......Page 1615
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1620
REFERENCES......Page 1621
Acute Pesticide Poisoning......Page 1622
LOW LEVELS OF WORKER AND COMMUNITY AWARENESS......Page 1623
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1624
REFERENCES......Page 1625
Sampling......Page 1626
Economic Thresholds......Page 1627
Plant Resistance......Page 1628
REFERENCES......Page 1629
A. signatus Say Strawberry Bud Weevil......Page 1631
T. urticae Koch/Phytonemus pallidus Banks Two-Spotted Spider Mite/Cyclamen Mite......Page 1632
REFERENCES......Page 1633
MITES......Page 1635
OCCASIONAL PESTS: APHIDS, THRIPS, AND VINEGAR FLIES......Page 1636
REFERENCES......Page 1637
FOLIAR DISEASES......Page 1638
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1640
REFERENCES......Page 1641