Encyclopedia of Creativity, Two-Volume Set, Second Edition

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Tagcloud based on keywords, showing relative importance of these terms to creativity research
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Contents
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About the Editors-in-Chief
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About the Executive Advisory Board
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Preface
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Audience
......Page 24
How to Use the Encyclopedia
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Volume 1: A–I......Page 5
Introduction......Page 29
Origins of Acting......Page 30
The Director and Acting......Page 32
Major Acting Theories of Today......Page 33
Empirical Research Studies and Acting......Page 34
Concluding Remarks......Page 35
Further Reading......Page 36
Definitions of Adaptation and Adaptiveness......Page 37
Definitions of Creativity......Page 38
Theoretical Perspectives Related to Adaptation......Page 39
Intelligence and Creativity: A Convergence of Perspectives Around Issues of Adaptation to Novelty......Page 41
Assisting Adaptation: Facilitative Contexts and Environmental Support......Page 42
A Continuum of Adaptive Creative Behaviors......Page 43
Conclusions and Issues......Page 44
Further Reading......Page 45
Introduction......Page 46
The Visual Element in Advertising......Page 47
Visual Art: A Special Case of Visuals in Advertising......Page 48
A Typology of the Use of Visual Art in Advertising......Page 50
Summary......Page 51
Aesthetics and Creativity......Page 52
Form Versus Function in Aesthetics......Page 53
Creative Products......Page 54
Conclusion......Page 55
Further Reading......Page 56
The Definition of Creativity......Page 57
Four Developmental Subphases in the Mature Age......Page 58
The Creative Person’s Contact with the Inner Child......Page 59
Relevant Websites......Page 60
Creativity, Consciousness, and Culture......Page 61
Creativity and Psychedelic Substances......Page 62
Creativity and Reverie......Page 63
Creativity, Meditation, and Hypnosis......Page 64
Possible Mechanisms......Page 65
Further Reading......Page 67
Introduction......Page 68
A Theoretical Model and Set of Processes......Page 69
Modes of Inquiry......Page 70
Application......Page 72
Relevant Websites......Page 73
Introduction......Page 74
Striving for Novelty and Leading Ideas......Page 75
The Form-Function Dichotomy......Page 76
The Digital Shift......Page 77
Starchitects and Other Practitioners......Page 78
Further Reading......Page 79
Traditional Versus Modern Theories of Aesthetics......Page 80
Experimental Research on Aesthetics......Page 81
Cognitive Versus Perceptual Theories of Aesthetic Experience......Page 82
The Philosopher’s View of Aesthetics......Page 84
Further Reading......Page 85
Key Topics......Page 86
Background and Approaches......Page 88
Issues......Page 89
Future Research......Page 91
Further Reading......Page 92
Relevant Website......Page 93
Mednick’s Associative Theory......Page 94
Psychodynamic Perspectives on Associative Theory......Page 97
Mood and Associations......Page 98
Conclusion......Page 99
Three Levels of Asynchronicity......Page 100
Dichotomous Classification......Page 102
Asynchronicity Versus Person–Environment Fit......Page 103
Objective Assessment of Asynchronicity......Page 104
Further Reading......Page 105
Theoretical Considerations......Page 106
Conceptual Attention and Creativity: Research Findings......Page 107
Relevant Websites......Page 112
The Importance of Creativity to Organizations......Page 113
Research on Creativity Attitudes......Page 114
Macro Level Creativity Attitude Research......Page 115
Attitudes Are Needed to Make the Creative Process Work......Page 117
Multi-Dimensional Creativity Attitudes......Page 119
Changing Creativity Attitudes......Page 120
Linking Creativity Attitudes, Behaviors, and Skills in a Causal Model......Page 122
Relevant Website......Page 123
Dispositional Versus Situational Factors......Page 124
Further Elaborations......Page 127
Relevant Website......Page 128
Education in Britain......Page 129
Life in Baroda......Page 130
As a Revolutionary......Page 131
Settling in Pondicherry......Page 132
The Relation Between Yoga and Creativity......Page 133
Revelent Websites......Page 134
Introduction......Page 135
Illustrations......Page 136
Disadvantages......Page 138
Comparisons......Page 139
Integration......Page 140
Relevant Websites......Page 141
Learning and Habit......Page 143
Rules and Traditions......Page 144
Stimulating Creativity by Removing Mental Barriers......Page 145
Idea Squelchers......Page 146
Conclusions: Attitudes that Overcome Barriers......Page 148
Further Reading......Page 149
Early Years......Page 150
Transition......Page 151
Creative Climax......Page 153
Slow Disintegration......Page 154
Relevant websites......Page 155
Life, Career, and Works......Page 156
Beethoven and the Study of Creativity......Page 159
Conclusion......Page 161
Relevant Websites......Page 162
Behavioral and Problem-Solving Paradigms......Page 163
Selection as Problem......Page 164
Further Reading......Page 166
Background......Page 168
Further Reading......Page 169
Glossary......Page 170
Introduction......Page 171
Eminent Creativity and Mood Disorders: Considerations......Page 172
Everyday Creativity and Mood Disorders: Considerations......Page 173
Evolutionary Significance......Page 175
When Illness Yields Creativity: Two Models......Page 176
Further Reading......Page 177
Relevant Websites......Page 178
Birth Order and Evolutionary Psychology......Page 179
Birth Order and Personality......Page 180
Gender, Age Spacing, and Other Moderating Influences......Page 183
Birth Order, Openness to Experience, and Creativity......Page 184
Birth Order and Achievement......Page 186
Acknowledgments......Page 187
Further Reading......Page 188
Bohm and Oppenheimer......Page 189
Exile......Page 190
Krishnamurti......Page 191
The Super Implicate Order......Page 192
Bohm on Creativity......Page 193
Relevant Websites......Page 194
Neuroanatomy of Creativity: Cortical Structure......Page 195
Neurobiology of Creativity: Resting-State Brain Activity......Page 196
Neurobiology of Creativity: Task-Dependent Brain Activity......Page 197
Points of Convergence......Page 198
Further Reading......Page 199
The Early Life......Page 200
The Tapestry of Work and Life......Page 201
Further Reading......Page 202
The Role of Creativity in Business and Management......Page 203
Management and Creativity......Page 204
Areas of Business Creativity......Page 205
Creativity in the Wider Business Context......Page 207
Further Reading......Page 208
Relevant Websites......Page 209
Turning to Creativity......Page 213
Early Years......Page 210
Parallel Thought......Page 211
Further Reading......Page 212
An Advisor on Art and a Feminist......Page 214
Joining the Impressionists......Page 215
Degas and the Creative Imagination......Page 216
A Painter of Women and Children......Page 217
Relevant Websites......Page 218
Childhood and Adolescence......Page 219
Attempting to Make a Decision......Page 220
Pissarro and the Observation of Nature......Page 221
Cézanne’s Achievements......Page 222
Further Reading......Page 223
Potential Contributions of Chaos Theory to the Study of Creativity......Page 224
Applications of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Theory to Creative Process and Product......Page 227
Specific Phenomena in the Creative Process......Page 230
Further Reading......Page 231
Relevant Websites......Page 232
Chaplin’s Life and Work......Page 233
Chaplin’s Creativity......Page 234
Summary and Contribution......Page 236
Further Reading......Page 237
Il était cense être – It Was Meant to Be......Page 238
La belle France – The Beautiful France......Page 239
La cuisine française – The French Cuisine......Page 240
Combinaison parfaite – Perfect Combination......Page 241
Toujours bon appetit! – Always Bon Appetit!......Page 242
Further Reading......Page 243
Paris and Rodin......Page 244
Camille’s Art......Page 245
Influences on Camille’s Creativity......Page 246
Relevant Websites......Page 248
Frameworks and Dimensions of Creative Climate......Page 249
Moderators......Page 252
Assessment and Interventions......Page 253
Conclusions......Page 254
The Construct of Cognitive Style and Its Validity......Page 255
Theories of Cognitive Styles and Their Relationship to Creativity......Page 257
Discussion and Future Directions......Page 260
Further Reading......Page 261
Relevant Websites......Page 262
Definition of Collaboration......Page 263
Challenges of Collaboration......Page 264
Theoretical Perspectives......Page 265
Relevant Websites......Page 266
Components Derived from Explicit Theories of Creativity......Page 267
General Aspects of Componential Theories......Page 268
Components of Creative Products......Page 270
Further Reading......Page 271
The Computer – Its Functions......Page 272
The Computer as Productivity Tools......Page 273
Creativity – Its Definitions......Page 274
Criteria for Establishing Creativity......Page 275
Approaches to Creativity......Page 276
Do Computers Think?......Page 277
Do Computers Enhance Creativity or Destroy Creativity?......Page 278
Summary and Conclusion......Page 279
Further Reading......Page 280
Relevant Websites......Page 281
Defining Conformity......Page 282
Conformist Forces Within Situations......Page 283
Conformist Forces Imported into Personality......Page 284
Creative Personality Development as the Overcoming of Conformist Tendencies......Page 285
Further Reading......Page 286
Introduction: Confucius and Confucianism......Page 287
Brief History and Development of Confucianism......Page 288
The Confucian Texts: The Five Classics and the Four Books......Page 289
The Confucian Teachings......Page 290
Confucianism as a Conservative Force against Creativity......Page 291
Confucianism and Creative Building on the Past......Page 292
Relevant Websites......Page 293
The Unique Assessment Concerns of Creativity Researchers......Page 294
Systematizing the Consensual Assessment Technique in Creativity Research......Page 295
Refining the CAT......Page 296
Taking a Closer Look......Page 298
Conclusions......Page 300
Relevant Websites......Page 301
Rationale for Contrarianism......Page 302
Contrarianism in the Service of Creativity......Page 303
Further Reading......Page 304
Introduction......Page 305
Predicting the Functional Characteristics of Creative Environments from an Understanding of Creative Processes and Episodes......Page 306
Constructed and Sought-Out Environments......Page 309
Caveats......Page 312
Further Reading......Page 313
Introduction......Page 314
Brief History......Page 315
Measurement......Page 316
Conceptual Issues......Page 319
Further Reading......Page 321
Relevant Websites......Page 322
Introduction......Page 323
The Work of Richard Florida......Page 324
Government Policy Inspired by the Creative Class Idea......Page 325
Critiques of Florida......Page 326
Wider Issues of a Creative Class or Sector......Page 327
Relevant Websites......Page 328
Defining Trajectories......Page 329
Age Curves: Typical Creative Trajectory Patterns......Page 330
Development of Creative Trajectories......Page 331
Further Reading......Page 332
Defining Creativity......Page 333
Diverse Influences on and Expressions of Creativity......Page 334
Parsimonious Creativity......Page 335
Further Reading......Page 336
Creativity in Science......Page 337
Further Reading......Page 342
Relevant Websites......Page 343
Early Observations......Page 344
Nineteenth Century Creativity......Page 345
First Half of the Twentieth Century......Page 346
Second Half of the Twentieth Century: 1950–1985......Page 348
Second Half of the Twentieth Century: 1980 to Present......Page 350
Further Reading......Page 351
A Brief History of Creativity Training......Page 352
Training Variables......Page 353
Effective Creativity Training Interventions......Page 354
Conclusion......Page 358
Creativity, Conformity, and Rebellion......Page 359
Exemplary Cases......Page 360
The Zeitgeist and the Individual......Page 361
Crime, Creativity, and Paradigms......Page 362
Relevant Websites......Page 363
Critical Thinking in Relation to Creativity......Page 364
Critical Thinking in Education......Page 365
Relevant Websites......Page 366
Making Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Creativity......Page 367
‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’ Perspectives on Creativity......Page 369
Perspectives of Indigenous Creativity Researchers......Page 370
Conclusion......Page 374
Relevant Websites......Page 375
Creativity and Cultural Diversity......Page 376
Theoretical and Research Perspectives......Page 377
Identification......Page 380
Educational Implications......Page 381
Further Reading......Page 382
Background......Page 384
Creativity And Eminence......Page 385
Further Reading......Page 386
Dance and Embodiment......Page 393
Historical Biography......Page 387
Rivalry with Michaelangelo......Page 388
Paradox 0f his Personality......Page 389
Left Brain–Right Brain Split......Page 390
Nature of Integrated Paired Sense of Sight and Hearing......Page 391
Conclusion......Page 392
Choreography......Page 394
Creativity and Neurobiology......Page 395
Dance and Neurobiology......Page 396
Dance, Creativity, and Research......Page 397
Further Reading......Page 399
Relevant Websites......Page 400
Introduction......Page 401
Creativity and Business......Page 402
Characterizing the Dark Side of Creativity......Page 403
The Four Ps of Creativity and the Dark Side......Page 404
Concluding Remarks......Page 406
Relevant Websites......Page 407
Childhood and Early Adolescence: Discovering the Wonders of Natural History......Page 408
Late Adolescence: A Turning Point......Page 409
The Fruitful use of Analogy: Conceiving of Natural Selection......Page 410
After Origin: Concluding a Creative Life......Page 411
Further Reading......Page 412
The Changing Understanding of Creativity......Page 413
Basic Theoretical Issues......Page 414
Creativity as a Social Phenomenon......Page 418
The Psychological Basis of Creativity......Page 419
The Psychological Paradoxes of Creativity......Page 420
The Dark Side of Creativity......Page 421
Relevant Websites......Page 423
What Is Design Creativity?......Page 424
Locations of Design Creativity......Page 425
Interactions in Design Creativity......Page 428
Relevant Website......Page 430
Development as Experience......Page 431
Strategies, Flexibility, and Assumptions......Page 432
Further Reading......Page 433
Issues and Implications......Page 434
Relevant Websites......Page 437
Thesis–Antithesis–Synthesis Process of Dialectic Thinking......Page 438
Dialectical Thinking and Postformal Thinking......Page 439
Dialectical Thinking and Creative Thinking......Page 440
Relevant Websites......Page 441
Background......Page 442
Further Reading......Page 445
Definitions of Discovery......Page 446
Who Discovers......Page 447
How Discoveries Are Made......Page 448
What Is Discovered......Page 450
Why Discoveries Are Made......Page 451
Multiple or Simultaneous Discoveries......Page 452
Discovery Outside of the Sciences......Page 453
An Evolutionary Theory of Discovery......Page 454
Further Reading......Page 455
Causes of Positive Skew......Page 456
Diffusion of Creative Ideas......Page 457
Further Reading......Page 458
Tests and Example Questions......Page 459
Task Differences and Additional Tests......Page 460
Psychometric Issues......Page 461
Relevant Websites......Page 462
Domains and Domain Specificity......Page 463
Evidence for Domains of Creativity......Page 464
Common Misunderstandings About Domain Specificity: The Puzzle of Polymaths......Page 465
Conclusions and Implications......Page 466
Further Reading......Page 467
Glossary......Page 468
Creativity, Dreams, and Culture......Page 469
Research on Creativity and Dreams......Page 470
Possible Mechanisms......Page 471
Relevant website......Page 473
Supernatural Creativity: Ancient Western and Eastern Views......Page 474
Human Creativity: Modern Western and Eastern Conceptions......Page 476
Contemporary Studies on the Conceptions of Creativity and Creative Performance......Page 477
Basis for the East–West Differences: Culture and Cognition......Page 479
Relevant Websites......Page 480
The Victorian Era......Page 481
Characteristics of Contemporary Eccentrics......Page 482
Mental Disorder and Eccentricity......Page 483
Creativity and Eccentricity......Page 485
Further Reading......Page 486
Psychoeconomics of Creativity......Page 488
The Economics of New Ideas......Page 491
Conclusions......Page 493
Approaches to Creativity in Education......Page 494
Creative Problem Solving......Page 496
Conclusions......Page 497
Further Reading......Page 498
Relevant Websites......Page 499
Early Years......Page 500
University Years......Page 501
Further Reading......Page 502
Significance......Page 503
Measurement......Page 504
Determinants......Page 505
Further Reading......Page 509
Relevant Website......Page 510
Definitions of Emotion and Affect......Page 511
Theories of Affect and Creativity......Page 512
Play, Affect, and Creativity......Page 515
Neurological Processes, Affect, and Creativity......Page 516
Conclusion......Page 517
What Exactly Can Be Enhanced?......Page 518
Affective Components......Page 519
Interpersonal Components......Page 520
Increasing Creativity Test Scores......Page 521
Further Reading......Page 522
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs......Page 523
Creativity and Innovation in Entrepreneurship......Page 524
Creativity in Entrepreneurial Teams......Page 525
The Role of Creativity Training in Entrepreneurship......Page 526
Cultural Diversity in Entrepreneurial Teams......Page 527
Further Reading......Page 528
Relevant Websites......Page 529
What Is Everyday Creativity?......Page 530
Can Everyday Creativity Be Good for Us?......Page 532
Does Creativity Involve Diverse States of Consciousness?......Page 534
Seeking ‘Creative Normalcy’......Page 535
Conclusions......Page 536
Relevant Website......Page 537
Introduction......Page 538
Organization......Page 539
Insight and Problem Solving......Page 540
Relevant websites......Page 541
Background......Page 542
A Scientific Framework for Understanding Creativity Exercises......Page 543
Exercises that Boost Individual Creativity......Page 544
Exercises That Help Managers to Enhance Creativity in Others......Page 546
Further Reading......Page 549
Overview: Expertise and Expert Performance......Page 550
The Alternative Account: Expertise as Acquired Knowledge and Skill......Page 551
The Structure of Expert Performance......Page 555
Further Reading......Page 558
The Development of the Expressive Arts Therapy Approach......Page 559
Expressive Arts Therapy Methods......Page 561
Conclusion......Page 563
Family Characteristics......Page 565
Stress......Page 567
Complex Families......Page 569
Further Reading......Page 570
Introduction......Page 571
Impact Criteria......Page 572
Criteria Predictors......Page 573
Discussion......Page 575
Relevant Websites......Page 577
Ella Fitzgerald: The Life......Page 578
LPs and Songbooks......Page 579
Marriages and Children......Page 580
The Rhythm......Page 581
Racism......Page 582
Relevant Websites......Page 583
Introduction......Page 584
Flow in Artistic Activities......Page 585
Feelings of People in Flow Condition......Page 587
Assessment of Flow......Page 588
Applications of Flow......Page 589
Relevant Websites......Page 590
Food and Creativity......Page 591
Creative Cuisine and Recipe......Page 592
Creative Culinary Process......Page 593
Factors Influencing Food Creativity......Page 594
Further Reading......Page 595
The Four Ps......Page 596
Products......Page 597
Persuasion......Page 598
Further Reading......Page 599
Background......Page 600
The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis......Page 601
Psychoanalysis: The Middle Years......Page 602
Psychoanalysis: The Later Years......Page 603
Further Reading......Page 604
Collaboration and Friendship......Page 605
A Look at One Domain: Music and Friendship......Page 606
Benefits and Problems in Friendships of Creators......Page 607
Future Research on Friendship and Creativity......Page 608
Introduction......Page 610
In the Wilds of Africa......Page 611
Back Home to India......Page 612
Gandhi’s Creative Vision......Page 613
Concept of Truth......Page 614
Gandhi in Action: Rise to the Mahatmaship......Page 615
Four Gandhis......Page 616
Further Reading......Page 617
Introduction......Page 618
Do Differences Exist?......Page 619
Explaining the Differences......Page 620
Conclusions......Page 623
Further Reading......Page 624
An Introduction into Behavioral Genetics......Page 625
Short Introduction into Molecular Genetics......Page 626
Association Studies from Molecular Genetics......Page 627
Problems and Perspectives......Page 629
Further Reading......Page 630
Genius......Page 631
Greatness......Page 633
Convergence......Page 634
Divergence......Page 635
Further Reading......Page 636
Relevant Websites......Page 637
Traditional and Untraditional Views......Page 638
Cultural Views......Page 639
Implications......Page 640
Relevant Websites......Page 641
Group Processes......Page 642
Group Idea Generation......Page 643
Leadership......Page 644
Team Innovation......Page 645
Phases of Group Creativity......Page 646
Relevant Website......Page 647
Joseph Haydn 1732–1809......Page 648
Creativity and Politics......Page 649
Creativity and Diplomacy......Page 650
Creativity and Motivation......Page 651
Creativity and Spirituality......Page 652
Haydn the Consummate Creator......Page 653
Relevant Website......Page 654
Graphology, Personality, and Culture......Page 655
Creativity, Thought, and the Brain......Page 656
Dysgraphia and the Split Brain......Page 657
Alexithymia, Creativity, and the Split Brain......Page 658
From Graphology to Graphonomics......Page 660
Relevant Websites......Page 661
Background......Page 662
The Bryn Mawr Years......Page 663
Lows and Highs of Kate’s Career During the 1930s......Page 664
Kate’s Rise to Fame in the 1940s and 1950s......Page 665
Katharine Hepburn and Creativity......Page 666
Relevant Websites......Page 667
Knowledge, Processes, and Strategies......Page 668
Conclusions......Page 673
The Bicameral Mind......Page 675
Paganism Versus Fundamentalist Religion: The Greeks......Page 676
Paganism Versus Fundamentalist Religion: The Medieval Europeans......Page 677
The Renaissance and the Beginnings of Humanism......Page 678
The Age of Enlightenment and a Flourishing Humanism......Page 679
The Debate over Associationist and Gestalt Views......Page 680
Nineteenth Century Biology of the Brain......Page 681
Nature and Nurture......Page 682
Relevant Websites......Page 683
Comparisons......Page 684
History......Page 685
Evaluation......Page 686
Conclusion......Page 688
Relevant Websites......Page 689
Biography......Page 690
Hopper, Computers, and Computer Science......Page 691
Grace Hopper and Creativity......Page 693
Further Reading......Page 694
Similarity of Definition......Page 695
Survey of Research......Page 698
Discussion......Page 700
Relevant Websites......Page 702
Pretend Play, Simulation, and Emotion......Page 704
Narrative, Fiction, and Testimony......Page 706
Mind Wandering and Mental Time Travel......Page 707
Imagination and Autism Spectrum Disorders......Page 709
Further Reading......Page 710
Methods Used in the Study of Implicit Theories......Page 711
Empirical Research on Implicit Theories and Group Differences......Page 712
Further Reading......Page 713
Introduction......Page 714
Theater Improvisation......Page 715
Musical Improvisation......Page 716
Summary......Page 718
Further Reading......Page 719
Theories of Incubation......Page 720
Empirical Research on Incubation Effects......Page 722
Principles of Incubation......Page 723
Further Reading......Page 724
Defining Innovation......Page 725
Innovation Factors......Page 726
Innovation’s Effects......Page 730
Innovation as a Systems Process......Page 731
Further Reading......Page 732
Relevant Websites......Page 733
The Nature of Insight......Page 734
The Features of Insight......Page 735
The Cognitive Mechanisms of Insight......Page 737
Further Reading......Page 738
Relevant Website......Page 739
Theories of Intelligence which Encompass Creativity......Page 740
Theories of Creativity that Encompass Intelligence......Page 741
Further Reading......Page 743
Vocation-Based Interest Inventories......Page 744
Education-Based Creative Interest Inventories......Page 747
Research-Based Creative Interest Inventories......Page 748
Conclusions......Page 749
Decision Making......Page 750
Are There Different Forms of Intuition?......Page 751
Intuition and Entrepreneurship......Page 752
Mood and Intuition......Page 753
Processes Underlying Representative Views of Intuition......Page 754
Relevant Websites......Page 755
What Is Invention?......Page 756
Factors Influencing Invention......Page 757
Cognitive Processes in Invention......Page 758
Heuristics in Invention......Page 759
Collaboration in Invention......Page 761
Further Reading......Page 762
Volume 2: J–Z......Page 765
Empirical Studies......Page 789
Janusian Process in Science......Page 790
Homospatial Process......Page 791
Homospatial Process in Literature, Art, and Music......Page 792
Sepconic Articulation......Page 793
Sepconic Articulation in Science......Page 794
Phases of Janusian, Homospatial and Sepconic Articulation Processes......Page 795
Further Reading......Page 796
Relevant Website......Page 797
Background......Page 798
The Work......Page 799
Relevant Website......Page 801
Carl Gustav Jung – The Man......Page 802
Model of the Mind......Page 803
Artistic Creation......Page 805
Summary......Page 807
Further Reading......Page 808
Frida’s Early Years......Page 809
Self Portraits......Page 810
Her Marriage to Diego Rivera......Page 811
The Psychological, Cultural Political, and Archetypal Symbols in Frida’s Creative Process......Page 812
Recognition Today......Page 813
Relevant Websites......Page 814
Knowledge......Page 815
Influences of Knowledge......Page 816
Types of Knowledge......Page 818
Acquiring Knowledge......Page 819
Conclusions......Page 820
Hans Adolf Krebs 1900–1981......Page 822
Post-War Career......Page 823
Patterns of Creative Activity......Page 824
Lifetime Productivity......Page 826
Further Reading......Page 827
Glossary......Page 828
Combinatory Freedom, Predigital Sampling, and Creativity......Page 830
Group Artistic Creativity and Lifespan Productivity......Page 831
Filmography of Akira Kurosawa (Japanese Release Dates)......Page 832
Relevant Websites......Page 833
Leadership......Page 835
Leadership Capability......Page 838
Relevant Websites......Page 840
Types of Creative Productivity......Page 841
Age and Creativity......Page 842
Exceptions to the General Trends......Page 844
Toward a Typology of Creative Life Stages......Page 846
How Common Are Different Typologies of Creative Life Stages?......Page 847
Further Reading......Page 848
Relevant Website......Page 849
What Is Logic?......Page 850
What Is Reasoning?......Page 851
The Relationship Between Logic and Reasoning......Page 852
Further Reading......Page 855
Methodological Challenges......Page 856
Classic and Major Longitudinal Studies......Page 857
Identification and Predictive Validity......Page 858
Conditions for Creative Productivity......Page 859
Future Directions in Longitudinal Research on Creativity......Page 860
Relevant Website......Page 861
Introduction......Page 863
Speculations on the Mental State of Creative Individuals Prior to the Romantic Age......Page 864
The Romantics’ Redefinition of Genius and the Functions It Tended to Serve......Page 865
Psychology, Physician-Psychiatrists, and the Clinical Association of Genius and Madness......Page 866
Implications for the Contemporary Debate......Page 867
Further Reading......Page 868
Matthew Effect......Page 869
Pygmalion Effect......Page 872
Founder Effect......Page 874
Further Reading......Page 875
Introduction......Page 876
Parentification and Creativity......Page 877
Coming of Age in Samoa......Page 878
Stranded on a Mountain Top......Page 879
The ‘Quantum Leap’ and Other Ventures......Page 880
Relevant Websites......Page 881
Sensory Memory and Creativity......Page 882
Working Memory and Creativity......Page 883
Long Term Memory and Creativity......Page 884
Conclusions......Page 886
Relevant Websites......Page 887
Introduction......Page 888
Genius and Madness......Page 889
Affective Symptoms and Disorders......Page 890
A More Fine-Grained View......Page 892
More Complicated Models......Page 893
Implications for Treatment......Page 894
Relevant Websites......Page 895
Mentors and Creativity......Page 896
Mentoring Programs......Page 898
Relevant Websites......Page 900
Definitions of Metacognition......Page 901
Methods and Techniques Used in Analyzing Metacognition......Page 902
Metacognition and Giftedness......Page 904
Can Metacognition Be Trained?......Page 905
Relevant Websites......Page 906
Metaphors for Creative Thought......Page 907
Understanding Metaphorical Language......Page 908
Constraints on Metaphorical Creativity......Page 909
Enhancing Creativity Through Metaphor......Page 911
Further Reading......Page 912
Relevant Website......Page 913
Introduction......Page 914
Michelangelo and Creativity......Page 918
Relevant Websites......Page 919
Mindless and Mindful States......Page 920
The Phenomenology of Mindful and Mindless States......Page 922
Mindful Approaches to the World: Some Links to the Philosophy of Knowledge......Page 924
Mindfulness, Creation, and Discovery......Page 927
Relevant Websites......Page 929
Mastery: Inventing and Reinventing Impression......Page 930
Concluding Questions......Page 932
Further Reading......Page 933
The Nature of Morals......Page 934
Immoral Creativity......Page 935
Immorality Inherent in Creativity......Page 936
Moral Creativity......Page 937
How Can Moral Creativity Be Fostered?......Page 938
Further Reading......Page 939
Relevant Websites......Page 940
Personality Traits of Highly Creative Individuals......Page 941
Emotion as Energizing Creative Passion......Page 942
Reinforcing Creative Efforts......Page 943
Intrinsic Motivation and the Social Environment......Page 944
The Inspiration to Create......Page 945
Further Reading......Page 946
Overview......Page 947
Scientific Issues and Historical Examples......Page 948
Science and the Visual Arts......Page 950
Cultural Issues and Conclusions......Page 953
Further Reading......Page 954
A Brief History of Intelligence......Page 955
Multiple Intelligences in Interaction......Page 956
Assessment of Multiple Intelligences......Page 957
Multiple Intelligences and Creativity......Page 958
Relevant Websites......Page 959
What is Music?......Page 960
Origins of Music......Page 961
Musical Aptitude: Nature or Nurture?......Page 962
Emotional Experiences......Page 963
Cerebral Processing......Page 964
Uses of Music......Page 965
Whither Music?......Page 966
Further Reading......Page 967
Genetics of Creativity......Page 969
Developmental Trajectories......Page 971
Further Reading......Page 972
Various Approaches to Understanding Social Networks......Page 973
The Focus or Target (Three Levels of Analysis)......Page 976
How Networks Affect Creativity......Page 977
How Networks Affect the Implementation of Creative Ideas......Page 978
Conclusions......Page 979
Novelty, Variability Levels, and Learning......Page 980
Generic Novelty Problems......Page 981
Domain-Specific Novelty Problems......Page 982
Summary and Concluding Question......Page 983
Further Reading......Page 984
The Integration Perspective......Page 991
The Early Years......Page 987
The Southwest......Page 988
Georgia O'Keeffe and the Creative Process......Page 989
Further Reading......Page 990
The Differentiation Perspective......Page 992
Conclusion......Page 993
Relevant Website......Page 994
Introduction......Page 995
The Organizational Environment: Nurturing Creativity......Page 996
The Employee: Source of Creativity......Page 997
Further Reading......Page 998
Relevant Websites......Page 999
The Concept of Overexcitability and Its Origin......Page 1000
Expressions of Overexcitability in Creative People......Page 1001
Conclusion......Page 1005
Further Reading......Page 1006
Glossary......Page 1007
Thomas Kuhn’s Account of Paradigms and Scientific Creativity......Page 1008
Some Questions and Criticisms of Kuhn’s Account......Page 1010
Cognitive Economy: Categories, Sets, Schemas, Frames, etc.......Page 1011
Relevant Websites......Page 1013
Creative Organization of Perception......Page 1014
Visual Thinking......Page 1015
Perception and Appreciation of Art......Page 1016
Further Reading......Page 1017
Personal Creativity and Optimal Objectivity......Page 1018
Defining Personal Creativity......Page 1019
Conclusions......Page 1020
Further Reading......Page 1021
Developmental Dimensions of Autonomy, Independence, and Creativity......Page 1022
Birth Order and Creativity......Page 1023
Nonconformity and Norm-Doubting......Page 1024
Relevant Websites......Page 1025
Perspective Shift as Fundamental to Relation Processes......Page 1026
Cognitive and Extracognitive Influences on Shifts of Perspectives......Page 1027
Further Reading......Page 1028
Background......Page 1029
The Writing Pessoa as Excess to His Social World......Page 1030
Conclusion......Page 1031
Background......Page 1032
Conservation......Page 1033
Further Reading......Page 1035
Biography......Page 1036
His Life: Empirical Studies......Page 1038
His Work: Empirical Studies......Page 1039
Further Reading......Page 1042
Background......Page 1043
Cambridge University and Ted Hughes......Page 1044
Was Plath’s Writing Helpful or Harmful?......Page 1045
Further Reading......Page 1046
Play and Creativity......Page 1047
Facilitating Pretend Play and Creativity......Page 1050
Conclusion......Page 1051
Relevant Websites......Page 1052
Kinds of Poetry......Page 1053
History of Western Poetry......Page 1054
Creativity and Poetry......Page 1056
Relevant Websites......Page 1058
The Process of Problem Finding......Page 1059
Importance of Problem Finding......Page 1060
Conclusions......Page 1061
Further Reading......Page 1062
Introduction......Page 1063
A Common Language......Page 1064
Problem Types......Page 1065
Methods of Inquiry......Page 1068
Further Reading......Page 1069
Child Prodigies......Page 1070
Creativity Research Relevant to Prodigies......Page 1071
Conclusion......Page 1073
Further Reading......Page 1074
What is Contained in a Program or a Course: Some Guiding Definitions and Issues to Consider......Page 1075
Historical Context for Programs and Courses in Creativity......Page 1076
How to Teach Creativity: Some General Issues to Consider......Page 1078
Further Reading......Page 1079
Glossary......Page 1080
Introduction......Page 1081
Psycholinguistics: Some Traditional Approaches......Page 1082
Psycholinguistics After (or in Opposition to) Chomsky......Page 1083
Language as a Social Phenomenon......Page 1086
Further Reading......Page 1087
Rank’s Originality......Page 1088
Separation and Individuation......Page 1089
The Artistic Ideal......Page 1090
Beyond Psychology......Page 1093
Relevant Websites......Page 1094
Mednick’s Associative Theory of Creativity......Page 1095
The Remote Associates Test......Page 1096
Factors Related to Remote Associates Abilities......Page 1098
Relevant Websites......Page 1099
What Is Creativity?......Page 1100
Development of Research Approaches and Models of Creativity......Page 1101
Approaches for Studying Creative Processes......Page 1102
Studies of Emotions and Creativity......Page 1104
Studies of Working Memory and Creativity......Page 1105
Further Reading......Page 1106
Relevant Website......Page 1107
Phenomenological Studies of Creativity......Page 1108
Phenomenological Studies of Constructs Related to Creativity......Page 1111
Concluding Remarks......Page 1112
Experimental Studies......Page 1113
Correlation Methods......Page 1115
Meta-Analysis......Page 1119
Further Reading......Page 1121
Behaviorist Approaches......Page 1122
Romanticist Approaches......Page 1123
Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature......Page 1124
Further Reading......Page 1126
Relevant Website......Page 1127
Risk Taking and Entrepreneurship......Page 1128
Risk Taking – Situational or a Trait?......Page 1129
Other Factors Affecting Risk Taking......Page 1130
Further Reading......Page 1131
Relevant Websites......Page 1132
Schizophrenia and Schizophrenic Thinking......Page 1134
Schizophrenia and Schizotypy......Page 1136
Schizophrenia and Personality......Page 1137
Schizophrenia and Creativity......Page 1138
Further Reading......Page 1139
Background......Page 1140
Music Critic—Hand Problem......Page 1141
Romantic Relationships......Page 1142
Marriage and Symphonies......Page 1143
Düsseldorf—The Declining Years......Page 1144
Further Reading......Page 1145
Clara Wieck-Schumann 1819–1896......Page 1146
Relevant Websites......Page 1149
Empirical Research on Creativity and Self-Actualization......Page 1150
Creativity and Health......Page 1151
Origins......Page 1152
Serendipity and Synchronicity......Page 1153
Chance and Creativity......Page 1154
Sagacity and the Prepared Mind......Page 1156
Creative Intention......Page 1157
Conclusion......Page 1158
Further Reading......Page 1159
Childhood......Page 1160
Adolescence......Page 1161
Emotional Disorders and Treatment......Page 1162
Further Reading......Page 1164
Life......Page 1165
Conclusion......Page 1167
Further Reading......Page 1168
Early Life in Dublin......Page 1169
The Evolving Systems Approach to Creativity and Generalizations About the Development of A Creative System......Page 1170
Further Reading......Page 1172
Motivation and Environment......Page 1173
Expanding the Creative Process: The Where and How of Creativity......Page 1174
Environments that Support Creativity......Page 1175
Disciplinary and Philosophical Considerations......Page 1176
Further Reading......Page 1178
Origins......Page 1180
Natural Selection and Selfish Genes......Page 1181
Genetic Selfishness Begets Altruism......Page 1182
Gene–Culture Coevolution......Page 1183
Kinds of Creative Mind......Page 1184
The Obligate Creators......Page 1185
For the Rest of Us......Page 1186
Further Reading......Page 1187
SES and Creativity......Page 1188
Conclusion......Page 1191
Setting the Stage......Page 1192
Transcendence Manifested......Page 1193
A Dynamic Relationship......Page 1197
Further Reading......Page 1199
What Is Creativity in Sports?......Page 1201
Factors Supporting Tactical Creativity......Page 1205
Relevant Website......Page 1206
Education Abroad......Page 1207
The Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession: ‘291’......Page 1208
Camera Work......Page 1209
The O’Keeffe Years: 1916–1946......Page 1210
Further Reading......Page 1211
Creativity and Affect: Two Lines of Research......Page 1212
Stress State and Creativity: Possible Relationships......Page 1213
Challenges in the Research on the Stress–Creativity Link......Page 1215
Conclusions......Page 1216
Relevant Websites......Page 1217
Use of Alcohol by Eminent Creative People......Page 1218
Effects of Use......Page 1220
Drug Use......Page 1221
Relevant Websites......Page 1223
Is Suicidal Behavior More Common in Creative People?......Page 1224
Creative Women......Page 1225
Are Suicidal People Creative?......Page 1226
Treatment......Page 1227
Suicide as Subject of Creativity......Page 1228
Further Reading......Page 1229
Relevent Websites......Page 1230
History and Recent Developments......Page 1231
Synesthesia and Related Phenomena......Page 1232
Synesthesia and Absorption......Page 1234
Synesthesia and Creativity......Page 1235
Relevant Websites......Page 1236
Synchronicity and Psychology......Page 1237
Synchronicity in the New Physics......Page 1239
Synchronicity and Creativity......Page 1240
Further Reading......Page 1241
Historical Overview......Page 1242
Key Concepts......Page 1243
Science, Systems, and Creativity......Page 1246
Further Reading......Page 1249
Classifying Tactics......Page 1251
Interpersonal Tactics......Page 1253
Further Reading......Page 1254
Background......Page 1255
The Tagorean Peaks......Page 1256
Further Reading......Page 1258
Models of Talent Development and Creativity......Page 1259
Gagné ’s Model of Giftedness and Talent......Page 1260
Themes in Creative Domains......Page 1262
Relevant Website......Page 1266
Why Foster Creativity in the Classroom?......Page 1267
Benefits for the Society......Page 1268
Teachers’ Attitudes to Creative Students......Page 1272
Methods for Fostering Creativity......Page 1273
Closing Remarks......Page 1276
Relevant Websites......Page 1277
Basic Processes......Page 1278
Factors Influencing Team Creativity......Page 1279
Electronic Brainstorming......Page 1282
Further Reading......Page 1283
Relevant Website......Page 1284
Sara Teasdale......Page 1285
Discussion......Page 1288
Relevant Websites......Page 1289
Is Creativity Assessment Possible?......Page 1290
Focus of Creativity Assessment......Page 1291
Types of Creativity Measures......Page 1292
Challenges and Opportunities......Page 1294
Relevant Websites......Page 1296
Introduction......Page 1297
Theater as Culture – Geographical Distinctions......Page 1298
Living Theater......Page 1302
Further Research Studies in Theater......Page 1303
Further Reading......Page 1304
Ways of Understanding Theories of Creativity......Page 1305
Categories of Theories of Creativity......Page 1306
Future Directions for Creativity Theories......Page 1310
Relevant Websites......Page 1311
Creativity in Counseling......Page 1312
The Mutual Creative Process and Therapeutic Action......Page 1313
The Janusian Process in Counseling......Page 1314
Relevant Website......Page 1316
Time in Personal Processes......Page 1317
Timed Tests......Page 1318
Time as Personal Construct......Page 1319
Further Reading......Page 1320
Methodological Notes: The Systems View Of Creativity......Page 1321
Further Reading......Page 1325
Aspects of the Transforming Illness......Page 1326
The Early Transforming Illness......Page 1327
Learning Difficulties: Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Disorder, and Prosopagnosia......Page 1328
Creativity in Response to Cancer......Page 1329
Artists with Macular Degeneration......Page 1330
Accidents and Their Legacy in Art......Page 1331
Relevant Websites......Page 1332
Anecdotal Background......Page 1334
Neoanalytic Concepts......Page 1335
Incubation, Insight, and Intuition......Page 1336
Brain Physiology......Page 1337
Cognitive Models......Page 1338
Further Reading......Page 1339
Who Underachieves and Why?......Page 1340
Creativity and Underachievement......Page 1341
Creativity and Society......Page 1343
What Can We Do About It?......Page 1344
Relevant Websites......Page 1345
Childhood (1853–1876)......Page 1346
Getting Started (1879–1882)......Page 1347
Van Gogh The Painter (1883–1888)......Page 1348
Maturity As An Artist (1888–1890)......Page 1350
Further Reading......Page 1351
Background......Page 1352
Vygotsky Psychology......Page 1353
Vygotsky On Creativity......Page 1354
Conclusion......Page 1356
Effects of War on Creativity......Page 1357
Conclusion......Page 1361
Further Reading......Page 1362
Background......Page 1363
Beginnings of Gestalt Theory......Page 1364
Gestalt Theory Matures......Page 1365
Productive Thinking: The Culmination of Gestalt Theory......Page 1367
Relevant Websites......Page 1368
Societal Norms......Page 1369
Family and Peer Support......Page 1370
Work Falsely Credited, Not Credited, or Stolen......Page 1371
Relevant Websites......Page 1372
Background......Page 1373
The Writing Apprenticeship......Page 1374
The Writing of To the Lighthouse......Page 1375
Further Reading......Page 1376
Background......Page 1377
Wordsworth’s Accomplishments......Page 1378
Constructive Repetition and Revision......Page 1379
Further Reading......Page 1380
Background......Page 1381
Creative Methodology......Page 1382
Invention......Page 1383
Further Reading......Page 1384
Techniques......Page 1385
Results of the Research......Page 1386
The Creative Process......Page 1390
Further Reading......Page 1391
Relevant Websites......Page 1392
Glossary......Page 1393
Introduction......Page 1394
External Zeitgeist......Page 1395
Mixed Zeitgeist......Page 1396
Individual Versus Society......Page 1397
Further Reading......Page 1398
Brief History of Zen Buddhism......Page 1399
Zen and Creativity in China and Japan......Page 1400
Zen in the West......Page 1401
Relevant Websites......Page 1403
Appendix I: Chronology of Events and Significant Ideas and Works on Creativity......Page 1405
Bibliography......Page 1406
I. Biographical Inventories......Page 1407
IV. Styles......Page 1408
VI. Work and Educational Environment......Page 1409
XIV. Creative Products......Page 1410
XIX. Puns, Similes, and Linguistic Creativity......Page 1411
Contributors
......Page 1413
Index
......Page 1419