Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 3 volumes

Introduction......Page 1
Revealed Preferences and the Travel Cost Method......Page 2
Inferring WTP for Aesthetic Quality......Page 3
An Application of the Travel Cost Method......Page 4
Stated Preferences and the Contingent Valuation Method......Page 7
An Application of the Contingent Valuation Method......Page 8
Conclusions......Page 9
Glossary......Page 10
Further Reading......Page 11
Aquatic Ecosystem Services......Page 12
Reptiles......Page 852
Physiology and Production in Bryophytes......Page 70
Reproduction......Page 1562
Examples of Ecosystem Services Generation in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 14
Fins......Page 1081
Picocyanobacteria......Page 55
Issues in Ecosystem Service Assessment and Valuation......Page 15
Population Dynamics......Page 1688
Conclusions......Page 16
Further Reading......Page 17
Inland Waters......Page 18
Mammals......Page 1490
Glossary......Page 21
Further Reading......Page 22
Introduction......Page 23
Ecology and Role of Headwater Streams......Page 1420
Marginally Aquatic Reptiles......Page 778
How Much Water is Available and How Much is Accessible?......Page 24
Other Factors......Page 26
Current and Emerging Themes in Limnological Research......Page 28
Glossary......Page 29
Copepoda......Page 1595
Relevant Websites......Page 30
Water for Multiple Uses in Society......Page 31
Relief......Page 1937
Age-Cohort Method......Page 1243
Temporal Migration, Temporal Dispersal, and Temporal Bet-Hedging......Page 2300
Introduction......Page 32
Factors that Affect Growth and Survivorship (Bottom-Up Effects)......Page 1326
Phenotype versus Genotype in Chlorellaceae in Reflection of Ecosystem Conditions......Page 120
Precipitation is the Key Freshwater Resource......Page 35
Stocks and Flows of Water......Page 36
Variation in Freshwater Availability between Countries......Page 37
Hydrostatic Pressure......Page 150
The Green Revolution and Water Development......Page 39
Will There Be Enough Water for Human Needs and Wants?......Page 40
Graphical Approach......Page 227
Glossary......Page 41
Linking Proximate and Ultimate Factors in DVM......Page 1262
South America......Page 43
Further Reading......Page 88
Further Reading......Page 1455
Introduction of Nonindigenous Freshwater Species......Page 1736
Empirical Models of Gas Exchange......Page 44
Further Reading......Page 45
Glossary......Page 46
Relevant Websites......Page 357
Glossary......Page 1466
Glossary......Page 49
Further Reading......Page 463
Introduction......Page 51
Sulfur Bacteria......Page 1539
Life Forms......Page 52
Three Case Studies in Combining Algal Systematics and Ecology......Page 118
Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Distribution of River Networks......Page 2008
Mammals......Page 1424
Further Reading......Page 196
Ecological Importance......Page 396
Vegetation......Page 951
Restoration Techniques to Avoid Low Oxygen......Page 1760
Zonation......Page 58
Relevant Websites......Page 1717
Further Reading......Page 59
Sources of Coarse Woody Debris to Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 60
Loss of Coarse Woody Debris from Aquatic Systems......Page 61
Glossary......Page 62
Glossary......Page 64
Glossary......Page 65
Ecosystem-Scale Coarse Woody Debris Experiments......Page 66
Temporal Dynamics and Coarse Woody Debris Restoration......Page 67
Further Reading......Page 68
Relevant Websites......Page 69
Birds and Mammals that use Wetlands......Page 1948
The aquarium trade......Page 79
Prolonged Dormancy as an Adaptive Life History Strategy......Page 72
Nitrogen and Phosphorus are Essential Growth-Limiting Nutrients......Page 912
Factors Affecting Fungal Activity and Microbially Driven Plant Litter Decomposition in Lotic Ecosystems......Page 1618
Virus-to-Bacterium Ratio......Page 1145
Drainage from Acid Sulfate Soils......Page 74
Integrators of Watershed Processes......Page 1345
Feeding and Digestion......Page 1497
Suspended Loads and Water Chemistry......Page 638
Evaporation and Precipitation......Page 784
Plant Succession and Distribution......Page 2214
Eddy Correlation Methods......Page 75
Seasonal Regimes......Page 77
fig......Page 78
Bald and Pond Cypress (T. distichum, T. ascendens) - Water Tupelo and Black Gum (N.aquatica, N. sylvatica) Swamps .........Page 1363
Biota......Page 80
Coloniality......Page 2143
Hydraenidae......Page 1052
Retention capacity of the littoral zone......Page 81
The Biota of the Littoral Zone......Page 82
Nutrient Uptake and Cycling......Page 83
Methylotrophs and Methanotrophs......Page 1440
Ecology......Page 481
Criteria for assessment......Page 329
Changes over Time......Page 1462
Further Reading......Page 87
Wetland Plant Growth Types......Page 634
Geography and Geomorphology......Page 233
Bryophytes of Peatlands......Page 91
Adaptations to Low Soil Oxygen Levels......Page 1718
Littoral-Pelagic Coupling: Horizontal Migration of Zooplankton......Page 1436
Water Chemistry......Page 1668
Types and Extent of Acid Waters......Page 596
Sampling Young Fish......Page 2112
Terrestrial-Aquatic Linkages and Lotic Amphibians......Page 94
Unwanted Waste Byproducts......Page 95
Glossary......Page 96
Impact on the Environment; Conclusions......Page 1933
Introduction......Page 97
Introduction......Page 839
Epineuston......Page 98
Biogeographic Setting......Page 510
Collection Methods......Page 99
Redox Reactions......Page 813
Glossary......Page 101
Further Reading......Page 102
Introduction......Page 103
Ecology of Wetlands......Page 594
Morphology......Page 366
Heat Capacity/Specific Heat......Page 1792
Geomorphology......Page 104
Bankfull Discharge......Page 635
Acid Rain......Page 107
Chemical Pollutants......Page 221
Summary......Page 1544
Summary......Page 110
Relevant Websites......Page 2079
European Rivers*......Page 112
Wetlands, Ponds, and Lakes......Page 113
Hydrology......Page 114
Wind......Page 1049
Class Bacillariophyceae......Page 115
Division Haptophyta......Page 116
Actinobacteria......Page 716
Cross and Self-Fertilization......Page 976
Parthenogenesis......Page 1236
Division Charophyta......Page 117
Chemical Oxygen Demand......Page 1759
Biology and Ecology......Page 1149
Glossary......Page 121
Recent Evolution......Page 1722
Rain-Acidified Waters......Page 1131
Atlantic Basins of the United States and Canada......Page 123
Wetland Identification and Delineation......Page 125
Channel Morphology and Channel Adaptations......Page 862
The Role of Egg Banks and the Storage Effect in the Maintenance of Lake Biodiversity......Page 2262
Relevant Websites......Page 126
Wetland Threats and Losses......Page 127
Resonant and Forced Internal Waves......Page 128
Further Reading......Page 129
Comparative Primary Production......Page 130
Egg Banks......Page 794
The Distribution of Mercury in Freshwaters......Page 956
Channel Morphology......Page 220
Floodplain Lakes......Page 1089
Glossary......Page 821
Surface Coagulation and Bubbling......Page 1177
Bacterial Growth Strategies......Page 135
Identification......Page 2281
Glossary......Page 137
Characteristics of Birds of Inland Waters (Waterbirds)......Page 138
Floods......Page 465
Large Lake Wetland Classification......Page 2239
Enumeration of Viruses in Aquatic Samples......Page 1921
Fresh and Brackish Water......Page 142
Factors that Limit Growth and Survivorship......Page 255
pH and Salinity......Page 1130
Reproduction and Life History of Copepods......Page 429
Discrimination between Geomorphic Patterns: Succession of Patterns along the River Continuum......Page 445
Knowledge Needs......Page 1762
Cell Envelopes, Cell Wall, Sheath......Page 143
Faunal Response to Changes in Water Regime......Page 922
Heterocyte......Page 144
Assimilation of Trace Metals......Page 145
Conservation......Page 146
Prospects for the Future......Page 147
Relevant Websites......Page 148
Australia (and Papua, New Guinea)......Page 149
Introduction......Page 1835
Causes of DVM......Page 776
Further Reading......Page 677
Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 157
Africa......Page 1210
Dormancy and Diapause Defined......Page 1645
Examples of Swamps......Page 512
Interactions with Lower Trophic Levels......Page 1313
Hippopotamus......Page 163
Primary and Secondary Production......Page 1746
Green Algae......Page 166
Wetland Ecology and Management for Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 1431
Water Discharge......Page 1298
Further Reading......Page 173
Introduction......Page 174
Classification......Page 695
Trading Growth for Safety: An Individual's Perspective......Page 1460
P Cycling and Retention in Inland Waters......Page 180
Consequences of Human Impacts on Color......Page 1446
Further Reading......Page 944
Human Impacts on Floodplain Wetlands......Page 182
Relevant Websites......Page 183
Photosynthetic Periphyton and Surfaces......Page 184
Introduction......Page 294
Succession or Cycles of Change in Freshwater Marshes......Page 427
Further Reading......Page 356
Further Reading......Page 191
Introduction......Page 192
Wetlands of Large Lakes......Page 624
River Network Organisation and River Regimes......Page 348
Biology and Ecology......Page 1648
Egg Bank Formation and Dynamics......Page 2302
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 1349
Carbohydrates and Algae in Running Waters......Page 195
Shoreline......Page 1028
Influence of Birds and Mammals on Wetlands......Page 2217
Hydrology......Page 441
Wetland Values and Functions......Page 1030
Pre-Fire Considerations......Page 350
Global Distribution of Wetlands......Page 197
Introduction......Page 2080
Impacts of Waterbird Herbivory......Page 1528
Reproduction......Page 2141
Multipredator Environments and Uncoupling of Responses......Page 741
Allelochemical Reactions Involving Heterotrophic Microorganisms......Page 202
Biotic Adaptations......Page 842
Phytoplankton Population Dynamics- Concepts and Performance Measurement......Page 204
Introduction......Page 616
Early Evolution......Page 241
Current State of Description......Page 756
Conclusions......Page 1135
Inverse Migrations......Page 759
Glossary......Page 208
Phytoplankton Productivity......Page 210
Introduction......Page 876
Introduction and Overview......Page 1665
Whole-System Scale......Page 1614
White ice or snow ice......Page 212
Uptake of DFAA by Bacteria......Page 1627
Aquatic CH4 Dynamics......Page 373
Parasitism......Page 2332
Further Reading......Page 1663
Photorespiration......Page 213
Difficulties for Research......Page 782
Knowledge Gaps......Page 1687
Adaptations......Page 715
Further Reading......Page 215
Further Reading......Page 752
Knowledge Gaps......Page 763
Relevant Websites......Page 218
Introduction......Page 219
Spatial Organization of Streams in Drainage Networks......Page 416
Body Size and Shape......Page 1530
Virus Abundance in Sediments and on Particulate Matter......Page 530
Diversity......Page 861
Ion Chemistry......Page 522
Relevant Websites......Page 2170
Further Reading......Page 1919
Habitats......Page 1509
Further Reading......Page 284
Agriculture......Page 224
Fish......Page 1122
U.S. Gulf of Mexico Basins, Exclusive of Mississippi River......Page 2063
Ecotoxicology and Bioassessment......Page 907
Applied Aspects of Increased Inorganic Turbidity......Page 1472
Relevant Websites......Page 232
Hydraulics of River Flow and Bankfull Discharge......Page 2029
Mean Annual Flow......Page 1764
Riverine, Floodplain, and Deltaic Swamps......Page 521
Feeding and Digestion......Page 1025
Reproduction/Life History......Page 383
Consequences of DVM......Page 2297
Lytic and Lysogenic Viruses......Page 479
Number Versus Depth......Page 1461
Inland Lakes......Page 238
Nutrients......Page 1850
Human Impacts......Page 290
Interactions with other Pollutants and Environmental Stressors......Page 1304
Fuel Load and Forest Age......Page 239
Further Reading......Page 843
Glossary......Page 1498
Further Reading......Page 1032
Rotifera......Page 2329
Introduction......Page 803
Sediment Transport......Page 1979
Step Two - Developing a Standard Wetland Classification System......Page 683
The risk of increased recruitment of young fish......Page 242
Seals......Page 2136
Expansion of submerged macrophytes......Page 243
Benthic invertebrates and waterfowl......Page 244
Life History Strategies......Page 709
Human Impacts: Mining and Salinization......Page 880
Relevant Websites......Page 247
Introduction......Page 248
Introduction......Page 694
Morphology......Page 1546
Functional Response......Page 2320
Evidence of Lake Recolonization from the Egg Bank......Page 1070
Semiaquatic Carnivores......Page 1669
Climate Change......Page 253
Adaptations to Submergence......Page 1897
Appendages......Page 1250
Health Risks......Page 256
Genetic and Cellular Processes of Phenotypic Changes......Page 698
Effects of Recreation and Commercial Shipping......Page 258
Further Reading......Page 1441
Features Used for Classification......Page 263
Diel Vertical Migration......Page 1484
Cyanotoxins and their effects......Page 267
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 1968
Nemertea......Page 270
Complex mix of toxins......Page 271
DVM in its Various Forms......Page 619
Water Voles......Page 626
Regions......Page 1514
Current Wetland Inventories......Page 280
Relevant Websites......Page 402
International Water Convention and Treaties......Page 285
Patterns in Stratification and Mixing......Page 1389
Introduction......Page 1705
Density......Page 817
Climate and Streamflow......Page 1301
Characteristics of Emergent Plant Decomposition......Page 1881
Flagellates......Page 1376
Pacific Salmon Influences on Riparian Zones......Page 885
Further Reading......Page 292
Cladocera......Page 518
Immigration and Emigration......Page 558
Knowledge Gaps......Page 1713
Protozoa......Page 1787
Mouth placement......Page 297
Temperate lowland lakes......Page 300
Water level alterations......Page 303
The sulfuretum......Page 304
Mussels and lake restoration......Page 305
Bacteria and Protozoa......Page 307
Feeding Ecology......Page 516
Wetland Plants......Page 309
Streams in the Landscape......Page 1375
Criteria for assessment......Page 311
Amphibian Diversity and Natural History in Lotic Systems......Page 316
Criteria for assessment......Page 317
Quality criteria for pollutants recommended by US EPA......Page 325
Biology and Ecology......Page 2062
Psephenidae......Page 326
Collector-Filterers......Page 327
Criteria for assessment......Page 328
Types of Freshwater Swamps......Page 548
Ecosystem Impacts of Herbivory......Page 1206
Adaptations to Limited Nutrients......Page 331
External Morphology and Behavior of Copepods......Page 2273
Measuring the Redox Potential......Page 1637
Peatland Classification......Page 527
Trophic Relationships......Page 1021
Clear Water Phases......Page 1426
Anaerobic processes in the range of positive Eh-values......Page 333
Kettle......Page 334
Subpopulation Genetic Structure......Page 627
Chemical treatment plants......Page 335
The water-sediment interface......Page 1344
Passive chemical treatments and aerobic wetlands......Page 338
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Chemosynthesis in Aquatic Environments......Page 1860
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)......Page 1662
Lakes are Grazing Dominated Ecosystems......Page 342
Human Impacts and Salinization......Page 1976
Waterbirds and Nutrient Dynamics......Page 1623
Control of Attached Bacteria......Page 469
Summary of Human Impacts......Page 711
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 1045
Physical Challenges to Biota......Page 1011
River Regimes in Africa......Page 824
Modes of Feeding......Page 928
Mercury......Page 353
Glossary......Page 392
Transboundary Aquifer Resources......Page 358
Mysid Shrimps......Page 2307
Anhydrobiosis......Page 2258
The Resources Available in Transboundary Aquifers that were Replenished in the Last Pluvial Period......Page 363
Glossary......Page 365
Roles in Food Webs......Page 2252
Conclusion......Page 1169
Examples of Bioassessment Programs - See above in History......Page 1670
Further Reading......Page 1772
Conclusion......Page 799
Outline placeholder......Page 0
fig......Page 491
fig......Page 375
fig......Page 423
fig......Page 1339
fig......Page 1977
Further Reading......Page 1410
fig......Page 471
fig......Page 2028
Further Reading......Page 2045
fig......Page 1655
13C NMR Spectroscopy of NOM......Page 376
Biodiversity of Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 377
Tidal Freshwater Wetlands......Page 788
Further Reading......Page 384
Practical Considerations......Page 678
Biological Interactions in River Ecosystems......Page 385
Drainage Network and River Discharge Regimes......Page 1960
Irrigation Reservoirs......Page 1358
Community Dynamics......Page 938
Hydrological Cycle......Page 393
Effects of Increased Nutrients on Primary Producers......Page 1689
Streams as Habitat......Page 1606
Climate......Page 1692
Damming......Page 398
Sensory Structures and Nervous Coordination......Page 401
Dystrophy......Page 403
Chemosynthesis......Page 844
Suspended Load......Page 493
Numerical Approach......Page 1702
Ecological Consequences of Inducible Defenses......Page 507
Conclusion......Page 408
Further Reading......Page 2342
Ecological Zonation in Lakes......Page 409
Wetlands on Flood Plains......Page 810
Further Reading......Page 814
Further Reading......Page 526
Ecology......Page 2179
Fish, Productivity......Page 1310
Temperature and Stratification......Page 531
Sulfur Reducers......Page 421
Relief, Sediment Transport and Suspended Solids......Page 422
Further Reading......Page 2298
Lakes as Ecosystems......Page 424
Structure and Function......Page 1476
Further Reading......Page 875
Further Reading......Page 1536
Glossary......Page 432
Relevant Websites......Page 1751
Modeling of Lake Ecosystems......Page 434
Predation: Selective and General Predators......Page 2166
The Evolution of Wetland Plants......Page 1134
Knowledge Gaps......Page 476
Further Reading......Page 838
Invertebrate Kairomones......Page 640
Macroinvertebrates......Page 779
Wetland Dynamics......Page 1652
Landscape Position......Page 2149
Further Reading......Page 1946
The Nature of the Cue......Page 446
Characterizing the Role of Human Disturbances on Fish Production......Page 2121
Daily Variations in Carbohydrate Pools......Page 447
Relevant Websites......Page 1239
Relevant Websites......Page 1902
Ontogeny of Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 449
Particle Uptake Selectivity......Page 651
Fire Frequency......Page 452
Paleolimnology......Page 455
Fully Aquatic Mammals......Page 1875
Habitat Heterogeneity......Page 1888
Determining the Environmental Optima of Indicators......Page 461
Relevant Websites......Page 464
Further Reading......Page 2272
Sediments of Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 472
Introduction......Page 2203
Dreissena Veligers......Page 1016
Functions of Flood plains......Page 477
Ultimate Factors......Page 2293
Knowledge Gaps......Page 2036
Further Reading......Page 482
Concluding Remarks......Page 483
Streams and Rivers as Ecosystems......Page 484
Stream versus Lake Ecosystems......Page 485
Internal Anatomy and Sensory Organs in Copepods......Page 603
Egg Banks as Historical Archives......Page 1132
Hydrographs for Different Wetland Types......Page 490
Water Quality......Page 2014
Integrated Description of NOM......Page 1602
The Ecological Niche in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 492
Further Reading......Page 1374
Further Reading......Page 496
Trophic Levels and Trophic Positions......Page 497
Reservoirs and Their Spatial Distribution......Page 957
Genetic Polymorphisms and Local Adaptations......Page 559
Knowledge Gaps......Page 501
Relevant Websites......Page 2187
Glossary......Page 831
Biological–Physical Interactions......Page 503
Introduction......Page 2147
Impacts of Climate and Environmental Change......Page 1039
Cyclomorphosis and Phenotypic Changes......Page 1104
Further Reading......Page 1867
Relevant Websites......Page 517
Proximate and Ultimate Factors of Cyclomorphosis......Page 878
Redfield Biomass......Page 1597
Biology and Ecology......Page 1189
Vertical modes......Page 533
Structures Used for Feeding and Digestion......Page 534
Aquatic Macrophytes......Page 536
Energy Sources Driving Fish Production......Page 538
Invasive Species in Wetlands......Page 542
Summary......Page 544
Further Reading......Page 546
Currents in Stratified Water Bodies 3- Effects of Rotation......Page 547
Entoproct Bryozoans......Page 552
Currents in the Upper Mixed Layer and in Unstratified Water Bodies......Page 556
Past and Present River Network Organization......Page 1975
Hypolimnetic Enrichment......Page 1744
Formation and Importance of Drainage Networks......Page 1999
Buoyancy......Page 1803
Population Dynamics......Page 1721
The Primary Productivity of Wetland Plants......Page 569
Relevant Websites......Page 762
Density Stratification and Stability......Page 571
Dissolved Free and Combined Amino Acids......Page 1062
Satellite Remote Sensing......Page 654
Effects on Biological Processes......Page 576
Reducing Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 1517
Biology and Ecology......Page 577
Bulk Quantities......Page 579
Further Reading......Page 580
Flow in Wetlands and Macrophyte Beds......Page 582
Introduction and Definitions......Page 1791
Riparian Zones as Buffers against Suspended Sediments......Page 1445
Chemical Attraction and Gene Regulation in C. elegans......Page 1035
Further Reading......Page 600
Hydrodynamical Modeling......Page 601
Dissimilatory Metabolism in Sulfur Bacteria......Page 1756
Biology and Ecology......Page 1047
Order of Accuracy......Page 611
Relevant Websites......Page 2343
Similarities and Differences between Lake and River Modeling......Page 612
Summary and Future Directions......Page 613
Further Reading......Page 615
Annual Budgets for Total Mercury......Page 1748
fig......Page 623
Introduction......Page 822
Piscivores......Page 628
Primary Producers......Page 629
Feeding Types, Trophic Relationships, and Production......Page 1166
Nondiffusive Fluxes......Page 631
Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 1337
Further Reading......Page 632
Sampling......Page 1701
Further Reading......Page 2006
Atmospheric Water and Precipitation......Page 649
River Dolphins......Page 1843
Landscape and Climate......Page 652
Hydro-Electric Developments on Large Rivers in New Zealand......Page 791
Peat Structure......Page 2183
Further Reading......Page 2227
Elemental Composition of TSS......Page 750
Evapotranspiration......Page 659
Conclusions......Page 660
Acknowledgments......Page 665
Wetland Plant Reproduction......Page 2235
Fluvial Export......Page 666
Waterbird Life History......Page 667
Particulate Fluxes and TSS Levels......Page 668
Fungal Biomass and Production......Page 1695
Biota......Page 793
Trajectories of Riverine Fluxes Reflect Pressures Evolution and Water Quality Management......Page 676
Fluvial Transport of Suspended Solids......Page 679
Further Reading......Page 681
Ground Water and Surface Water Interaction......Page 682
The Hyporheic Zone and Transient Storage Modeling......Page 687
Platypus......Page 688
Lithology and Water Chemistry......Page 1409
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 692
Further Reading......Page 1264
Further Reading......Page 1842
Further Reading......Page 699
Glossary......Page 2122
Chemical Composition Changes along Groundwater Flow Paths......Page 701
Hydrological Cycle and Water Budgets......Page 712
Algae......Page 1124
Groundwater......Page 714
Dispersal and Maturation......Page 717
Types of preferential flow......Page 769
Mollusca......Page 978
Conclusions......Page 1985
Further Reading......Page 865
Rivers......Page 719
Temporal Variation in Bacterial Communities......Page 1847
Morphology......Page 1026
Microbial Interactions Along the Productivity Gradient......Page 726
Community Structure and Biodiversity......Page 1167
Diversity......Page 728
Further Reading......Page 1057
Snow and Ice......Page 731
Springs......Page 732
Defenses......Page 749
Glossary......Page 850
Relevant Websites......Page 753
Streams......Page 754
Water pressure and energy......Page 764
Basin Integrity......Page 1699
Water retention......Page 765
Examples......Page 766
Empirical formulas for water retention......Page 767
Fish......Page 768
Russia, China, Iranian Plateau, and the Middle East......Page 1161
Acidic aquatic environments......Page 772
Evapotranspiration......Page 773
Redistribution of infiltrated water......Page 774
Further Reading......Page 775
Permanently Aquatic Reptiles......Page 2142
Applied Studies......Page 781
MeHg Demethylation......Page 1101
Further Reading......Page 1893
Relevant Websites......Page 787
Biogenic Meromixis (Type IV)......Page 994
Origin of Alkalinity......Page 790
Sulfate and sulfur reduction......Page 795
Biological Uptake, Accumulation, and Transformation of Metals......Page 798
Reproduction, Development, and the Life Cycle......Page 1179
Metals......Page 801
fig......Page 802
Conclusions......Page 1031
Role of Zooplankton in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 2093
Biogeography, Dispersal, and Exotic Species......Page 2085
Conclusions......Page 2111
Regulation of Dissolved CO2 in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 819
Measurement and Calculation of Dissolved CO2......Page 820
Knowledge Gaps......Page 1080
Vegetation and Vertical Structure......Page 825
Nervous System and Sensory Structures......Page 930
Lakes......Page 827
Streams and Rivers......Page 828
Exploring Population Dynamics......Page 829
Larval Growth......Page 923
Major Cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al)......Page 832
Complex Interactions: Nutrient Recycling by Zooplankton......Page 2169
Manganese......Page 841
Nitrogen Fixation by Planktonic Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Lakes......Page 845
Further Reading......Page 858
Phosphorus......Page 860
Competition and Predation......Page 1886
Introduction......Page 2198
Food Limitation and Predation in Structuring Zooplankton Communities......Page 2120
Salinity......Page 866
Further Reading......Page 870
Silica......Page 872
Conclusions......Page 1217
Further Reading......Page 1044
Glossary......Page 901
Relevant Websites......Page 2019
Relevant Websites......Page 902
Annelida, Hirudinida (Leeches)......Page 903
Further Reading......Page 1506
Further Reading......Page 2328
Annelida, Oligochaeta and Polychaeta......Page 911
Further Reading......Page 2202
Where do Wetlands Occur?......Page 2158
Aquatic Insects – Ecology, Feeding, and Life History......Page 915
Effects of Elevation, Plankton, and Particulates on UV Transparency......Page 1186
Skeleton and Muscles......Page 918
Other Features......Page 2150
Feeding......Page 2077
Dispersal......Page 924
Adult......Page 925
Relevant Websites......Page 926
Definition......Page 927
Reproduction and Development......Page 929
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 931
Color as a Surrogate for DOC......Page 934
Glossary......Page 943
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, River and Floodplain Ecosystems......Page 945
Relevant Websites......Page 955
Ecological Impacts......Page 1115
The Knowable Functional Roles......Page 971
Nutrient Cycling......Page 972
Noninsect Macrofauna......Page 974
Platyhelminthes......Page 975
Ptilodactylidae (Toed-Winged Beetles) and Eulichadidae (Forest Stream Beetles)......Page 983
Glossary......Page 988
Further Reading......Page 989
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Wetland Ecosystems......Page 990
Aquatic Hyphomycetes......Page 1876
Low Dissolved Oxygen......Page 992
Polychlorinated Biphenyls......Page 1766
Carapace, Helmet, and Tailspine......Page 2254
Insectivora......Page 1303
Glossary......Page 997
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna......Page 1000
Types and Classification of Benthic Invertebrates......Page 1005
Glossary......Page 1014
Lithology......Page 1940
In the Benthos......Page 1899
Glossary......Page 1482
Suspended Load and Bedload Transport......Page 1024
Fungal Biomass, Production, and Reproduction......Page 1788
Lake Ngaroto......Page 1305
Biogeographic Patterns......Page 1029
Glossary......Page 1545
Relevant Website......Page 1033
Cnidaria (Coelenterata)......Page 1034
Conclusions......Page 1036
Cuticle......Page 1050
Ice basin......Page 1051
Distribution......Page 1622
Scirtidae (Helodidae)......Page 1053
Lutrochidae and Limnichidae......Page 1054
Elmidae......Page 1055
Curculionidae......Page 1056
Classification, Morphology, and Growth......Page 1058
Effects on Proximity of Vegetation to Surface Water......Page 1063
Glossary......Page 1066
Diptera (Biting Flies)......Page 1067
American Beaver......Page 1069
Body Size Relations......Page 2319
Connectivity as an Organizing Feature......Page 1818
Further Reading......Page 1935
Diptera (Non-Biting Flies)......Page 1075
Animals (wildlife, farm animals, pets)......Page 1659
Further Reading......Page 1084
Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)......Page 1086
Further Reading......Page 2180
Further Reading......Page 1100
Distribution......Page 1102
Ecological Roles......Page 1105
Collection and Identification......Page 1107
Hemiptera (True Bugs)......Page 1110
Gerromorpha......Page 1114
Growth Rates......Page 1477
Effects on physical-chemical reactions in the soil......Page 1117
Micronectidae (Pygmy Water Boatmen)......Page 1118
Nepidae (Water Scorpions, Water Stick Insects)......Page 1119
Potamocoridae......Page 1120
Glossary......Page 1121
Amphibian Diversity and Natural History in Lentic Systems......Page 1903
Amoeboid Protists......Page 1895
Predation on Water Mites (Hydrachnida)......Page 1129
Relevant Websites......Page 859
Isopoda (Aquatic Sowbugs)......Page 1133
Economic Importance......Page 1140
Glossary......Page 1142
Relevant Websites......Page 1781
General Identifying Characteristics......Page 1143
Further Reading......Page 1874
Mollusca......Page 1148
Predation by Cladocerans......Page 1849
Reservoirs......Page 1162
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 2076
Relevant Websites......Page 1158
Nematoda......Page 1159
Relevant Websites......Page 1170
Nematomorpha (Horsehair Worms)......Page 1171
Systematics......Page 1174
Fossil Nematomorphs......Page 1176
Nervous and Sensory Systems......Page 2257
Glossary......Page 1966
Paleontology......Page 1181
Effects on hydrology......Page 1679
Larval stage......Page 1185
Guelta (or Galta or Gueltat)......Page 1188
Acknowledgments......Page 1589
Ostracoda......Page 1192
Ecology......Page 1567
Eutrophication......Page 1306
Further Reading......Page 1959
Relevant Websites......Page 1834
Peatland Distribution......Page 1202
Glossary......Page 2078
Further Reading......Page 1219
Subterranean Aquatic Ecosystems – Groundwater Ecology......Page 1220
Invasive Species Introductions......Page 1694
Reservoirs and Global Warming......Page 1229
Tardigrada (Water Bears)......Page 1230
Shipping: ballast and hull fouling......Page 1737
Sexual Condition......Page 1234
Reproductive Modes......Page 1235
New Zealand Wetland Classification......Page 1237
Zoogeography......Page 1238
Conclusions......Page 1240
Acknowledgments......Page 1241
Relevant Websites......Page 1242
Pupae......Page 1245
Soil Types......Page 1248
Abundance and Size Distribution of Lakes, Ponds and Impoundments......Page 1255
Geomorphology of Lake Basins......Page 1265
Changes with Time......Page 1268
Channel Adjustments and Channel Metamorphosis......Page 2034
Allen's Graphical Method......Page 1673
See also......Page 1272
Physical and chemical factors......Page 1273
Zooplankton......Page 1275
Effects of inorganic turbidity and dissolved organic color......Page 1402
Biodiversity and Conservation......Page 1278
Distribution......Page 1280
Formation......Page 1281
Algae......Page 1283
Exotic Species and Links to Humans......Page 2260
Further Reading......Page 1285
Lakes and Reservoirs of Asia......Page 1287
Lakes and Reservoirs of Australia and New Zealand......Page 1299
Largest Australian and New Zealand Lakes by State/Territory/Region......Page 1302
Lake Rotoiti - a Large Volcanic Lake in Central North Island......Page 1307
Birds......Page 1308
Further Reading......Page 1309
Mixing Dynamics: Thermocline and Hypolimnion......Page 1314
Digestive tube......Page 1660
Hydroelectric power in Canada......Page 1315
Circulation and Respiration......Page 1317
fig......Page 1318
Lakes and Reservoirs of South America......Page 1319
Temperate mountain lakes......Page 1322
Sedimentation and erosion......Page 1325
Acknowledgments......Page 1329
Introduction......Page 1330
Taxonomy......Page 2067
Oases......Page 1335
Plankton......Page 1336
Location......Page 1341
Formation and diversity......Page 1343
Saline and coastal lakes......Page 1738
The case of western Finland......Page 1452
Location......Page 1346
Formation and diversity......Page 1347
Wetland Plant Adaptations......Page 2005
Lakes of Europe......Page 1353
Chaoborus Larvae - the Phantom Midge......Page 2310
Glossary......Page 1656
Further Reading......Page 1362
Lake Physics......Page 1365
Seasonal Variability......Page 1367
Dissolved RNA and DNA......Page 1624
Annual Variations in Carbohydrate Pools......Page 1369
Semeniuk and Semeniuk's Geomorphic Classification System......Page 1625
See also......Page 1373
The Role of Marshes in Water Quality and Biogeochemistry......Page 1740
Relevant Websites......Page 1386
Exorheism, Endorheism, and Arheism are Continuously Changing......Page 1438
Alkalinization in the Songhuajiang......Page 1395
Summary......Page 1396
Further Reading......Page 1397
Origins of Types of Lake Basins......Page 1399
Minks and otters......Page 2135
Ice dam......Page 1403
Cake ice......Page 1404
Fault block......Page 1405
Newland......Page 1406
Volcanic dam......Page 1407
Reservoir......Page 1408
Introduction......Page 1411
Hydrology of Reservoirs......Page 1414
Glossary......Page 1418
Relevant Websites......Page 1419
Biology and Ecology......Page 1425
Macrophytes......Page 1427
Distribution and Migration Patterns......Page 1428
Other Saline Lakes......Page 1429
Further Reading......Page 1430
Color of Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 1442
Ice......Page 1449
Acidification in the Changjiang......Page 1954
Brash ice......Page 1451
Light, Biological Receptors......Page 1456
Zooplankton......Page 1463
Sunlight......Page 1464
Predator-Prey Interactions......Page 1465
Optical Properties of Water......Page 1467
Further Reading......Page 1474
Temperature as a Driving Factor in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 1475
Effects on Lake Physics and Mixing......Page 1478
Further Reading......Page 1483
Further Reading......Page 1489
Further Reading......Page 1494
Allelochemical Reactions......Page 1500
Colorimetric Methods......Page 1512
Dispersal of Invertebrates by Waterbirds......Page 2090
Peatland Conservation and Management......Page 1891
Uptake of Glucose and Fructose......Page 1520
Utilization of Polysaccharides Requires Enzymes......Page 1522
Enzymatic Activity in a French River Reservoir......Page 1524
Application of Stable Isotopes in Ecology......Page 1525
Tracing of Carbohydrates in a Food Web......Page 1526
Further Reading......Page 1527
Glossary......Page 1531
Dissolved Humic Substances- Interactions with Organisms......Page 1532
Chemical Stress Defense......Page 1535
Further Reading......Page 1550
Glossary......Page 1537
Further Reading......Page 1538
The Role of Iron for Aggregation......Page 1543
Heterogeneous Photochemistry......Page 1549
Food Quality......Page 1610
Responses of Food Webs to the Photochemical Transformation of Organic Matter......Page 1554
Contribution of Photochemistry to the Biogeochemistry of Organic Matter......Page 1556
Further Reading......Page 1557
Lipids......Page 1559
CH4 Formation......Page 1568
Environmental Factors Affecting CH4 Oxidation......Page 1571
Rates of CH4 Formation and Oxidation......Page 1573
Flux Pathways......Page 1577
The Contribution of Different Flux Types and their Regulation......Page 1581
Natural Organic Matter......Page 1591
Oxidation State of Organic Carbon......Page 1598
Unsaturation......Page 1599
DVM in Fish......Page 1600
Further Reading......Page 1603
Nutrient Stoichiometry in Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 1605
Zooplankton......Page 1607
www.......Page 1616
Organic Nitrogen......Page 1617
Soil......Page 1626
Uptake of Other Amino Compounds......Page 1631
Uptake of DCAA......Page 1632
Uptake of Urea......Page 1633
Bacterial DON Dynamics......Page 1634
Uptake of Polymer DON Compounds......Page 1635
Further Reading......Page 1636
Redox Potential and Lake Restoration......Page 1641
Glossary......Page 1851
Effects of salinity......Page 1709
Buffering systems: the weak acids of carbon, aluminum, and iron......Page 1646
fig......Page 658
fig......Page 1947
Glossary......Page 2282
Relevant Websites......Page 2146
fig......Page 1387
Waterborne Disease Associated with Inland Waters......Page 1657
Alternative stable states......Page 1661
Further Reading......Page 1671
Chemical transformations......Page 1680
Effects on processes within aquatic ecosystems......Page 1681
Other factors contributing to the variable effects of deforestation on nutrient loading......Page 1682
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 1929
Multinational Wetland Classification System......Page 1884
Further Reading......Page 1697
Management Issues......Page 1700
Further Reading......Page 1704
Effects of food web structure......Page 1711
Relevant Websites......Page 2245
Further Reading......Page 1716
Chemocline and hypolimnia of stratified lakes......Page 1906
Long-Term Effects: 10± Years Post-Fire......Page 1729
Relevant Websites......Page 1731
Glossary......Page 1833
Floods......Page 1732
Flood Costs and Mitigation......Page 1734
Further Reading......Page 1735
Sediments......Page 1909
Fouling of industrial systems......Page 1739
Case Study 3: Water Hyacinth - An Attractive Invader......Page 1741
Further Reading......Page 1742
Remediation Strategies......Page 1752
Further Reading......Page 1753
The Evolution of Human Societies and Water Pollution......Page 1754
Point Source Pollution......Page 1755
Factors Regulating Production......Page 1945
Respiration......Page 2100
Relevant Websites......Page 1763
Landscape and Climate......Page 1771
Vector-Borne Diseases of Freshwater Habitats......Page 1773
Glossary......Page 1780
Chemical Properties of Water......Page 1782
Relevant Websites......Page 1790
Heat of Fusion/Melting......Page 1793
Further Reading......Page 1796
Pressure......Page 1798
Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces......Page 1801
Dynamic Pressure......Page 1804
Archaea......Page 1809
High-altitude and polar lakes......Page 1817
Glossary......Page 1822
Different Microhabitats for Attached Bacteria in Inland Waters......Page 1824
Waterbird Feeding Ecology......Page 2087
Geomorphology and Hydrology......Page 2073
Further Reading......Page 1852
Carbon Fixation Pathways......Page 1853
Energetics of Chemosynthesis......Page 1854
Ammonium and Nitrite Oxidizers......Page 1855
Methanogens......Page 1856
Cellular Characteristics......Page 1868
Relevant Websites......Page 1885
Parasitism......Page 1887
Killing the Winner......Page 1889
Relevant Website......Page 2290
Protists......Page 1894
Food Webs and Protists......Page 1900
Chemotrophic sulfur oxidation......Page 1904
Purple sulfur bacteria (PSB)......Page 1910
Green sulfur bacteria (GSB)......Page 1915
Colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacteria......Page 1917
Sulfate- and sulfur-reducers......Page 1918
Salinization in the Huanghe......Page 1956
Human Impacts......Page 1973
Australia (and Papua, New Guinea)......Page 1978
Further Reading......Page 1984
Climate and Rivers......Page 1986
River Channels and Climate......Page 1995
River Regulation, Environment, and Climate......Page 1996
Further Reading......Page 1998
Stream Biogeochemistry......Page 2002
Early and Recent Human Impacts of European Rivers......Page 2010
Riverine Flood Plains......Page 2011
River Deltas......Page 2013
Freshwater Biodiversity......Page 2016
Knowledge Gaps......Page 2017
Flood Plains......Page 2020
Human Modification of Floodplain Hydrology......Page 2027
Riparian Zones......Page 2038
Global Distribution of Wetlands......Page 2163
Caribbean and North Atlantic Basins......Page 2046
South Atlantic Basins......Page 2052
Management Issues......Page 2054
Streams and Rivers of North America: Overview, Eastern and Central Basins......Page 2056
Mississippi River Basins......Page 2060
Biology and Ecology......Page 2064
Glossary......Page 2065
Mexican Basins Exclusive of Rio Grande......Page 2070
Landscape and Climate......Page 2072
Arctic and Subarctic basins......Page 2075
Waterbirds, Invertebrates, and Fish......Page 2089
Transportation of Flora, Fauna, and Nutrients......Page 2091
Further Reading......Page 2092
Skin and Scales......Page 2095
Jaws......Page 2097
Reproduction......Page 2101
Fish, Populations......Page 2105
Mortality......Page 2109
Introduction......Page 2114
Instantaneous Growth Rate Method......Page 2116
Fish Production in Lotic and Lentic Habitats......Page 2119
Further Reading......Page 2129
Introduction......Page 2123
Mammals......Page 2130
Bats......Page 2133
Further Reading......Page 2137
Adaptations to Life in Aquatic Habitats......Page 2138
United States Wetland Classification System......Page 2151
Further Reading......Page 2156
What are Wetlands?......Page 2157
Wetland Types......Page 2160
Marshes - Non-wooded Wetlands......Page 2171
Types and Distribution of Freshwater Marshes......Page 2172
The Fauna of Freshwater Marshes......Page 2178
Peat and Peatlands......Page 2181
Peat Accumulation and Carbon Storage......Page 2182
Swamps - Wooded Wetlands......Page 2189
Factors Influencing use of Wetlands by Birds and Mammals......Page 2204
Vegetation......Page 2205
Nomenclature......Page 2218
Wetland Ecology and Management for Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 2222
Wetland Plants: Definition, Ecological Roles, Habitat......Page 2230
Global Wetland Plant Distribution......Page 2231
Wetland Plants as Indicators......Page 2237
Further Reading......Page 2238
Chemical and Physical......Page 2241
Distribution and Extent......Page 2247
Further Reading......Page 2250
Cladocera......Page 2251
Predator-Prey Interactions......Page 2338
Glossary......Page 2261
Competition by Superiority in Resource Acquisition and by Interference......Page 2263
Cyclomorphosis......Page 2283
Diel Vertical Migration......Page 2291
Costs......Page 2295
Egg Banks......Page 2299
Other Crustaceans......Page 2309
Glossary......Page 2315
Further Reading......Page 2316
Relevant Websites......Page 2317
Rotifera......Page 2318
Inedible, Poor Quality, and Toxic Algae......Page 2322
Zooplankton Sustaining Higher Trophic Levels......Page 2326
Top-Down Control......Page 2327
Culturing......Page 2335
Community Structure......Page 2336
Ecotoxicology......Page 2339
Acknowledgments......Page 2340