Encyclopedia of Obesity

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
About the General Editor......Page 7
Introduction......Page 8
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA......Page 10
MOVING FORWARD IN AN EVER-EXPANDING WORLD......Page 11
BIOLOGICAL OR GENETIC CONTRIBUTORS TO OBESITY......Page 12
DISORDERED EATING AND OBESITY......Page 13
MEDICAL TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY......Page 14
OBESITY AND THE BRAIN OR OBESITY AND BEHAVIOR......Page 15
PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES AND OUTCOMES OF OBESITY......Page 16
WORLDWIDE PREVALENCE OF OBESITY......Page 17
List of Articles......Page 18
List of Contributors......Page 24
Body Mass Index......Page 30
Accessibility of Foods......Page 32
Access to Nutritious Foods......Page 33
INADEQUATE TRANSPORTATION......Page 34
Addictive Behaviors......Page 35
Adipocytes......Page 36
Adiponectin......Page 37
Adrenergic Receptors......Page 38
ADVERTISING AND MARKETING......Page 39
PORTION SIZE......Page 40
FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 41
Africa, North......Page 42
Africa, Sub-Saharan......Page 44
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 47
DISEASES RELATED TO BEING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 48
FACTORS RELATED TO BEING OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 49
Agouti and Agouti-Related Protein......Page 50
Alcohol......Page 51
American Academy of Pediatrics......Page 53
American College of Sports Medicine......Page 54
American Diabetes Association......Page 55
American Dietetic Association......Page 56
American Heart Association......Page 57
American Medical Association......Page 58
American Obesity Association......Page 59
American Society for Bariatric Surgery......Page 60
Amphetamines......Page 61
Animal Models of Obesity......Page 62
SURGICAL/CHEMICAL MODELS......Page 63
Animal QTLs (Quantitative Trait Locus)......Page 64
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 65
TREATMENT......Page 66
Antidepressants......Page 67
TYPES OF ANXIETY......Page 69
Appearance......Page 71
Appetite Control......Page 73
INHIBITORS OF FOOD INTAKE......Page 74
APPETITE SUPPRESSANTS......Page 75
Appetite Signals......Page 76
ADIPOSE TISSUE HORMONES......Page 77
Asia, Central......Page 78
Asia, East......Page 80
Asia, South......Page 82
Asia, Southeast......Page 84
Asian Americans......Page 87
MEASUREMENT METHODS......Page 89
HEALTH RISKS AND BMI MEASUREMENT......Page 90
ASSESSING FOR HEALTH COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY......Page 91
SUMMARY......Page 92
Atherosclerosis......Page 93
Atherosclerosis in Children......Page 94
Atkins Diet......Page 96
Australia and Paci c......Page 97
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS LINKING OBESITY WITH ALTERATIONS IN ANS FUNCTION......Page 100
Axokine......Page 101
Back Pain......Page 102
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome......Page 103
Bariatric Surgery in Children......Page 104
Bariatric Surgery in Women......Page 105
Barker Hypothesis......Page 106
LEARNING THEORY......Page 108
COGNITIVE APPROACHES......Page 109
Beverage Choices in Children......Page 110
BAD DRINKING HABITS......Page 111
DIAGNOSIS......Page 112
BINGE EATING IN CHILDREN......Page 113
TREATMENT......Page 114
Blood Lipids......Page 115
Bod Pod and Pea Pod......Page 116
Body Dysmorphic Disorder......Page 117
Body Fat Distribution in African Americans......Page 118
Body Fat Distribution in Hispanic Americans......Page 119
Body Image......Page 120
POOR BODY IMAGE......Page 121
BODY IMAGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR EATING DISORDERS......Page 122
BODY IMAGE AND OBESITY......Page 123
Body Mass Index......Page 124
Bombesin......Page 125
ADIPOCYTE AS ENDOCRINE TUMOR......Page 126
Breastfeeding......Page 127
Built Environments......Page 129
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 130
TREATMENT......Page 131
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY......Page 132
Caffeine......Page 134
Calcium and Dairy Products......Page 135
DAIRY AND DIETING......Page 136
Caloric Restriction......Page 137
Cannabinoid System......Page 139
Carbohydrate fAddictionsf......Page 140
Carbohydrate and Protein Intake......Page 141
Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans......Page 142
MIGRATION PATTERNS......Page 144
Cardiovascular Disease in Hispanic Americans......Page 145
CART Peptides......Page 146
DEFINITIONS......Page 147
OBESITY RATES......Page 148
RISK FACTORS......Page 149
CD36 and FAT (Fatty Acid Transporters)......Page 150
Center for Maternal and Child Health......Page 151
Center for Science in the Public Interest......Page 152
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention......Page 153
Central America and Caribbean......Page 155
Central Nervous System......Page 157
Central Obesity......Page 158
Changing Children’s Food Habits......Page 159
Childhood Obesity as a Risk Factor for Adult Overweight......Page 161
Childhood Obesity Treatment Centers in the United States......Page 162
COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAMS......Page 163
AN EXAMPLE OF A COMPREHENSIVE CHILDHOOD OBESITY TREATMENT CENTER......Page 164
Childhood Onset Eating Disorders......Page 166
NUTRITION......Page 167
PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT......Page 168
CLINICAL OBESITY PROGRAMS AND THE CHRONIC CARE MODEL......Page 169
Children and Diets......Page 170
DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 171
DO’S AND DON’TS OF DIETS IN CHILDREN......Page 172
Children’s Television Programming......Page 174
Chromium Picolinate......Page 176
CNS/Hypothalamic Energy Sensing......Page 178
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy......Page 179
BEHAVIORAL CHANGING......Page 180
RELAPSE PREVENTION......Page 181
Colon Cancer......Page 182
Combined Approaches to Treatment......Page 183
OBESITY PREVENTION AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTS......Page 185
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND SEDENTARY MEDIA USE......Page 186
SOCIAL MARKETING, HEALTH COMMUNICATION AND OBESITY PREVENTION......Page 187
EFFECTS OF HEALTH MESSAGES ON FAMILY DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OUTCOMES......Page 188
CONCLUSIONS......Page 189
Compulsive Overeating......Page 190
Computerized Tomography......Page 191
Computers and the Media......Page 192
Conditioned Food Preferences......Page 194
Congestive Heart Failure......Page 195
Coronary Heart Disease in Women......Page 196
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone......Page 197
Cortisol......Page 198
BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION THERAPY......Page 199
INSURANCE ISSUES......Page 200
CONCLUSION......Page 201
C-Reactive Protein......Page 202
CRP AND METABOLIC SYNDROME (METS)......Page 203
Cushing syndrome......Page 204
Cytokines......Page 205
Db/Db Mouse......Page 206
Department of Agriculture......Page 207
Department of Health and Human Services......Page 208
TYPES OF DEPRESSION......Page 209
ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND OBESITY......Page 210
DEPRESSION AND OBESITY......Page 211
DEXA (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry)......Page 212
Dexatrim......Page 213
Dietary Restraint......Page 214
EFFECTIVENESS OF DIETING......Page 215
PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF DIETING......Page 216
AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 217
CARBOHYDRATES ARE BAD......Page 218
EXERCISE ALONE IS ENOUGH......Page 219
Dilution Techniques......Page 220
Disinhibited Eating......Page 221
ANOREXIA NERVOSA......Page 222
BULIMIA NERVOSA......Page 223
BINGE-EATING DISORDER......Page 224
Dominican Americans......Page 225
Dopamine......Page 226
Doubly Labeled Water......Page 227
Down’s Syndrome......Page 228
Drugs and Food......Page 229
Drugs that Block Fat Cell Formation......Page 231
Drug Targets that Decrease Food Intake/Appetite......Page 233
DSM-IV......Page 234
PUBERTY AS A CAUSE OF WEIGHT INCREASE......Page 236
Eating Disorders and Athletes......Page 237
Eating Disorders and Gender......Page 239
Eating Disorders and Obesity......Page 240
MEDIA INVOLVEMENT......Page 241
EATING DISORDERS AND BEHAVIOR......Page 242
EATING DISORDERS AND OBESITY CONNECTIONS......Page 243
GENERAL DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA......Page 244
TREATMENT OPTIONS AND OUTCOMES......Page 245
Eating Out in the United States......Page 246
Economic Disparities among Obesity in Women......Page 248
COMMODITIES, FOOD MARKETS AND PRICING......Page 249
FOOD SECURITY......Page 250
GOVERNMENT FOOD ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS......Page 251
DRIVING FACTORS......Page 252
SOCIETAL RESPONSE......Page 253
EDNOS......Page 254
Elevated Cholesterol......Page 255
Endometrial and Uterine Cancers......Page 256
Energy Density......Page 257
Energy Expenditure Technologies......Page 258
Ephedra......Page 259
Epistatic Effects of Genes on Obesity......Page 260
Estrogen Levels......Page 261
Estrogen-Related Receptor......Page 262
Ethnic Disparities in Obesity among Women......Page 263
Ethnic Disparities in the Prevalence of Childhood Obesity......Page 265
Ethnic Variations in Body Fat Storage......Page 266
Ethnic Variations in Obesity-Related Health Risks......Page 268
Europe, Eastern......Page 269
Europe, Western......Page 271
ENERGY SYSTEMS......Page 275
EXERCISE, FITNESS, AND HEALTH......Page 277
EXERCISE AND WEIGHT CONTROL......Page 278
EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 279
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program......Page 280
External Controls......Page 282
Familial Lipodystrophies......Page 284
FAMILIES OF PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA......Page 285
Family Behavioral Interventions......Page 286
Family Therapy in the Treatment of Overweight Children......Page 288
Fast Food......Page 289
WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION......Page 294
ADVOCACY......Page 295
Fat Intake......Page 296
Fat Taste......Page 297
Fatty Acid Transport Proteins......Page 298
Fatty Liver......Page 299
STRATEGIC PLAN FOR NIH OBESITY RESEARCH......Page 300
WEIGHT-CONTROL INFORMATION NETWORK (WIN)......Page 301
Feminist Perspective and Body Image Disorders......Page 302
Fen uramine......Page 304
Fertility......Page 305
Fiber and Obesity......Page 306
Fitness......Page 307
COMPONENTS OF FITNESS......Page 308
IMPROVING FITNESS......Page 309
FITNESS IN THE CONTEXT OF OBESITY......Page 310
Flavor: Taste and Smell......Page 311
Flavor-Nutrient Learning......Page 312
Flavor Programming and Childhood Food Preferences......Page 313
Folic Acid and Neural Tube Defects......Page 315
Food fAddictionsf......Page 316
Food and Drug Administration......Page 317
Food Guide Pyramid......Page 318
HIGH COSTS OF FHEALTHYF FOODS......Page 320
Food Intake Assessments in Children......Page 321
Food Intake Patterns......Page 323
Food Labeling......Page 325
Food Marketing to Children......Page 327
Food Preferences......Page 329
Food Reward......Page 331
Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program......Page 332
Fruits and Vegetables......Page 333
Functional Foods......Page 335
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 336
Future of Medical Treatments for Obesity......Page 337
PHARMACOTHERAPY OF OBESITY......Page 338
DEVELOPMENTAL PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY......Page 339
Gallbladder Disease......Page 342
Gastroesophageal Re ux (GERD)......Page 343
Gastrointestinal Disorders......Page 344
Gastroplasty......Page 346
FAMILY STUDIES......Page 347
ASSOCIATION STUDIES......Page 348
LINKAGE STUDIES......Page 349
Genetic Mapping of Obesity-Related Genes......Page 350
Genetics......Page 352
THE ROLE GENES PLAY IN OBESITY......Page 353
GENETIC DIFFERENCES......Page 354
Genetic Taste Factors......Page 356
Genomics......Page 358
Gestational Diabetes......Page 359
Ghrelin......Page 360
Glucagon Receptor......Page 361
INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION......Page 362
SIDE EFFECTS OF GCS......Page 363
Gout......Page 364
Government Agencies......Page 365
HISTORY......Page 366
AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE AND PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 367
EXAMPLES OF GOVERNMENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN OBESITY ISSUES......Page 368
Governmental Policy and Obesity......Page 370
Governmental Subsidizing of Energy Dense Foods......Page 372
G-Protein Coupled Receptor......Page 373
Growth Hormone......Page 374
Gustatory System......Page 375
Habituation......Page 376
HDL Receptors......Page 377
Head Start......Page 378
INSURANCE COVERAGE OF OBESITY......Page 379
HEALTHCARE FACILITIES......Page 380
HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONERS......Page 381
Health Coverage of Gastric Surgeries......Page 382
Health Disparities— NIH Strategic Plan......Page 383
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NIH STRATEGIC PLAN......Page 384
Healthy Eating Index......Page 385
Healthy People 2010......Page 386
High-Carbohydrate Diets......Page 387
High-Protein Diets......Page 390
WHO ARE HISPANIC AMERICANS?......Page 393
FACTORS INFLUENCING OBESITY IN HISPANIC AMERICANS......Page 394
Histamines......Page 395
Hormone Disorders......Page 396
Hormones......Page 397
Hormone Sensitive Lipase......Page 398
Human QTLs......Page 399
Humoral Factors and Satiety......Page 400
FOOD INSECURITY......Page 402
Hydrodensitometry......Page 404
MECHANISMS LINKING OBESITY WITH HYPERTENSION......Page 405
CONCLUSIONS......Page 406
Hypertension in African Americans......Page 407
Hypertension in Asian Americans......Page 408
Hypertension in Children......Page 409
Hypertension Pharmacotherapy......Page 411
Hypothalamus......Page 412
Hypothyroidism......Page 413
WHO ARE IMMIGRANTS?......Page 416
OBESITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT IMMIGRANTS......Page 417
FACTORS AFFECTING IMMIGRANT OBESITY......Page 418
Implications of Gestational Development......Page 419
Implications of Restriction of Foods on Child Feeding Habits......Page 420
Impotence......Page 422
Impulsivity......Page 423
Inaccessibility of Exercise......Page 424
Income Level......Page 425
Increased Reliance on Automobiles......Page 427
Increasing Portion Sizes......Page 428
Indirect Calorimetry......Page 429
PHYSICAL GROWTH......Page 430
CONCLUSION......Page 431
Infant Weight Gain and Childhood Overweight......Page 432
In ammation......Page 434
Inherited Taste Preferences......Page 435
Insulin......Page 436
Insulin-Like Growth Factors......Page 438
Interleukins......Page 439
International Obesity Task Force......Page 440
Intestinal Micro ora Concentrations......Page 441
Intrauterine Growth Restriction......Page 442
In Utero Programming......Page 443
Jenny Craig......Page 448
Kidney Failure......Page 450
Kidney Stones......Page 451
Laparoscopy......Page 452
Lap Band......Page 453
L.A. Weight Loss......Page 454
Leptin......Page 456
Liking vs. Wanting......Page 458
Lipoprotein Lipase......Page 459
Liquid Diets......Page 460
Loneliness......Page 462
Low Birth Weight......Page 464
Low-Calorie Diets......Page 465
Low-Fat Diets......Page 467
Macrodiets......Page 470
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans......Page 471
Maternal In uences on Child Feeding......Page 472
Medical Interventions for Children......Page 474
HERBAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS......Page 478
Medications that Increase Body Weight......Page 479
Medication Therapy after Bariatric Surgery......Page 480
Medifast......Page 482
Melanocortins......Page 483
Mendelian Disorders Related to Obesity......Page 484
Menopause......Page 485
Menstrual Problems......Page 487
Metabolic Disorders and Childhood Obesity......Page 489
Metabolic Rate......Page 491
Metformin......Page 492
Mexican Americans......Page 493
Microarray Analysis......Page 495
Middle East......Page 496
THE LEPTIN-MELANOCORTIN PATHWAY......Page 499
MUTATIONS IN MC4R......Page 500
STRESS......Page 501
MOOD REGULATION......Page 502
ADDICTION MODEL......Page 503
Morbid Obesity in Children......Page 504
COMPLICATIONS......Page 505
Morbid Obesity in Men......Page 507
Morbid Obesity in Women......Page 509
Mortality and Obesity......Page 510
Multidisciplinary Bariatric Programs......Page 513
National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance......Page 516
National Cancer Institute......Page 517
National Center for Health Statistics......Page 518
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute......Page 519
National Institutes of Health......Page 520
National Weight Loss Efforts for Children......Page 522
Native Americans......Page 523
Neuropeptides......Page 524
Neurotransmitters......Page 525
New Candidate Obesity Genes......Page 526
New Drug Targets that Prevent Fat Absorption......Page 527
New Drug Targets to Improve Insulin Sensitivity......Page 528
New Drug Targets to Increase Metabolic Rate......Page 530
NIDDK......Page 531
TREATMENT OF NES......Page 533
HISTORY......Page 534
EXERCISE......Page 535
NON-DIET RESEARCH......Page 536
Noradrenergic Drugs......Page 537
Norepinephrine......Page 538
North America......Page 539
North American Association for the Study of Obesity......Page 543
NPY (Neuropeptide Y)......Page 544
Nutrient Reward......Page 545
NutriSystem......Page 546
Nutrition and Nutritionists......Page 547
Nutrition Education......Page 550
PEER EDUCATORS......Page 551
Nutrition Fads......Page 552
Obese Women and Marriage......Page 554
Obese Women and Social Stigmatization......Page 556
Obesity and Academic Performance......Page 559
Obesity and Cancer......Page 562
RISK DUE TO CARCINOGENS, PROMOTERS, AND ANTICARCINOGENS IN FOOD......Page 563
RISK FROM CHRONIC POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE......Page 564
Obesity and Drug Use......Page 565
OVERCONSUMPTION OF INEXPENSIVE FOODS......Page 567
ENERGY-DENSE FOODS CONTRIBUTE TO OBESITY......Page 568
Obesity and Sports......Page 569
Obesity and the Brain......Page 571
Obesity and the Immune System......Page 574
MESSAGES ABOUT WEIGHT AND APPEARANCE IN WESTERN MEDIA......Page 576
EFFECTS OF MEDIA MESSAGES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH......Page 577
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON EATING BEHAVIOR......Page 578
Obesity and Viruses......Page 579
Obesity as a Public Health Crisis......Page 580
Obesity in Schools......Page 582
Ob/Ob Mouse......Page 585
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 586
CAUSES......Page 587
Office of Dietary Supplements......Page 588
Office of Minority Health......Page 589
Olfactory System......Page 590
Opioids......Page 591
Optifast......Page 592
Orlistat (Xenical)......Page 594
HOW OBESITY CAUSES OSTEOARTHRITIS......Page 595
CONCLUSION......Page 596
EFFECT OF EXCESS WEIGHT ON BONE......Page 597
WEIGHT REDUCTION AND BONE......Page 598
Ovarian Cancer......Page 599
Ovarian Cysts......Page 601
MEASURES OF DIETARY QUALITY BASED ON FOODS OR FOOD GROUPS......Page 602
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS......Page 604
Overweight Children and School Performance......Page 605
Overweight Children and the Media......Page 606
INFLUENCE OF MEDIA PORTRAYALS ON OBESE CHILDREN......Page 607
Oxytocin and Food Intake......Page 608
Palatability......Page 610
Parental and Home Environments......Page 611
Patient Sensitivity......Page 615
Peer In uences on Obesity in Children......Page 617
Perilipins......Page 619
Personal Relationships and Obesity......Page 620
RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONING AND QUALITY......Page 621
Pharmacological Treatment of Childhood Obesity......Page 622
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY AND MORBIDITY......Page 624
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT......Page 625
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OBESITY......Page 627
Physical Activity in Children......Page 628
Physical Activity Patterns in the Obese......Page 630
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MEDICAL WEIGHT LOSS......Page 632
FORMULATING A WEIGHT-LOSS PLAN......Page 633
EXERCISE......Page 634
SURGICAL APPROACHES......Page 635
SUMMARY......Page 636
Physiological Aspects of Anorexia Nervosa......Page 637
Physiological Aspects of Bulimia Nervosa......Page 639
Pima Indians......Page 641
ANTERIOR PITUITARY......Page 642
Policy to Prevent Obesity......Page 643
Polycystic Ovary Disease......Page 644
POMC (Proopiomelanocortin)......Page 645
OBESITY......Page 646
PORTION CONTROL AND BINGE EATING......Page 647
PPAR (Peroxisome ProliferatorActivated Receptors)......Page 648
Pregnancy......Page 650
RISKS TO THE BABY......Page 651
EXERCISE DURING PREGNANCY......Page 652
CONCLUSIONS......Page 653
President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports......Page 654
Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries......Page 655
Prevalence of Childhood Obesity in the United States......Page 656
TRENDS IN PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT IN CHILDREN......Page 657
CONSEQUENCES......Page 658
AGREEING STANDARD DEFINITIONS......Page 659
CHILD OBESITY PREVALENCE AROUND THE WORLD......Page 661
ASIA AND PACIFIC......Page 662
INTERACTION OF NATIONAL WEALTH AND PERSONAL WEALTH......Page 663
Prevalence of Disordered Eating......Page 664
CHRONIC DIETING AND RESTRICTIVE EATING......Page 665
BINGE-EATING DISORDER......Page 666
SPECIAL POPULATIONS......Page 667
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 668
PREVALENCE OF OBESITY IN U.S. WOMEN......Page 669
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY......Page 670
PROGRAMS AND INITIATIVES TO REDUCE AND PREVENT OBESITY IN WOMEN......Page 671
TRADITIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH......Page 672
THE ROLE OF STIGMA AND BIAS IN PREVENTION......Page 673
INNOVATIVE PREVENTION PROGRAMS......Page 674
THE BUILT SOCIETY......Page 675
Prostate Cancer......Page 676
Protein Kinase......Page 677
Psychiatric Medicine and Obesity......Page 678
MEANS OF REDUCING WEIGHT GAIN......Page 679
MEANS OF REDUCING SPECIFIC CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS......Page 680
Puerto Rican Americans......Page 681
Quali cations for Gastric Surgery......Page 684
Quality of Life......Page 686
Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping......Page 687
Respiratory Problems......Page 690
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass......Page 691
Safe Play Opportunities for Children......Page 694
Safety of Urban Environments......Page 695
School-Based Interventions to Prevent Obesity in Children......Page 697
School Initiatives to Prevent Obesity......Page 699
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROGRAMS......Page 700
PROMOTING HEALTHY LIFESTYLE CHOICES......Page 701
School Lunch Programs......Page 702
ARE OBESE CHILDREN AT HIGHER RISK FOR LOW SELF-ESTEEM?......Page 704
SELF-ESTEEM AND NORMAL-WEIGHT CHILDREN......Page 705
Self-Esteem and Obesity......Page 706
PAST EXPERIENCES THAT ARE OBSTACLES TO GOOD SELF-ESTEEM......Page 707
Self-Esteem in Obese Women......Page 709
Sensory-Speci c Satiety......Page 712
Serotonergic Medications......Page 713
Sexual Abuse and Eating Disorders......Page 714
Sexual Health......Page 716
Shape Up America!......Page 718
BEHAVIORAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT COMBINED......Page 719
Sisters Together......Page 720
Sleep Apnea......Page 721
Sleep Duration and Obesity......Page 722
Slim-Fast......Page 723
Smoking......Page 725
SNP Technologies......Page 727
Social Marketing and Obesity......Page 728
RESEARCH AND EVALUATION ARE FUNDAMENTAL......Page 729
STEPS IN SOCIAL MARKETING......Page 730
EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL SOCIAL MARKETING CAMPAIGNS......Page 731
SOCIAL MARKETING AND OBESITY......Page 732
Soda and Soft Drinks......Page 734
South America......Page 735
South Beach Diet......Page 738
State and Local Initiatives to Prevent Obesity......Page 741
Stereotypes and Obesity......Page 742
Steroids......Page 743
Stigmas against Overweight Children......Page 744
Stress......Page 746
Stress Urinary Incontinence......Page 748
Stroke......Page 749
SUGAR SUBSTITUTES......Page 751
FAT SUBSTITUTES......Page 753
Suicidality......Page 754
Supersizing......Page 755
DEFINITION OF A SUPPLEMENT AND REGULATION......Page 756
USE OF WEIGHT-LOSS SUPPLEMENTS......Page 757
SPECIFIC SUPPLEMENTS......Page 758
Support Groups......Page 759
Support Groups for Obese Women......Page 761
GIVING ENCOURAGEMENT......Page 762
Sweet Taste......Page 763
CONSEQUENCES OF ACTIVATION......Page 764
Taste Aversion Learning......Page 766
Taste Reactivity......Page 767
Taxation on Unhealthy Foods......Page 768
Television......Page 769
TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT CONTENT......Page 770
TELEVISION PROGRAM CONTENT......Page 771
TIME INVESTMENT IN TELEVISION WATCHING......Page 772
Three-D Image Reconstruction......Page 773
Thrifty Gene Hypothesis......Page 774
Thyroid Gland......Page 776
Thyroid Medications......Page 777
TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)......Page 778
THE TOXIC FOOD ENVIRONMENT......Page 779
THE TOXIC PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ENVIRONMENT......Page 780
Transgenics and Knockouts for Obesity-Related Genes......Page 781
Translational Research......Page 782
Treatment Centers for Eating Disorders......Page 783
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE CHOICE OF A TREATMENT SITE......Page 784
INDIVIDUALIZED SERVICES......Page 785
AN ECONOMICAL ALTERNATIVE TO INPATIENT AND RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT......Page 786
EXPECTED OUTCOMES......Page 787
Tubby Candidate Gene......Page 788
Twin Studies and Genetics of Obesity......Page 790
Type 2 Diabetes......Page 791
DYSLIPIDEMIA......Page 792
DIABETES MANAGEMENT......Page 793
Uncoupling Proteins......Page 794
Urinary Incontinence in Severe Obesity in Women......Page 795
Uterine Cancers......Page 796
Variety of Foods and Obesity......Page 798
Vegetarianism......Page 801
BENEFITS......Page 804
POST-OP CARE IN THE HOSPITAL......Page 805
Very Low-Calorie Diets......Page 806
Viral Causes......Page 807
SPECIFIC ADIPOGENIC VIRUSES......Page 808
MECHANISMS OF VIRALLY INDUCED OBESITY......Page 809
CONCLUSIONS......Page 810
Visceral Adipose Tissue......Page 811
Volumetrics......Page 812
Waist Circumference......Page 814
Waist-to-Hip Ratio......Page 816
Water and Obesity......Page 818
Weight-Control Information Network......Page 819
Weight Cycling and Yo-Yo Dieting......Page 821
Weight Discrimination......Page 822
Weight Watchers......Page 823
WELL-BEING AND OBESITY......Page 826
ENHANCING WELL-BEING......Page 827
MODERN WESTERN VERSUS PREAGRICULTURAL DIET......Page 828
THE MEDITERRANEAN DIET......Page 829
Whole-Body Potassium Counting......Page 830
Women and Diabetes......Page 831
DEFINITIONS......Page 832
DIETING AND EATING DISORDER RISK......Page 833
RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES......Page 834
ALTERNATIVES TO DIETING......Page 835
INTERNATIONAL PREVALENCE......Page 836
GLOBAL HEALTH CONSEQUENCES......Page 837
GLOBAL PREVENTION EFFORTS......Page 838
CONCLUSION......Page 839
Zone, The......Page 840
Resource Guide......Page 842
Appendix......Page 846
Glossary......Page 860
Index......Page 870