Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History and Culture

Cover
Volume I
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	Contents
	List of Contributors
	Preface
	General Introduction
		1 A Historical Random Walk
			1.1 The Glass Age
			1.2 An Economic Forerunner
			1.3 A Multifaceted Material
			1.4 The Silica Paradoxes
		2 Some Basic Concepts of Glass Science
			2.1 From Metastability to Relaxation
			2.2 Relaxation: Phenomenological Aspects
			2.3 The Glass Transition
			2.4 Configurational Properties
		References
		Appendix A
	Section I. Glassmaking
		1.1 Glass Production: An Overview
			1 Introduction
			2 Industrially Manufactured Glasses
			3 Process-controlling Properties
			4 Glass Composition – its Relevance to Glass Properties
			5 Perspectives
			References
		1.2 Raw Materials for Glassmaking: Properties and  Constraints
			1 Introduction
			2 Raw-material Specifications
			3 From Raw Materials to Melt
			4 Special Raw Materials
			5 Perspectives
			References
		1.3 Fusion of Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Overview of Industrial Processes
			3 Batch Preparation
			4 The Conversion of Batch into Melt
			5 Fining, Refining, Homogenization
			6 Energetics of Glass Melting
			7 Perspectives
			Appendix
			References
		1.4 Primary Fabrication of Flat Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Overview
			3 Updraw Processes
			4 Roll Out Process
			5 Float Process
			6 Downdraw Processes
			7 Perspectives
			References
		1.5 Fabrication of Glass Containers
			1 Introduction
			2 Principles of Glass-Container Forming
			3 Glass-Container Forming Processes
			4 Making of the Gob: Forehearth, Feeder, and Shears
			5 IS-Forming Machine
			6 Hot-End Handling, Hot-End Coating, and Annealing
			7 Cold-End Handling and Inspection
			8 Perspectives
			References
		1.6 Continuous Glass Fibers for Reinforcement
			1 Introduction
			2 Commercial Glass Fibers
			3 Manufacturing of Glass Fibers
			4 Markets and Applications
			5 Perspectives
			References
		1.7 Simulation in Glass Processes
			1 Introduction
			2 A Brief Overview
			3 Fundamental Phenomena, Governing Equations, and Simulation Tools
			4 Simulations in Glass Manufacturing Processes: A Few Examples
			5 Simulation Data Management
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
	Section II. Structure
		2.1 Basic Concepts of Network Glass Structure
			1 Introduction
			2 The Zachariasen–Warren Random Network Model
			3 Silica – The Archetypal Glass
			4 Microcrystalline Models
			5 Modifiers and Non-Bridging Oxygens
			6 Intermediate-Range Order
			7 Chalcogenide Glasses
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
		2.2 Structural Probes of Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Diffraction (Scattering)
			3 X-ray Absorption Techniques
			4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
			5 Vibrational Spectroscopies
			6 Other Techniques
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
		2.3 Microstructure Analysis of Glasses and Glass Ceramics
			1 Introduction
			Acronyms
			2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
			3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
			4 Scanning Probe Microscopy
			5 X-Ray Microscopy
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		2.4 Short-range Structure and Order in Oxide Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 One-component Oxide Glass Formers
			3 Modifying the Network: Silicates and Phosphates
			4 Modifying the Network: Borates and Germanates
			5 Network Cations in Aluminosilicates
			6 Short-range Order and Modifier Cations
			7 Interactions of Network Modifiers and Network Order/Disorder
			8 Perspectives
			References
		2.5 The Extended Structure of Glass
			1 Introduction
			1 Introduction
			2 Extended Structure of Glass: The Need for a Multiplicity of Techniques
			3 Structural Order over Different Length Scales
			4 Structural Aspects of Density Fluctuations
			5 Models of Glass Structure
			6 Structural Heterogeneity in Glasses
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		2.6 Structure of Chemically Complex Silicate Systems
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass and Melt Polymerization
			3 Metal Oxide–SiO2 Systems
			4 Aluminum and Aluminate
			5 Ferric and Ferrous Iron
			6 Minor Components in Silicate Glasses and Melts
			7 Perspectives
			References
		2.7 Topological Constraint Theory of Inorganic Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Concepts of the Topological Constraint Theory
			3 Polyhedral Constraint Theory
			4 The Bond Constraint Theory
			5 Temperature-Dependent Constraints
			6 Topological Constraint Theory, Thermodynamics, and the Potential Energy Landscape Formalism
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
		2.8 Atomistic Simulations of Glass Structure and Properties
			1 Introduction
			2 Basics of Numerical Simulations
			3 Monte-Carlo Simulations
			4 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
			5 Modeling: Simulation Techniques and Examples
			6 Perspectives
			References
		2.9 First-principles Simulations of Glass-formers
			1 Introduction
			2 Ab Initio Simulations
			3 Structural Properties
			4 Vibrational Properties
			5 Calculations of NMR Spectra
			6 Perspectives
			References
	Section III. Physics of Glass
		3.1 Glass Formation
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass and Relaxation
			3 Kinetic Theory of Vitrification
			4 The Viscosity Factor
			5 Structural Factors
			6 Glass-Liquid Transition
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
		3.2 Thermodynamics of Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Basics of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics
			3 Supercooled Liquids
			4 Glass as a Nonequilibrium Substance
			5 Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics of the Glass Transition
			6 Physical Aging
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		3.3 The Glass Transition and the Entropy Crisis
			1 Introduction
			2 Important Concepts and Theories
			3 Nonsingular Glass Phenomenology
			4 Nonequilibrium Formulation: Brief Review
			5 Nonequilibrium Relaxation in Internal Equilibrium
			6 The Free Volume and the Communal Entropy
			7 The Unifying Approach for Glasses
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgement
			References
		3.4 Atomic Vibrations in Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Atomic Vibrations in Disordered Solids
			3 Vibrations and Thermal Properties
			4 Inelastic Spectroscopy in Glasses
			5 Vibrational Spectra
			6 The Boson Peak
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
			Additional References for Figure Captions
		3.5 Density of Amorphous Oxides
			1 Introduction
			2 Measuring the Density of Amorphous Oxides
			3 Measured Density Variations
			4 Practical Applications
			5 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		3.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Oxide Glasses and Liquids
			1 Introduction
			2 Thermodynamic Functions
			3 Low-temperature Heat Capacity and Entropy
			4 High-temperature Properties
			5 Reaction Thermodynamics
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		3.7 Structural and Stress Relaxation in Glass-Forming Liquids
			1 Introduction
			2 Structural Relaxation: A Few Examples
			3 Structural Relaxation
			4 Shear Viscoelasticity
			5 Bulk Viscoelasticity
			6 Perspectives
			References
		3.8 Hyperquenched Glasses: Relaxation and Properties
			1 Introduction
			2 Fictive Temperature and Cooling Rates
			3 Sub-Tg Relaxation
			4 Anomalous Relaxation
			5 Modeling of Sub-Tg Relaxation
			6 Boson Peak
			7 Resolving Glass Problems Via Hyperquenching-Annealing Calorimetry
			8 Perspectives
			References
		3.9 Polyamorphism and Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions
			1 Introduction
			Acronyms
			2 Liquid–Liquid Phase Transitions and Polyamorphism
			3 Classic Systems Exhibiting Polyamorphism
			4 Perspectives
			References
		3.10 Pressure-Induced Amorphization
			1 Introduction
			2 First Observation of PIA: Metastable Melting vs. Mechanical Destabilization of Ice Ih
			3 SiO2 and AlPO4: ``Memory Glass´´ Effects
			4 SnI4 and Cu2O: Examples of Compositionally Driven Instability
			5 Nanocrystalline Materials
			6 Zeolites as Examples of ``Perfect Glass´´ Formation
			7 Configurational Energy Landscapes
			8 Perspectives
			References
		3.11 Mechanical Properties of Inorganic Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 The Importance of Flaws
			3 Moduli and Hardness
			4 Fracture Toughness and Strength
			5 Flaws and Strength
			6 Chemically Assisted Crack Growth – Stress Corrosion
			7 Improving the Practical Strength of Glass
			8 Perspectives
			References
		3.12 Strengthening of Oxide Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Strength and Stresses
			3 Elimination of Surface Flaws
			4 Thermal Strengthening
			5 Chemical Strengthening
			6 Strengthening by Coating
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		3.13 Radiation Effects in Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Point Defects
			3 Vitreous Phase Stability and Bubble Formation
			4 Glass Network Evolution Under Irradiation
			5 Optical Properties
			6 RIA and Emission
			7 Effect on Mechanical Properties
			8 Mitigation of Radiation Effects
			9 Perspectives
			References
		3.14 Amorphous Ices
			1 Introduction
			2 Ice Phase Transitions
			3 Predictions of Glass–Glass and Liquid–Liquid Transitions
			4 Numerical Applications to Water
			5 Supercluster Formation at the Glass Transition of Strong Liquids
			6 Perspectives
			References
	Section IV. Transport Properties
		4.1 Viscosity of Glass-Forming Melts
			1 Introduction
			2 General Aspects and Definitions
			3 Structural Aspects
			4 Technological Aspects
			5 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity
			6 Composition Dependence
			7 Dependence on Time and Strain Rate
			8 Dependence on Microstructure
			9 Perspectives
			References
			Appendix
			Supplementary Information
			Supplementary References
		4.2 Ionic and Electronic Transport
			1 Introduction
			2 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion
			3 Ionic Transport Mechanisms
			4 Ionic Transport Above the Glass Transition: An Entropic Mechanism
			5 Electronically Conductive Glasses
			6 Perspectives
			References
		4.3 Diffusion in Oxide Glass-forming Systems
			1 Introduction
			2 Physical and Chemical Description of Diffusion
			3 Experimental Methods for Determining Diffusivity
			4 Influence on Diffusivity of Species Properties
			5 Compositional Control
			6 Temperature and Pressure Effects
			7 Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		4.4 Chemical Diffusion in Multicomponent Glass-forming Systems
			1 Introduction
			2 Conceptual and Experimental Approaches
			3 Tracer vs. Chemical Diffusion
			4 Diffusion in Multicomponent Systems
			5 Available Chemical Diffusion Data
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		4.5 Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity of Glasses and Melts
			1 Introduction
			2 Theory
			3 Measurement Techniques
			4 Thermal Diffusivity and Conductivity Data: Key Variables
			5 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			Acknowledgments
			References
		4.6 Atomistic Simulations of Transport Properties
			1 Introduction
			2 MD Simulations: Conditions and Potentials
			3 Dynamics
			4 Insights into Dynamic Heterogeneities
			5 Mixed Alkali Effect
			6 Glass Transition and Thermodynamic Scaling
			7 Perspectives
			References
	Section V. Chemistry of Glass
		5.1 Chemical Analyses and Characterization of Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Gravimetry and Glass Digestion
			3 X-Ray Fluorescence
			4 Inductively Coupled Plasma Methods
			5 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
			6 Microprobe Analyses
			7 Special Elements
			8 Resistance to Chemical Attack
			9 Analyses of Glass Defects
			10 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		5.2 Phase Equilibria and Phase Diagrams in Oxide Systems
			1 Introduction
			2 Thermodynamic Principles
			3 Basic Topological Types of Binary T–x Diagrams
			4 Ternary Diagrams
			5 Some Phase Diagrams for Glass-Forming Systems
			6 Perspectives
			References
		5.3 Thermodynamic Models of Oxide Melts
			1 Introduction
			2 General Considerations
			3 Thermodynamic Models
			4 First-Principles Calculations
			5 Perspectives
			References
		5.4 Nucleation, Growth, and Crystallization in Inorganic Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Crystal Nucleation and Classical Nucleation Theory
			3 Basic Models of Crystal Growth in Supercooled Liquids
			4 Overall Crystallization and Glass-forming Ability: The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov Approach
			5 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		5.5 Solubility of Volatiles
			1 Introduction
			2 Principles and Concepts
			3 Reactive Volatiles in Silicate Glass and Melt
			4 Nonreactive Volatiles in Silicate Glass and Melt
			5 Perspectives
			References
		5.6 Redox Thermodynamics and Kinetics in Silicate Melts and Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Oxidation/Reduction Thermodynamics
			3 Oxidation/Reduction Kinetics
			4 Open-System Redox Dynamics
			5 Closed-System (or Internal) Redox Dynamics
			6 Perspectives
			References
		5.7 Optical Basicity: Theory and Application
			1 Introduction: The Need for a Suitable Basicity Scale for Oxide Melts
			2 Theoretical Foundation of Optical Basicity
			3 Redox Equilibria in Network Melts
			4 Optical Basicity and Electronic Polarizability
			5 Chemical Reactions: Changes in Structure and Bonding
			6 High and Low Optical–Basicity Materials
			7 Optical Basicity and Electronegativity
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgment
			References
		5.8 The Glass Electrode and Electrode Properties of Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Types and Properties of Glass Electrodes
			3 Glass Structure as Viewed by the Glass Electrode
			4 Theories of the Glass Electrode
			5 Perspectives
			References
		5.9 Electrochemistry of Oxide Melts
			1 Introduction
			2 Thermodynamics of Redox Equilibria
			3 Experimental Aspects
			4 Standard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
			5 Diffusion Coefficients
			6 Voltammetric Sensors: Quantitative Determinations of Polyvalent Elements
			7 Impedance Spectroscopy
			8 Perspectives
			References
		5.10 Glass/Metal Interactions
			1 Introduction
			2 Wetting, Sticking, and Adhesion Phenomena
			3 Control of High-Temperature Chemical Interactions at the Metal/Molten Glass Interface
			4 Characterization of the Glass/Metal Interaction
			5 Corrosion of Metals and Alloys by Molten Glass
			6 Perspectives
			References
		5.11 Durability of Commercial-type Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Chemical Processes and Parameters
			3 Alteration as Related to Glass Composition
			4 Post-Production Corrosion of Flat and Container Glass
			5 Characterization Methods
			6 Protection Methods
			7 Perspectives
			References
		5.12 Mechanisms of Glass Corrosion by Aqueous Solutions
			1 Introduction
			2 Early Models
			3 Leached-layer Model
			4 Coupled Interfacial Dissolution-Reprecipitation (CIDR)
			5 Rates of Dissolution and Element Release
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
	Section VI. Glass and Light
		6.1 Optical Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Basic Features
			3 Transmitted Light Tin
			4 Glass Properties
			5 Glass Responses
			6 Interaction of Optical Components with Light
			7 Perspectives
			References
		6.2 The Color of Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Background on Color Processes
			3 Crystal-Field-Driven Glass Color
			4 Variation of Glass Coloration
			5 Temperature Dependence of the Optical Absorption Spectra of Glasses: Thermochromism
			6 Charge-Transfer Processes: From Amber Glasses to Lunar Glasses
			7 Absorption by Organized Clusters and Nanophases
			8 Perspectives
			References
		6.3 Photoluminescence in Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Inelastic Light Scattering Through Photoluminescence
			3 Photoluminescence and Glass Chemistry
			4 Efficiency, Lifetime, and Quenching Effects
			5 Applications
			6 Perspectives
			References
		6.4 Optical Fibers
			1 Introduction
			2 Optical Properties and Fiber Designs
			3 Optical Fiber Glasses
			4 Optical Fiber Fabrication
			5 Applications
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		6.5 Fluoride and Chalcogenide Glasses for Mid-infrared Optics
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass Transparency in the Infrared Region
			3 Fluoride Glasses: Formation and Structure
			4 Applications of Fluoride Glasses
			5 Chalcogenide Glasses
			6 Chalcogenide Glass Applications
			7 Perspectives
			References
		6.6 Optoelectronics: Active Chalcogenide Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Active Chalcogenide Glasses Doped with Rare-Earth Ions
			3 Optical Fiber Amplifiers
			4 Mid-Infrared Lasers
			5 Chalcogenide Quantum Dots
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		6.7 Modification Technologies of Glass Surfaces
			1 Introduction
			2 Hot-End Processes in Glass Production
			3 Cleaning
			4 Strengthening
			5 Modification of the Surface Topography
			6 Structuring and Texturing
			7 Applications
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		6.8 Thin-Film Technologies for Glass Surfaces
			1 Introduction
			Acronyms
			2 Deposition Techniques
			3 Thin Films
			4 Transparent Conducting Oxides
			5 Miscellaneous Uses
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		6.9 Glass for Lighting
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass for Incandescent and Electric Discharge Lamps
			3 Glass for Solid-State Lighting
			4 Perspectives
			References
		6.10 Screens and Displays
			1 Introduction
			2 Cathode-Ray Tubes
			3 Glasses for Flat-Panel Displays
			4 Liquid-Crystal Displays
			5 Plasma-Display Panels
			6 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
			7 Device Configuration
			8 Perspectives
			References
Volume II
	Title Page
	Copyright Page
	Contents
	List of Contributors
	Preface
	Section VII. Inorganic Glass Families
		7.1 Extraterrestrial Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Chondrules: The Oldest Glasses of the Solar System
			3 The Lunar Glass-Bead Factory
			4 Cosmic Spherules
			5 Terrestrial Versus Extraterrestrial
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
		7.2 Geological Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Compositional Diversity of Natural Glasses
			3 Fulgurites: The Petrified Lightnings
			4 Impact-Related Glasses
			5 The Basalt Factory
			6 Siliceous Glasses
			7 The Fate of Natural Glasses
			8 Compositional vs. Rheological Variability
			9 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		7.3 Corrosion of Natural Glasses in Seawater
			1 Introduction
			2 From Basalt Glass to Palagonite
			3 Seafloor Basalt Alteration by Abiotic and Biotic Processes
			4 Alteration Enhancement by Microorganism Metabolic Processes
			5 Biotic Corrosion Models
			6 Abiotic Corrosion Models
			7 The Abiotic vs. Biotic Alteration Debate
			8 Which Mechanism Controls Basalt Glass Corrosion?
			9 Perspectives
			Acknowledgements
			References
		7.4 Metallurgical Slags
			1 Introduction
			2 Basic Constraints: A Summary
			3 From Composition to Reactivity
			4 Slag Properties
			5 Transport Properties
			6 Thermodynamic Properties
			7 Perspectives
			References
		7.5 Water Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Fabrication of Water Glass
			3 Materials and Chemical Stability and Structure
			4 Properties of Water Glass
			5 Applications of Water Glass
			6 Perspectives
			References
		7.6 Borosilicate Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Borosilicate Applications
			3 Vycor: A Composition–Structure Case Study
			4 Structural Aspects
			5 Temperature and Pressure Variations of Network Structure
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		7.7 Glass for Pharmaceutical Use
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass Products and Types
			3 Production of Pharmaceutical Glasses and Containers
			4 Physical Resistance
			5 Chemical Resistance
			6 Surface Interactions with Pharmaceutical Products
			7 Internal/External Treatments for Chemical/Mechanical Resistance
			8 Perspectives
			References
		7.8 Oxynitride Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Solubility of Nitrogen in Glasses
			3 Glass Formation in M–Si–Al–O–N Systems and Its Representation
			4 Structure of Oxynitride Glasses
			5 Effects of Composition on Properties
			6 Oxynitride Glass–Ceramics
			7 Phosphorus Oxynitride Glasses
			8 Lower-Temperature Preparation Methods
			9 Perspectives
			References
		7.9 Phosphate Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Structure
			3 Synthesis
			4 Physical Properties
			5 Optical Properties
			6 Chemical Properties
			7 Other Applications
			8 Perspectives
			References
		7.10 Bulk Metallic Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass Formation
			3 Structure
			4 Mechanical Properties
			5 Deformation Behavior at Room Temperature
			6 Magnetism: Properties and Applications
			7 Other Properties and Applications
			8 Perspectives
			References
		7.11 Glass-Ceramics
			1 Introduction
			2 History and Present Uses of Glass-Ceramics
			3 Properties of Glass-Ceramics
			4 Examples of Glass-Ceramics
			5 Perspectives
			References
	Section VIII. Organically Related Glasses
		8.1 Biogenic Silica Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 A Slowly Awakening Scientific Interest
			3 Biogenic Silica
			4 The Low-Temperature Silica Factories
			5 Biomimetism and Applications
			6 Biogenic Silica in the Global Ecosystem
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		8.2 Sol–Gel Process and Products
			1 Introduction
			2 Sol–Gel Processing
			3 Advantages and Drawbacks of the Sol–Gel Process
			4 Sol–Gel Products and Applications
			5 Perspectives
			References
		8.3 Silica Aerogels
			1 Introduction
			2 Synthesis
			3 Properties
			4 Applications
			5 Markets and Industrial Production
			6 Silica Hybrid Aerogels, Aerogel Composites, and Non-silica Aerogels
			7 Perspectives
			References
		8.4 Bioactive Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Melt-Derived Bioactive Glasses
			3 Bioactive Sol–Gel Glasses
			4 Degradation and Apatite Formation
			5 Biological Response
			6 Therapeutic Ions in Bioactive Glasses
			7 Applications of Bioglasses
			8 Perspectives
			References
		8.5 Dental Glass-Ceramics
			1 Introduction
			2 History and Present Uses of Dental Glass-Ceramics
			3 Properties of Dental Glass-Ceramics
			4 Examples of Dental Glass-Ceramics
			5 Perspectives
			References
		8.6 Relaxation Processes in Molecular Liquids
			1 Introduction
			Acronyms
			2 From the Boiling Point Down to the Glass Transition
			3 Binary Glass-Forming Liquids
			4 Secondary Relaxations
			5 Plastic and Glassy Crystals
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		8.7 Physics of Polymer Glasses
			1 Introduction
			2 Polymeric Chains
			3 Polymeric Liquids
			4 Polymer Transformations
			5 Glass Transitions and Aging
			6 Polymer Products
			7 Perspectives
			References
		8.8 Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
			1 Introduction
			Acronyms
			2 Polymer Synthesis
			3 Polymerization Processes
			4 The Solid State
			5 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		8.9 Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Polymers
			1 Introduction
			2 Sol–Gel for Hybrid Materials
			3 Coatings
			4 Particles
			5 Bulk Materials, Fibers, and Composites
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
	Section IX. Environmental and Other Issues
		9.1 Structural Glass in Architecture
			1 Introduction
			2 Scheme Design
			3 Float-Glass Processing for Structural Applications
			4 Design and Detailing
			5 Connections
			6 Perspectives
			References
		9.2 Tempered and Laminated Glazing for Cars
			1 Introduction
			2 A Brief History from the Early Twentieth Century to Today\'s Huge Market
			3 Glazing Functions
			4 Manufacturing
			5 Perspectives
			Acknowledgement
			References
		9.3 Stone and Glass Wool
			1 Introduction
			2 Classification of Man-Made Vitreous Wool
			3 Fiber Spinning Technologies
			4 Melt Viscosity and Fiber Spinnability
			5 Physical Properties of Stone and Glass Wool
			6 Biopersistence and Biodurability
			7 Perspectives
			References
		9.4 Glasses for Solar-energy Technologies
			1 Introduction
			2 The Energy Problem
			3 Solar Electricity
			4 Solar Heat
			5 Solar Fuels
			6 Solar Water Treatments
			7 Perspectives
			References
		9.5 Sulfide-glass Electrolytes for All-solid-state Batteries
			1 Introduction
			2 Classification of All-solid-state Batteries
			3 Sulfide Glasses
			4 Sulfide Glasses as Solid Electrolytes
			5 Bulk-type Batteries with Sulfide Electrolytes
			6 Interfacial Design
			7 Perspectives
			References
		9.6 The World of the Flat-glass Industry: Key Milestones, Current Status, and Future Trends
			1 Introduction
			2 A Short Overview: Processes and Products
			3 The Float-glass World
			4 Perspectives
			References
		9.7 Design and Operation of Glass Furnaces
			1 Introduction
			2 The Furnace Families
			3 Melter
			4 Heat Management
			5 Furnace Design
			6 NOx Emissions
			7 Perspectives
			References
		9.8 Physics and Modeling of Glass Furnaces
			1 Introduction
			2 Furnace Parameters
			3 The Physics of Glass Furnaces
			4 Modeling of Glass Furnaces
			5 Perspectives
			Appendix
			References
		9.9 Glass Cullet: Sources, Uses, and Environmental Benefits
			1 Introduction
			2 Basic Features of Cullet
			3 Glass Recycling
			4 Separation Technologies
			5 Miscellaneous
			6 Environmental Aspects
			7 Perspectives
			References
		9.10 Immobilization of Municipal and Industrial Waste
			1 Introduction
			2 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Residues
			3 Environmental Impact of MSWI Residues
			4 Special Residues
			5 Perspectives
			References
		9.11 Nuclear Waste Vitrification
			1 Introduction
			2 History of Nuclear Waste Vitrification
			3 Nuclear Glasses
			4 Long-Term Stability of Nuclear Glass
			5 Industrial Implementation of Nuclear Waste Vitrification
			6 Perspectives
			References
		9.12 The International Commission on Glass (ICG)
			1 Introduction: Origins of ICG and Founding Members
			2 ICG as an Organization
			3 The ICG Committees
			4 Public Activities
			5 Perspectives
			References
	Section X. History
		10.1 Obsidian in Prehistory
			1 Introduction
			2 Geological Formation, Properties, and Sources
			3 Obsidian Use in Prehistory
			4 Obsidian Studies
			5 Provenance Analysis Methods
			6 The Issue of Obsidian Sources: The European Region
			7 Obsidian Artifacts Studied in the Western Mediterranean
			8 Obsidian Trade and Socioeconomic Systems
			9 Conclusions and Closing Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		10.2 Ancient Glass, Late Bronze Age
			1 Introduction
			2 Early Glass: From Faience to Glassmaking
			3 Chemical Composition: The Analytical Standpoint
			4 Material Sources
			5 The Issue of Provenance
			6 The Isotopic Clues
			7 Perspectives
			References
		10.3 Roman Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass Synthesis
			3 Provenance and Location of Glassmaking
			4 Color Generation and Control
			5 Secondary Production and Consumption
			6 Recycling, Shifts in Production, and Decline
			7 Perspectives
			References
		10.4 Glass and the Philosophy of Matter in Antiquity
			1 Introduction
			2 Near Eastern Views on Glass
			3 The Glass of the Greek Philosophers
			4 Glass and Alchemy
			5 The Byzantine Connection
			6 Perspectives
			References
		10.5 Ancient Glassworking
			1 Introduction
			2 Basic Features of Glass Shaping
			3 Early Shaping Methods
			4 The Slow Blowing Revolution
			5 Decoration
			6 Special Techniques
			7 Secondary Glassworking
			8 A Short Retrospective Overview
			9 Perspectives
			References
		10.6 Glazes and Enamels
			1 Introduction
			2 Preparation and Thermal Constraints
			3 Composition and Microstructure
			4 Coloration
			5 Enamels
			6 Glazes
			7 Perspectives
			References
		10.7 Venetian Glass
			1 Introduction
			2 Raw Materials and Glassmaking
			3 The Origins of Venetian Glass
			4 Venetian Renaissance Glass
			5 Façon de Venise Glass and Competition
			6 Other Italian Glassmaking Traditions
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		10.8 Stained Glass Windows
			1 Introduction
			2 Making Glass Sheets
			3 Social Context
			4 Glass Decoration
			5 Leading
			6 Later Trends: Nineteenth to Twentieth Century
			7 Conservation
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		10.9 Furnaces and Glassmaking Processes: From Ancient Tradition to Modernity
			1 Introduction
			2 The Written Sources
			3 Furnaces
			4 Plate Glass
			5 Container Glass
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		10.10 Glass, the Wonder Maker of Science
			1 Introduction
			2 The Source of Optics
			3 The Enabler of Chemistry
			4 Hotness and Air Weight Measured
			5 From Electrostatics to Subatomic Physics
			6 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		10.11 A History of Glass Science
			1 Introduction
			2 Glass: An Impossible Definition?
			3 The Origins
			4 The Early Modern Period (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
			5 The Chemical Revolution
			6 The Crystal Connection
			7 The Multiple Roots of Glass Science
			8 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		10.12 Glass Museums
			1 Introduction
			2 The Invention of the Glass Museum
			3 Glass Museums
			4 Types of Glass Collections
			5 The Corning Museum of Glass
			6 Glass Museums: Purpose and Concerns
			7 Perspectives
			Acknowledgments
			References
		11.1 Postface – A Personal Retrospective
			References
Subject Index
Name Index
EULA
fpref_vol1.pdf
	Preface
		Select Additional Reading
		The Vitreous State
		Glass Systems and Properties
		Compilations of Glass Data
		Glass Art
c10.9.pdf
	10.9 Furnaces and Glassmaking Processes: From Ancient Tradition to Modernity
		1 Introduction
		2 The Written Sources
		3 Furnaces
			3.1 Traditional
			3.2 Reverberatory
			3.3 Regenerative
			3.4 Radiative
			3.5 A Revolution: The Regenerative Tank Furnaces
			3.6 Toward Continuous Processes
			3.7 Rolled, Printed, and Wired Glass
		4 Plate Glass
			4.1 Mirrors: From World-Famous Venice to Newborn Saint-Gobain
			4.2 A Craving for Plate Glass
			4.3 Toward Continuous Processes: Bicheroux and Boudin
			4.4 Short-Lived Mechanical Feats: Continuous Grinding and Polishing
		5 Container Glass
			5.1 The First Machines: Ashley and Boucher
			5.2 Finishing First
			5.3 The Feeding Problem
			5.4 The Suction Feeder and the Owens Machine
			5.5 The ``Gob´´ Feeder, the Hartford-Fairmont Gravity Feeder (1915)
			5.6 Processing Machines Using a ``Gob´´ Feeder
		6 Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
fpref_vol2.pdf
	Preface
		Select Additional Reading
		The Vitreous State
		Glass Systems and Properties
		Compilations of Glass Data
		Glass Art