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دانلود کتاب Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics
دانلود کتاب دایره المعارف اخلاق تجاری و حرفه ای
مشخصات کتاب
Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics
ویرایش:
نویسندگان: Deborah C Poff (editor). Alex C. Michalos (editor)
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 3030227650, 9783030227654
ناشر: Springer
سال نشر: 2023
تعداد صفحات: 1944
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 27 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 84,000
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فهرست مطالب
Preface Introduction Publication Ethics Other Key Themes in this Encyclopedia A Final Note References Acknowledgements About the Editors Section Editors Contributors A Aboriginal Ethics: Traditional and Contemporary Synonyms Introduction Aboriginal Ethics Are Kin-Based Ethics Cross-References References Academic Business Ethics in the United States Introduction Research Centers Other Universities Dedicated Departments in Business Schools Cross-References References Academic Ethics and Academic Integrity Synonyms Introduction The Modern University and Teaching and Research Ethics Contemporary Academic Integrity Teaching and Ethics in the Contemporary University Teaching Faculty Students and Integrity in Learning and Performance Attempts at Amelioration Faculty Research and Publication Ethics Violations of Research Ethics and Publication Ethics Summary Cross-References Acknowledgment References Academic Integrity and Business Ethics Teaching Synonyms Introduction Definitions Extent of the Problem Business Ethics Courses with an Academic Integrity Focus Conclusion Cross-References References Academic Integrity and University Corporate Accountability Synonyms Introduction Understanding the Connection Between Academic Integrity and Corporate Accountability The Role of Education The Role of Employers The Role of Professional and Accreditation Bodies Conclusion Cross-References References and Additional Readings Accounting Ethics (Including the Profession´s Code of Ethics and Commitment to the Public Interest) Synonyms Introduction The Public Interest Fundamental Principles Conceptual Framework Difference Between Members in Public Practice and Those in Business Differences Between Countries and Professional Bodies Cross-References References Adam Smith´s Theory of Moral Sentiments Introduction Of the Propriety of Action Of Merit and Demerit; or of the Objects of Reward and Punishment Moral Judgments on Our Lives: the Sense of Duty The Effect of Utility on the Sentiment of Approval The Moral Influence of Custom and Fashion Of the Character of Virtue Of Systems of Moral Philosophy The Relevance of the Theory of Moral Sentiment Today References Advertising and the Commodification of Identity Through Skin Synonyms Introduction Reading Skin in Consumer Culture The Epidermal Schema Fetishization Visual Technologies of ``Skin Security´´ Ethical Foundations for Skin Inquiries in Consumer Culture Cross-References References Advertising Ethics Synonyms Introduction General Critiques Specific Issues in Advertising Ethics Conclusion Cross-References References Affirmative Action in Business Introduction Cross-References References Affirmative Action: Employment Equity in Canada Synonyms Definition Introduction Votes for Women and the Person´s Case No Quotas Lack of Inclusivity What Employment Equity Cannot Do Employment Equity Today in Canada Women Visible and Immigrant Minorities Aboriginal People (First Nations, Metis Nations, and Inuit People in Canada) Disabled Persons Summary of Employment Equity in Canada Objections to Anti-discrimination Legislation, Like Affirmative Action and Other Initiatives, That Would Reduce Inequity Equality of Opportunity Assumption of Objectivity in Hiring Practices Reverse Discrimination Objections Tokenism Compensatory Justice Objections Cross-References References Age Diversity and Generational Ethics Synonyms Introduction Age Diversity Sector as Generational Bond Values-Ethics Connection Generational Values Effects of COVID-19 on Value Change Implications and Conclusion Cross-References References Agency Theory Synonyms Definition Discussion Summary Cross-References References Aggressive Tax Avoidance and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Aggressive Tax Avoidance and Other Forms of Tax Avoidance Empirical Observations: Large Multinational Companies as Tax Avoiders The Normative Evaluation of Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion Utilitarian Evaluation Deontological Evaluation Virtue Ethics Conclusion Cross-References References Aging and Ethics Synonyms Introduction Ageism Ageing in the Workforce Social Contribution and Cost of an Aged Population Impact of Increasing Healthcare Costs on Government Expenditure Benevolent Prejudice Possible Futures Cross-References References AI and Corporate Responsibility Synonyms Introduction AI and Corporate Responsibility Why Firms Are Responsible for AI Approaches to Take Responsibility for AI Conclusion Cross-References References Alienation Synonyms Definition Description Powerlessness Anomie Exclusion Summary Cross-References References Altruism´s Moral Heuristics Synonyms Introduction Motivation and Behavior Theoretical Foundations Deontology Virtue Theory Utilitarianism Egoism Frame-Specific Heuristics Deontology Virtue Theory Utilitarianism Egoism Self-Abnegation Implications for Business Culture Cross-References References Animal Ethics Synonyms Definition Approaches Consequentialism and Utilitarianism Deontology and Rights Ethics Virtue Ethics-Inspired Capabilities Approach Which Animals to Include: Some Consensus Worlds Apart Different Roles of Animals in Relation to Companies The Extent of Corporate Responsibility Implementation of Animal Ethics in Business Practice Ten Steps to Dealing with Corporate Responsibility Toward Animals Summary References Animal Ethics and Autonomy, Agency and Selfhood Synonyms Introduction Animal Ethics Animal Agency Agency and Its Features Animals and Moral Agency Animal Selfhood Self-Awareness and Self-Consciousness Minimal and Rich Selfhood Animal Autonomy Concepts of Autonomy in Animals Moral Relevance of Animal Autonomy Summary Cross-References References Animal Ethics and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Animal Ethics and Perspectives A Continuum of Views on Animal Ethics Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Animal Ethics Animals and Business Practices Uses of Animals in Business Practices and Industries Humans in Animal-Related Business Practices Business Ethics and Animals Ethical Issues for Businesses Using Animals Areas of Business Ethics Relevant to Animal Ethics Summary Cross-References References Animal Rights and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Anthropomorphism Philosophical and Ethical Views Legal Rights Business Ethics of Food Animal Production Conclusion Cross-References References Anonymity, Confidentiality and De-identified Data Introduction Informed Consent and Anonymity External and Internal Confidentiality Historical Ethical Breaches Are Pseudonyms a Genuine Ethical Assurance? Subpoena Cross-References References Anti-corruption Education Synonyms Introduction: The Context of ACE The Purpose and Starting Points of ACE The Basic Assumptions of ACE ACE Frameworks Multi- and Interdisciplinary Approaches in ACE Modular Structure Content of ACE Typical Course Topics in ACE Integrated Approaches Business Relevant Materials in ACE ACE Methodologies Financial and Institutional Arrangements for ACE Impacts of ACE Cross-References References Apartheid and Ethics Synonyms Introduction A Brief History of Apartheid in South Africa The Ethics of Apartheid Business Ethics and Apartheid The Use and Ethics of Boycotts to Overthrow the Apartheid State References Arctic Security Synonyms Introduction Description What Is Security? Arctic Security Traditionally Understood The Environment and Human Security Summary Cross-References References Aristotelian Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Central Pillars of Aristotle´s Virtue Ethics Virtue Ethics in Today´s Business Environment Conclusion Cross-References References Aristotle Introduction Written Works and Legacy Eudaimonism and Purpose The Function Argument and the Virtues Cross-References References Arms Industry Synonyms Definition/Introduction Principal Producers and Buyers Over Time Land-Based Weapons Naval Systems Aerospace Systems The Cybersecurity Industry Largest Defense-Industry Companies Cross-References References Artificial Intelligence and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Preliminary Remarks AI´s Impact on Business Ethics Corporations The Banking and Insurance Sector Marketing and Advertising Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Work and Existential Boredom Ethical Limits of AI-Supported Business Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Artificial Intelligence and Ethical Journalism Synonyms Introduction Artificial Intelligence as Challenge for Ethical Journalism Ethical Criteria in Journalism Analyzing AI Applications from an Ethical Perspective Conclusion Cross-References References Artificial Intelligence and Teaching Values in Science Synonyms Introduction Science Gallery Dublin: A Living Experiment Art, Science, Technology and Ethics Engaging Audiences in Ethical Discussions Cross-References References Asian Journal of Business Ethics Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References References At the Intersection of Diversity and Ethical Leadership Synonyms Introduction A Deeper Look into Workplace Diversity Customer-Based Diversity Single-Minded Diversity Trend-Based Diversity Locally Accommodating Diversity Diversity as It Should Be Implemented Why We Should Embrace Diversity A Deeper Look into Ethical Leadership Reactive Moral Behavior Cognitive Dissonance Driven Ethics Legally Driven Ethics Laissez-Faire or Misinterpreted Ethics Five Points to Consider About Ethics At the Intersection of Diversity and Ethical Leadership Cross-References References Authenticity Synonyms Introduction A Key Concept of Modern Identity The Paradox of Authenticity as a Cultural Norm Managing Authenticity Cross-References References Autocratic Leadership and Abuse Synonyms Introduction Autocratic Leadership and Abuse Cross-References References Autonomy and Advertising Synonyms Introduction Autonomy, Manipulation, and Alien Desires Persuasive Advertising and the Autonomy Objection Conclusion Cross-References References Autonomy and Informed Consent Synonyms Introduction Autonomy Competence or Capacity Competence and Autonomy Relational Autonomy Respect for Autonomy Consent Informed Consent Autonomy and Consent Cross-References References Awakened Leadership Synonyms Introduction Awakened Leadership: A Brief Overview Elements of Awakened Leadership Style Inclusions Trait Inclusions Balance Emotional Intelligence Authenticity Conclusion Cross-References References Axiology and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Formal Definitions of ``Good,´´ ``Better,´´ ``Best,´´ and ``Ought´´ Three Kinds of Goodness The Hierarchy of Value Value Combinations, Calculations, and Profiles Cross-References References Ayn Rand´s Ethics Synonyms Introduction Objectivist Ontology and Epistemology: Living According to Reality Fiction as a Medium for the Embodiment of Objectivist Philosophy Objectivism and the Defense of Capitalism as a Social Cause Cross-References References Biographies B Bah´í Ethics Synonyms Introduction Personal and Social Ethics Specific Instances of Bah´í Ethics Bah´í Ethics Relation to Major Ethical Canons in Philosophy No Legalistic Criteria of Observance Religious Truth Is Relative References Balanced Scorecard Synonyms Introduction The Four Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard Leading and Lagging Indicators Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Maps Balanced Scorecard for Ethics and Sustainability Performance Dashboards as Dynamic Scorecards Cross-References References Additional Readings Behavioral Ethics and Euphemisms Synonyms Definition Euphemistic Behavior Fosters Rationalizations Cross-References References Behavioral Ethics and Euphemisms: How Euphemisms Impact Ethical Decision-Making Synonyms Definition Euphemistic Behavior Fosters Rationalizations Cross-References References Behavioral Ethics and Rationalizations Synonyms Definition Rationalizations Foster Unethical Behavior Rationalization Theory Common Rationalizations Cross-References References Beneficence Synonyms Introduction The Empirical Contexts of Beneficence Public Health Clinical Health Practice Human Research Ethics The Conceptual Contexts of Beneficence Obligations and Virtues Paternalism and Autonomy Justice and the Complexities of Social Consequences Cross-References References Big 5 Personality Types and Willingness to Justify Unethical Behavior Introduction Big 5 Personality Types and Willingness to Justify Unethical Behavior Main Effect and Moderated Hypotheses Methods, Analysis, and Findings Implications Cross-References References Big Data Ethics Synonyms Introduction Big Data Analysis Big Data Ethics Cross-References References Bioethics Synonyms Introduction History Principlism International Context Cross-References References Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies, the Relevance for Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology Cryptocurrencies Closing Remarks and Future Topics Cross-References References Boycotting as a Social Movement Synonyms Introduction Who Boycotts Effectiveness of Boycotts Cross-References References Bribery Synonyms Definition Cross-References References Bribery and Business Synonyms Introduction Elements of Bribery Bribery and Other Business Cross-References References Buddhism Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Buddhism and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Buddhism: A Snapshot The Need for a Firmer Ethical Stance in Business Buddhism and Business Ethics Concluding Thoughts Cross-References References Business and Ethics of Capital Punishment Synonyms Introduction Views About the Moral Justification of Capital Punishment Capital Punishment Suspensionism Conclusion Cross-References References Business and Human Rights Synonyms Introduction Business and Human Rights Institutionalizing Human Rights and Business: The UN Guiding Principles Judgment: Human Rights and Flexible, Contextual Obligations Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Business and Peace Introduction The Concept of Business and Peace Cross-References References Business and Society Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References Business and War Synonyms Introduction Business and War Cross-References References Business Case for Business Ethics Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Business Code of Ethics Synonyms Definition Adoption Content Functions Effectiveness Cross-References References Further Reading Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility in South Africa Synonyms Introduction Business Ethics in South Africa Corporate Social Responsibility in South Africa Cross-References References Business Ethics and Sexual Harassment Synonyms Introduction Legal-Centric Management of Workplace Sexual Harassment Public Policy on Workplace Sexual Harassment Morality-Based Ethics and Sexual Harassment Conclusion Cross-References References Business Ethics as an Academic Discipline Synonyms Introduction Business Ethics and Ethical Theory Deontology Utilitarianism Connections Between Ethical Theory and Teaching Business Ethics Contemporary Teaching of Business Ethics Teaching Business Ethics Cross-References References Business Ethics in Australia Introduction Developments in Australian Business Ethics Current Events The Future Implications of Past Events Cross-References References Business Ethics in Canada Introduction History of Canadian Business Ethics Scandals Business Ethics-Related Legislation in Canada Academia and Business Ethics in Canada Business Ethics Organizations in Canada Future of Business Ethics in Canada Cross-References References Business Ethics in the UK Synonyms Introduction The Legal Framework Codifying Corporate Governance Some Current Issues and Influences Conclusion Cross-References References Business Ethics Quarterly Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References References Business Ethics Without Metaphysics Synonyms Introduction Approaches to Ethics Without Metaphysical Agreement Conclusion Cross-References References and Additional Reading Business Ethics, Consumerism, and the Fashion Industry Synonyms Introduction Global Concerns in the Fashion Industry Environmental Impact Endangerment of Animals and Animal Rights Workers´ Rights Toward More Ethical Business Conclusion Cross-References References Business Ethics: A European Review Synonyms Definition/Introduction Definition Cross-References References Business of Boycotting Synonyms Introduction Types of Boycotts The Argument that Some Boycotts Are Morally Wrong Cross-References References Business, Law, and Codes of Ethics Synonyms Introduction Business and Law Codes of Ethics (and Law) Conclusion Cross-References References C Capitalism Synonyms Introduction Historic Roots Orthodox Capitalism Critique of Orthodox Capitalism The Two Domains: Social Roles, Values, and Ethics Profits, Competition, and Growth Unequal Powers Volatility The Evolution of Capitalism Globalization of Corporate Capitalism Prospects for the Future Cross-References References Capping Damages: Ethical Concerns Synonyms Introduction Types of Damages in Tort Cases and the Role of Damages Caps Applying Major Ethical Theories Cross-References References Catholic Social Thought Synonyms Definition Historical Development Main Topics Some Characteristics of CST Values, Virtues, and Guiding Principles Intertwined Permanent Principles Cross-References References Main Pontifical CST Documents* Additional Reading CEO Compensation and Just Pay Theories Synonyms Introduction Incentive-Based Views Desert-Based Views Procedural Views Concluding Remarks Cross-References References CEO Leadership and Gender Synonyms Definition CEO Leadership and Gender Introduction Theoretical Models Literature Review Gender Differences in Leadership Style Contingent Reward Leadership Management-by-Exception Leadership Transformational Leadership Gender Differences as a Function of Perception and Stereotype Design/Methodology/Approach Limitations and Future Research Directions Summary Cross-References References Change Management Synonyms Introduction The Shifting Nature of Change The Challenges of Managing Change Implications for Managers Concluding Thoughts Cross-References References Charismatic Leadership Synonyms Definition Charismatic Leadership The Charismatic Bond Emergence of Charismatic Leaders Maintaining the Charismatic Bond Routinization of Charismatic Authority Summary Cross-References References Additional Readings Child Labour and Child Slave Labour in the World of International Business Synonyms Introduction Current Realities, Alarming Statistics Global Supply Chains and Child Labour Informal Economy and Child Labour Child Rights in Technology Framing Child Rights as Business Responsibility Policy Framework Translating Intent to Action Conclusion Cross-References References China and Business Ethics Synonyms Definition Description Business Ethics Revival in China Cross-References References Chinese Approach to Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Key Topics in the Chinese Context Cross-References References Chinese Stock Market Synonyms Definition Description The History of Market Reform Cross-References References Christianity and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Faith and Reason in Christian Ethics Christianity on Business: A Short Overview Modern Christian Perspectives on Business Ethics Cross-References References Collaborations Between Grassroots Advocacy Groups and Business Synonyms Introduction Business and Social Movement Collaboration How and Why Businesses Collaborate on Social Issues The Indiana Example Lessons for Business and Social Movement Collaboration Cross-References References Additional Readings Collective Bargaining (USA) Synonyms Definition and Elements of Collective Bargaining An Overview of Collective Bargaining in the United States The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) Bargaining Power and Bargaining Structure Types of Bargaining Structures The Decline of Union Bargaining Power Collective Bargaining Around the Globe Issues of Justice, Fairness, Equity, and Ethics References Commodification of Care Synonyms Introduction Big Pharma: A Healthcare Powerhouse Health Insurance as Commodity Perspectives on Physicians Healthcare Commodification in Practice Mylan´s EpiPen Price Gouging Martin Shkreli´s Pharmaceutical Dealings Cross-References References Common Good Principle Synonyms Introduction The Different Conceptions of Common Good in History The Driving Force Behind Common Good: The Virtues Different Manifestations of the Common Good Conclusion Cross-References References Communism Versus Capitalism Synonyms Origins Tensions and Transitions Cross-References References Company Socialization and Ethical Fit Synonyms Introduction Organizational Socialization and Staff Induction Organizational Socialization and Person-Organization Fit Levels of Ethical Development and Person-Organization Fit Cross-References References Compensatory Justice to Groups Synonyms Introduction Cross-References References Conflict of Commitment Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? What Are the Ethical Issues? How Are Conflicts of Commitment Managed? Conclusions Cross-References References Conflict of Interest in Research Definition Policy Regulation Institutional Conflicts of Interest Disclosure, Management, Recusal Conclusion Cross-References References Confucianism and LGBTQ+ Rights Synonyms Introduction Society and the Workplace Rights and Sources of Pessimism Some Sources of Optimism Conclusion Cross-References References Conscience in Business and Organizations Synonyms Introduction Conscience in Business Ethics: Overview Conscience in Business and Organizations: Themes Can Corporate Conscience Exist? What Is Corporate Level Conscience? Should Corporations Have a Conscience? Individual Level (Employee) Assertions of Conscientious Objection Corporate Level Assertions of Conscientious Objection Cross-References References Contract Theory Synonyms Definition/Introduction The History of the Social Contract Argument Contemporary Applications of the Social Contract Political Contract Theory Moral Contract Theory Contractarian Business Ethics Cross-References References Core Values Synonyms Introduction Values at the Individual Level Values at the Organizational Level Value Sharing Cross-References References Corporate Crime Synonyms Introduction What Is Corporate Crime? Neoliberalism and the Corporate Criminal Globalization Corporate Social Responsibility Reconfiguring State-Corporate Relations Cross-References References Corporate Crisis Management and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Nature of Corporate Crises Corporate Crisis Management Relevance of Ethics to Corporate Crisis Management Research Themes on Ethics in Crisis Management Ethics and Effectiveness of Crisis Communication Strategies Implications of Ethical Theories for Effective Crisis Management Implications of Behavioral Ethics for Crisis Management Critical Management Analyses of Crisis Response Cross-References References Corporate Ethics Officers Synonyms Organizational Ethics and Contemporary Business Definition: Ethics Officers Primary Responsibilities of EOs Main Functions and Job Responsibility of EOs Ethics Education Manage Compliance Serve as Liaison Between Internal Stakeholders and Top Management Investigative Oversight Liaison to External Stakeholders Job Requirements Personal Dispositions/Characteristics Organizational Context for Ethical Leadership Organizational Climate Top Management Commitment Independence of the EO Recruitment and Selection Conclusion Cross-References References Corporate Governance Synonyms Definition Discussion Corporate Governance Codes The ``Ownership´´ Debate Cross-References Recommended Reading Corporate Governance and Values-Based Management Synonyms Introduction Historical Background The Role of the Board of Directors Mechanisms of Corporate Governance Expansion of the Definition of Corporate Governance Values-Based Management in Relation to Corporate Governance Cross-References References Corporate Personhood and Corporate Responsibility to Race Synonyms Introduction The Emergence of CRR The Purpose of CRR Theoretical Foundations The Corporation´s Racialized Roots Differentiating CRR CRR Communication Principles Forms of CRR Implications of CRR Cross-References References Corporate Power over Human Rights Synonyms Introduction Main Text: Analyzing Corporate Power Four Locations of Corporate Power Cross-References References/Additional Readings Corporate Psychopaths Synonyms Definition Description Who Experiences Corporate Psychopaths? What Experiences Do Corporate Psychopaths Engender? What Are Some of the Consequences of Working with Corporate Psychopaths? Reduced Job Satisfaction Reputation Declines Redundancies Retribution Psychopaths and Human Rights Cross-References References Corporate Psychopathy Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Corporate Punishment Introduction Is Corporate Punishment Morally Justified? Methods of Corporate Punishment Conclusion References Corporate Social Responsibility Synonyms Introduction Discussion Cross-References References Corporate Social Responsibility and Domestic Violence Introduction The Twenty-First Century: A Persistent Problem of Domestic Violence and Dissolving Boundaries Between Work and Home The Expanding Scope of Corporate Social Responsibility: Ethical Reasoning About Corporate Responsibility in Relation to Domest... Dealing with the Impacts of Domestic Violence in the Workplace: Issues for Business to Consider Cross-References References Legislation Australia Canada New Zealand Philippines Corporate Social Responsibility and Engineering Ethics Synonyms Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility Engineering Ethics and Its Discontents Role Ethics Conclusion Cross-References References Corporate Social Responsibility Assurance Synonyms Introduction Theories Stakeholder Theory Legitimacy Theory Signaling Theory Standards and Criteria Global Reporting Initiative AA1000AS and ISAE3000 The CSR Assurance Market Cross-References References Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Groups Introduction CSR and the Public Good in a BG Context CSR and Corporate Governance Philanthropy in BGs The Dark Side of the Role BGs in Society Conclusion Cross-References References Corporate Social Responsibility in Japanese Corporations Synonyms Introduction CSR Definition Background Rapid CSR Institutionalization in Japanese Corporations The Toshiba Case Is Japan Stakeholder-capitalism? ``Sanpo-yoshi´´ as Japan´s Original CSR? Challenges for Japanese Corporations Cross-References References Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting Frameworks Synonyms Introduction The IR Framework Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Conclusion Cross-References References Corporate Social Responsibility: A Bibliometric Research Synonyms Introduction Fifty Years of Research on Corporate Social Responsibility: A Bibliometric Summary Conclusions Cross-References References Corporate Sustainability and Climate Change Synonyms Introduction Corporate Sustainability Climate Change: A Very Brief Overview Global Climate Change Governance: The Paris Agreement and Agenda 2030 Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for Business Just Transitions and the Role of Business Conclusion Cross-References References Corporations and Duties to the Global Poor Synonyms Introduction The Authority View Capability Dependence How to Fulfill Duties to the Global Poor Duties, Limits, and the Role of the Corporation Cross-References References Corporations and the Division of the Advantages of Social Cooperation Introduction Markets and Commons Corporations and Commons Industrial Commons Concluding Remarks Cross-References Acknowledgment References Corporations as Moral Entities Synonyms Definition Description Ontological Status of Corporations Methodological Reducibility of Corporate Action Satisfying Conditions for Moral Agency Secondary Moral Agency Corporate Practices as Defining Moral Agency Consequences of Ascribing Moral Agency to Corporations Summary Cross-References References Correcting the Published Literature Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Author and Researcher Responsibilities Cross-References References Corruption and Gender Synonyms Introduction Similarities Between the two Concepts Are Women or Men More Corrupt? Using Women as Tools to Combat Corruption Gendered Impact of Corruption Sextortion and Women as Currency Initiatives on Gender Inequality and Corruption Cross-References References Corruption and the American Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Synonyms Definition of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act A Brief History of the FCPA Conclusions Cross-References References Covert Research Synonyms Definition Rise and Fall of Covert Method The Limit of the ``Classical Paradigm´´ Present and Future of a Controversial Method Cross-References References Credit Union Ethics Synonyms Introduction Bad Banking Behaviour: Contrasting with Credit Unions Ethical Inertia Beyond Co-operative Ethics, Values and Principles Conclusion Cross-References References Criteria for Ethical Authorship and Contributorship Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Cross-Cultural Aspects of Leadership Synonyms Introduction Definition of Ethical Leadership Macro- and Micromorality Cross-Cultural Difference in Perceptions of Ethical Leadership: Findings of a Qualitative Empirical Study Conclusion Cross-References References Cybersecurity: Critical Consideration for Boards of Growth Firms Introduction Growth Firms and Their Boards 4.0 Economy of Today Contemporary Issues with Cybersecurity Cybersecurity As Vulnerability Concerns Arising Out of Cybersecurity Vulnerability Cybersecurity As a Critical Element of Strategy Conclusion Cross-References References D Data Ownership and Data Sharing Practices Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Deception and Research Synonyms Introduction What Is Deception? Regulation of Deception Research on Consequences of Deception Cross-References References Democracy and Governance: Toward a New Ethics of Decision-Making Synonyms Definition Who Makes Authoritative Decisions? How Are Authoritative Decisions Made? How Should Authoritative Decisions Be Made? Cross-References References Democratic Decision-Making in Dewey´s Ethics Synonyms Introduction Dewey´s Pragmatic Pluralism in Ethics Democratic Intelligence Cross-References References Deontology Synonyms Introduction Deontological Theory Business Ethics and Deontology What Is the Purpose of Business? What Would Kant Say About This? Why Should We Always Be Moral? Cross-References References Destructive Leadership Synonyms Definition Description A Model of Destructive and Constructive Leadership Behavior Prevalence Closing Comments on Expanding the Focus Beyond the Individual Leader Cross-References References Development Ethics Synonyms Introduction People-Centered Practice Practical Application Cross-References References Dialectical Enquiry in Ethical Business Dispute Resolution Synonyms Definition Background History Employing Dialectical Enquiry in Dispute Resolution Criticisms of the Dialectical Enquiry Technique Cross-References References Differences Between Transactional and Transformational Leadership Synonyms Introduction How Do Transactional Leadership and Transformational Leadership Differ? Cross-References References Digital Convergence and Musical Ethics Synonyms Introduction Global and Mass Digital Reproduction of Music Musical Impoverishment Counterarguments Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Director Appointments: The Role of Social Networks Synonyms Introduction Director Selection from Board Networks Ethical Issues in Appointments of Directors from Social Networks of Management CEOs´ Involvement in the Selection of a New Director Potential Agency Costs of Social Ties Between Management and the Board of Directors Potential Benefits of Connections Between Management and Directors Conclusions Cross-References References Directors´ Duties to Tie Executive Pay to Environmental Protection Synonyms Introduction The Emerging Duties of Directors Toward the Environment Climate Risk Disclosure Policies Further Expansion of Directors´ Duties to Consider Climate Risk Toward a Duty of Directors to Tie Executive Pay to Climate Change Conclusion Cross-References References Disability Management Synonyms Introduction The Distinction Between Disability and Impairment Historical Development Characteristics of Disability Management Ethical Perspectives on Disability Management as a Business Strategy Cross-References References Displacement and Refugees with Respect to Human Rights Regimes Synonyms Defining the Issues Development of the International Refugee Protection Regime Challenges Moving Forward Cross-References References Distributive Justice Synonyms Introduction Summary Cross-References References Diversity, Equity, and Inclusivity (DEI) Synonyms Introduction Reverse Discrimination Compensatory Justice Contrary to Competence Cross-References References Doctrine of the Mean and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction The Doctrine Business and the Doctrine of the Mean Ethical Implications: Sustainability Ethical Implications: Individual Decision-Making Ethical Implications: Organizational Decision-Making Cross-References References Duplicate Publication and Salami Slicing Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References E Economic Efficiency and Socioeconomic Well-Being Synonyms Introduction Economic Growth, Economic Efficiency, and Well-Being Economic Efficiency Conclusion References Economic Man Synonyms Definition and Introduction Evolution of the Term Cross-References References Economics, Ethics, and the Environment Synonyms Introduction Environmental Economics Versus Environmental Ethics Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) and the Environment Game Theory in the Form of Prisoner´s Dilemma and the Environment Cross-References References Economics and Business of War and Responsibility for Unjust Wars Introduction Just War Theory Compensatory Justice for War Crimes Conclusion References Education and Wealth Equity Synonyms Introduction Wealth Inequality Limitations to Contemporary Education Conclusion Cross-References References Educational Ethics Synonyms Introduction Role Morality in Teaching Professionalization of Teaching Educational Ethics and Teacher Training Conclusion Cross-References References Ego Depletion: Overview and Implications for Ethical Choices Synonyms Introduction Overview Regulatory Resources Why Do People Become Depleted? Potential Triggers General Impact Impact on Ethical Decision-Making Mitigating Regulatory (Ego) Depletion Cross-References References Egoism and Libertarian Ethics Synonyms Introduction Egoism in Libertarian Doctrine Business Ethics and Egoism Cross-References References and Additional Readings Emerging Trends in Socially Responsible Investment Synonyms Introduction What Is in a Name? Emerging Trends in SRI Materiality Fiduciary Duty Reporting Standards and Integrating Reporting ESG Data: Analysis and Analytics ESG Investment Strategies ESG and Performance: Correlations and Causation ESG and ``Beta Activism´´ (Corporate Governance Activism) Conclusion Empathic Leadership Synonyms Definition Description Dimensions Importance Limits Developmental Dimensions Conclusion Cross-References References Employee Perceptions of Organizational Justice and Corporate Social Responsibility Synonyms Introduction Organizational Justice Defining Organizational Justice Outcomes of Organizational Justice Content (Motivators) and Process Models of Organizational Justice Content Models Process Models Third-Party Justice Perceptions Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Defining CSR Antecedents of Employee CSR Perception Outcomes of Employee CSR Perceptions Motivators, Moderators, and Mediators Conclusion Cross-References References Employer Loyalty Introduction Employee Loyalty Loyalty from Employers Reciprocity: The Need to Recognize and Resolve Loyalty Risks and Conflicts Clarity and Consistency in Communication: A Tool to Foster Mutual Loyalty Costs of Employer Disloyalty Conclusion Cross-References References Employment Relationships and Ethical Leadership Synonyms Introduction Employment Relationships: Nature and Typology Ethical Leadership: How Does It Elevate Employment Relationships? Conclusion Cross-References References Enron Scandal Definition Description Cross-References References Environmental Accounting Synonyms Introduction Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) Environmental Reporting Motivation for Environmental Accounting Cross-References References Environmental Assessment and Resource Extraction Synonyms Introduction The EA Process Emergence of EA Common Criticisms New Approaches Conclusion Cross-References References Environmental Change in the Arctic Synonyms Introduction Case Study: Uranium Mining in Greenland The Concept of Responsibility Cross-References References Environmental Conflict/Access to Natural Resources Synonyms Introduction Backdrop The Anthropocene Environmental Ethics Conceptual Frame Critical Political Ecology Nature as Ontological Terrain of Contestation Sites of Encounter Competing Development Paradigms Place-Based Environmental Conflict Ways to Mitigate Conflict Cross-References References Environmental Ethics and Sustainability Synonyms Definition The Social Imperative and Equity Issues Sustainability and Generational Equity Conclusion Cross-References References Environmental Philosophy and Business Synonyms Introduction Environmental Philosophy Positions on the Value of the Environment Environmental Philosophy and Business Environmental Issues Involving Businesses and Industries Environmental Philosophy and Business Ethics Summary Cross-References References Equality of Opportunity Synonyms Introduction Example of An Equality of Opportunity Case Criticisms of Equality of Opportunity Using this Example Cross-References References Ethical Analysis of Tax Avoidance Synonyms Introduction Different Forms of Tax Avoidance Can Tax Avoidance Be Morally Right? What Is Wrong with Tax Avoidance? Summary Cross-References References Ethical and Financial Aspects of Divesting Synonyms Definition/Introduction Introduction to Fossil Fuel Divestment The Ethical Case for Divestment The Financial Case for Divestment Conclusions Cross-References References Ethical Behavior and Economics Synonyms Introduction What Is Ethical Behavior in the Economy Contemporary Economics: Why Ethics Is Bad for the Economy More Realistic Models and a Dynamic Ethical Market Economy Some Determinants of Ethical Practices The Ethics of Consumer Sovereignty Conclusion Cross-References References Ethical Blind Spots and Accounting Synonyms Introduction Ethical Blindness Causes of Accountants´ Ethical Blindness Ethical Fading and Language Euphemisms Ethical Blindness in Decision Framing Financial Goals Combating Ethical Blindness Cross-References References Ethical Citizenship and Business Ethics Introduction What is Ethics? What is Citizenship? Capitalism as a Foundation for Business Alternatives to Capitalism What is Business Ethics? Ethical Citizenship and Business Ethics Conclusion Cross-References References Ethical Climate and Ethical Culture Synonyms Definition Models A Model of Ethical Climate A Model of Ethical Culture Questionnaires Value of Ethical Culture and Ethical Climate References Ethical Considerations for the Presenter and Performing Artist Dynamic Synonyms Introduction Negotiation The Ethical Consideration Framework Scenarios Manager-Presenter Manager and Artist Presenter and Artist Conclusion Cross-References References Ethical Decision-Making and Leadership Stress Synonyms Introduction The Relationship Between Ethical Decision-Making and Leadership How Stress Impacts the Relationship Cross-References References Ethical Decision-Making Process Synonyms Introduction The Proposition of Rest: The Four-Component Model of Moral Behavior Ethical Decision-Making Models in Organizations The Ethical Decision-Making Process Factors That Affect the Ethical Decision-Making Process Conclusions Cross-References References Ethical Dilemmas Synonyms Definition Introduction Dilemmas in Business and Professional Ethics Examples Dilemmas in Theory and Practice Source of Dilemmas The Solution to Dilemmas Conclusions Cross-References References Ethical Dilemmas of Corporate Secretaries Synonyms Introduction The Role of Corporate Secretaries in Corporate Governance Codes and Principles of Ethics Varieties of Ethical Dilemmas Future Challenges for the Corporate Secretary Cross-References References Ethical Dimensions of Consumer Boycotts Synonyms Introduction Individual and Organized Boycotts Normative Standards for Organized Consumer Boycotts Procedural Standards for Organized Consumer Boycotts Conclusion: Shunning or Strategic Tools for Change? Cross-References References Ethical Engagement: Observer Obstacles Synonyms Definition Microlevel Individual Obstacles Meso-level Organizational Obstacles When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do Macro-environmental Obstacles Cross-References References Ethical Global Citizenship Education Synonyms Introduction The Five Dimensions of Ethical Global Citizenship Education Dimension 1: Values-Creation Dimension 2: Identity Progression Dimension 3: Collective Involvement Dimension 4: Glocal Disposition Dimension 5: Intergenerational Mindset Practical Application Conclusion Cross-References References Ethical Hacking: Is It Ethical? Synonyms Introduction Why Is Ethical Hacking Necessary? Ethical Hacking What Ethical Hackers Are Not What Ethical Hackers Are How Trust Is Reinforced Ethical Values at Stake Ethical Dilemma for Ethical Hackers Conclusion Cross-References References Ethical Issues Facing Domestic Workers Synonyms Introduction Recognizing Domestic Work as ``Real´´ Work The Difficulty of Regulating Domestic Work Migrant Domestic Worker Programs as Contributing to Inequality Between States and to Prolonged Family Separation Determining Migrant Domestic Workers´ Settlement Rights in Migrant-Receiving States Cross-References References Ethical Issues in Providing Behavioral Health Treatment to Vulnerable Populations Synonyms Definition Applying Ethics to Specific Behavioral Health-Care Practices: Community Health Clinics Applying Ethics to Psychiatric Practices References Ethical Issues in Use of Digital Technology in Physiotherapy Synonyms Introduction Online/Digital Physiotherapy Individualised Patient-Centred Physiotherapy Ethics of Online Physiotherapy Patient Consent Cross-References References Additional Readings Ethical Issues When Interacting with Indigenous Music and Musicians Synonyms Introduction Theme One: Appropriation and Permission Theme Two: Mutual Respect Theme Three: Benefits for Indigenous People and Communities Theme Four: Giving the Music Back Theme Five: Community Well-Being Theme Six: Self-Determination Theme Seven: Challenging Colonial Relationships Concluding Reflections Cross-References References Ethical Leadership Synonyms Definition Characteristics of Ethical Leaders Antecedents of Ethical Leadership Outcomes of Ethical Leadership Conclusion: When Deeds Speak, Words Are Nothing Cross-References References Ethical Leadership and the LGBTQ Homeless Youth Crisis Synonyms Introduction Consequences for LGBT Homeless Youth Ethical Leadership Need Cross-References References Ethical Literacy in Leadership Development Synonyms Introduction Ethical Literacy Types of Formal Leadership Development Programs Ethical Literacy Training in Formal Leadership Development State of the Research on Ethical Literacy Training Effectiveness Cross-References References Ethical Management of Psychiatric Care of Children and Adolescents Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Authoritative Ethics Documents Principles of Ethics Applied to Child Psychiatry Research and Treatment Cross-References References Ethical Peer Review Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Ethical Performance and Health Synonyms Introduction The Influence of Health on Ethical Performance Mental Well-Being Physical Well-Being The Influence of Ethical Performance on Health Internal Ethical Performance Social Responsibility Cross-References References Ethical Representation of Data Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Ethical Responsibility of Orchestras in Contemporary (Multicultural) Societies Introduction History of the Symphony Orchestra Orchestras and Public Funding Cultural Expression, Value, and Decolonization Cross-References References/Additional Readings Ethics and Artificial Intelligence Synonyms Introduction What Is AI? What Is AI Ethics? AI and Discrimination AI and Manipulation AI and Responsibility AI and Autonomy AI and Moral Agency AI and Robot Rights AI´s Effects on Human Relationships AI and Unemployment Cross-References References Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Synonyms Introduction Ethics Ethics as Evaluator of CSR Ethics as a Motivator for CSR Ethics as a Source of Contents of CSR Ethics and International Standards for CSR Cross-References References and Additional Readings Ethics and Crisis Management Synonyms Introduction The Tylenol Example: An ``Ideal Type´´ Case Study of Ethical Management Crisis Intervention Ethical Leadership in Crisis Management Conclusion Cross-References References Ethics and Economics in Healthcare Decision-Making Synonyms Definition of the Topic Introduction Healthcare Ethics Organizational Ethics Ethics Effectiveness Ethical Decision-Making in Healthcare Leadership Health Economics and Ethical Decision-Making Cross-References References Ethics and Learning in Organizations Synonyms Introduction Ethics and Learning Individual Decision-Making Individual Learning Operational Learning Relational Learning Intrinsic Learning Organizational Learning Conclusion Cross-References References Ethics and Psychological Experimentation: A Historical Overview Synonyms Introduction Historical Starting Points Influence of War Post-War Advancements Human Subjects Protections Advent of Informed Consent Learning from the Past Cross-References References Ethics and the Business of Sport: The Lance Armstrong Case Synonyms Introduction Punishing Lance Armstrong Objections and Replies Conclusion References Ethics Audit Synonyms Definition of an Ethics Audit The Objects of an Ethics Audit Objectives of an Ethics Audit Ethics Audits in Practice Frameworks for an Ethics Audit Methods for an Ethics Audit Ethics Auditors Issues for Ethics Audits Relevance of Ethics Audits for Science Cross-References References Ethics Committees (Including Research) Synonyms Definition Origins and Presence Functions Features Effectiveness Cross-References References Ethics Education in the Professions: Those Who Have Taught and What They Have Taught Synonyms Introduction Who Has Taught Applied Ethics? What Have They Taught? Balancing Theory and Practice Formulating the Curriculum´s Contents Responding to Mandated Principles and Standards Two Considerations Concerning Applied Ethics Education Concerning Assessment Conclusion Cross-References References Ethics in Leadership Coaching Synonyms Definition Description Coach Conduct Coach Client Coach Client Organization Client Client Organization Summary Cross-References References Ethics in the Media Synonyms Introduction Ethics in the Media Who Is Communicating? What Is Being Communicated? To Whom, How, and When Is Information Communicated? Ethics for Media Professionals: A General Principle Ethics for Media Professionals: Truth, Human Dignity, Common Good, and Respect Common Ethical Issues in the World of Media Falsehood in the Form of Misrepresentation, Lies, and Deception Sensationalism Intrusion on, and Lack of Respect for, Privacy Commercialism Ethical Sensitivity and the Morality of Human Acts: Rules About Harmful Side Effects Codes of Ethics The Ethics of Listening Integrity Training: Possible Pitfalls, Fake News Benefits of Ethics in the Media Conclusion Cross-References References Ethics in Workplace Mental Health Synonyms Introduction Ethics-Related Factors Associated with Employee Mental Health Ethical Considerations for Managers with Respect to Employee Mental Health Conditions Legal Considerations Organizational Policy and Values Statements Professional Codes of Ethics or Codes of Professional Conduct Ethical Questions About the Nature and Use of Workplace Mental Health Programs Cross-References References Ethics of a Pandemic Basic Income Synonyms Introduction What Is an Emergency Basic Income? Arguing for Basic Income as a Pandemic Policy Response From Emergency Back to Universal Basic Income Cross-References References Ethics of Boycotts Synonyms Definition Types of Boycotts Reasons for Boycotts Types of Acts That May Be Boycotted Ethical Considerations Cross-References References Ethics of Meaningful Work Synonyms Introduction Approaches Benefits Contrary Views Ethics Cross-References Additional Readings Ethics of Music Teacher Education in Postcolonial Countries Synonyms Introduction Education under Colonialism Cross-References References Ethics of Tax Reform Synonyms Introduction Describing a ``Good Tax´´ Tax Reform The Process of Tax Reform Tax Reform in the United States Is the TCJA ``Good´´ Tax Reform? Conclusion Cross-References References Ethics, Craft, and the Business of Music Synonyms Introduction Consequentialist and Virtue Ethics Deontological Ethics and Craft Cross-References References Further Readings Eudaimonia Synonyms Introduction Eudaimonia and the Challenge of the Modern World Eudaimonia and Vocations: A Path Forward Cross-References References European Business Ethics Network Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Historical Overview Synonyms Introduction 1950s and 1960s: Early Days of CSR The 1970s: A New Managerial Approach to CSR 1980s: Expansion and Operationalization of CSR 1990s: Globalization of CSR 2000s: Global Recognition of CSR 2010s: CSR and the Sustainable Development Goals Cross-References References Existentialism and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction The History of Existentialism The Role of Existentialism Existentialism and the Purpose of Business in Society The Need for Change in Society Cross-References References/Additional Readings F Fair Trade Consumerism Synonyms Introduction Alternative Trade Organizations (ATOs) Changing Standards Cross-References References Fast Growth Private Firms: The Power of Ethical Values and Trust in Enhancing Performance Synonyms Introduction Background Methodology Findings Value of Care Customer Obsession Honesty, Fairness, Transparency, and Integrity Respect for Diversity Collaboration Focus on Sustainability Conclusions and Directions for Future Research Cross-References References Female Chair: Moving Away from Shareholder Primacy Synonyms Introduction Moving Away from Shareholder Primacy Moving Away from Shareholder Primacy: Appointment of Women Directors Repositioning the Female Chair: The Agent of Transition Conclusion Cross-References References Feminist Economics and Agency Synonyms Introduction Gender as Defining Characteristic for Economic Analysis Agency and Empowerment Power Why Does Agency and Empowerment Matter? Institutional Environment Resources Cross-References References Feminist Ethics Synonyms Introduction Feminist Ethics Versus Universalism Relational Considerations Feminist Ethics and the #MeToo Movement Global and Other Concerns Cross-References References Financial Secrecy Index Synonyms Introduction Description Cross-References References Financial Sector Sustainability Regulations and Guidelines Synonyms Introduction Why Environmental Regulations for Banks? The Chinese Green Credit Policy as an Example of Financial Sector Sustainability Regulations Scope of the Financial Sector Sustainability Regulations Conclusion Discussion Cross-References References Five Elements of Normative Ethics Synonyms Introduction I. Normative Individualism II. Aims, Desires, Needs, and Strivings (Concerns and Interests) III. Pluralism of References in Moral Evaluations and Obligations IV. The Necessity of a Principle of Aggregation, Weighing, or Balancing V. The Principle of Deliberation Regarding the Self- and Other-Relativity of Individual Concerns Conflicts Between Concerns of the Same Zone Conflicts Between Interests of Different Zones Cross-References References Food Advertising Synonyms Introduction Legal Issues Free Speech Federal Laws State Laws ``Natural´´ and ``Organic´´ Ethical Issues Cross-References References Additional Readings Food Studies: Values and Ethics Synonyms Definition Overview Debates on Causes of Food Insecurity and Possible Solutions Other Overarching Issues Conclusion Cross-References References Fraud Triangle: Cressey´s Fraud Triangle and Alternative Fraud Theories Synonyms Introduction Modifications to the Fraud Triangle Alternative Theoretical Explanations for Fraud, Bribery, and Corruption General Strain Theory (GST) Differential Association Theory Conclusion Cross-References References Free Rider Problem During the Covid-19 Pandemic Synonyms Introduction Game Theoretic Perspectives and Pandemics: Noncompliance as Free Riding Managing and Preventing Free Riding Non-game Theoretic Considerations Conclusion Cross-References References Funding and Sponsorship of Publications Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Future of Work: Values and Ethical Issues Synonyms Definition Work in the Past Work in the Future The Transition Ethics and Values Cross-References References G Gender and Food Security Synonyms Introduction Discussion Food Availability Economic Access to Food Nutritional Security Conclusion Cross-References References Gender and Household Economics Synonyms Definitions Introduction Models of Household Decision-Making Bargaining Models Disagreement Points in Static Models Dynamic Models and the Role of Specialization Competing Mates Negotiation Skills Relationship Between Collective Models and Bargaining Models Cross-References References Gender and Macroeconomics Synonyms Introduction Macroeconomic Policies and Gender Outcomes Gender Equality and Economic Growth Cross-References References Gender and Microcredit Synonyms Definition Why Microcredit? Women and Forms of Microcredit Debating Microcredit: Has It Empowered Women? Cross-References References Gender and Social Security Synonyms Definitions/Introduction Social Security Through a Gender Lens Cross-References References Gender and the Economic Theory of the Firm Synonyms Definition/Introduction Masculinist Bias in the Theory of the Firm Developments in Gender and Business Ethics Developments in Feminist Economics Conclusion Cross-References References Gender Gap in College Enrollment Synonyms Introduction The Old Gender Gap The New Gender Gap Discussion Cross-References References Gender Policies on the Board of Directors and Firms Financial Performance Synonyms Introduction Gender Diversity on Board of Directors and Company Financial Performance Theoretical Framework Conclusions Cross-References References Gender, Economics, and Unpaid Work Synonyms Introduction Paid Work and Unpaid Work Are Both Productive Making Unpaid Work Visible Unpaid Work and Gender Equity Conclusion Cross-References References Gender-Based Violence Against Women and Girls Synonyms Definition Groups Disproportionately Affected by Gender-Based Violence The Legal and Policy Framework Around the Globe The Economic and Labor Market Consequences of Gender-Based Violence Concluding Remarks Cross-References References and Additional Reading Gender-Responsive Budgeting Synonyms Introduction Why the Budget? How Does Gender-Responsive Budgeting Work? Laws and Guidelines Capacity Strengthening Data Multi-stakeholder Engagement Gaps in Knowledge and Practice Conclusion Cross-References References Genomics and Related Sciences: Values and Ethics Synonyms Definition Overview Values and Ethics Debates Within Genomics and Life Sciences Conclusion Cross-References References Getting by Tensions in Responsible Investment Synonyms Introduction The Practice of SRI The Paradoxical Tensions of SRI Acceptable Versus Unacceptable Assessing Companies Conflicting Logics Engaging with Companies: Between Voice and Exit How to Deal with Paradoxes Conclusion Cross-References References Ghost, Guest, and Gift Authorship Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Gift-Giving and Foundation-Owned Business Synonyms Introduction Gift-Giving and Reciprocity Philanthropic Gift-Giving and Foundation-Owned Businesses Philanthropic Practices and Welfare Societies Conclusion Cross-References References Gifting and Influence in the Private Sector Synonyms Introduction Gifting and Influence Under Suspicion Peddling Influence Conflicts of Interest Cultural Nuances Solutions Conclusion Cross-References References Gifting and Influence in the Public Sector Synonyms Introduction Why Discuss Gifts? Policies on Gifting in Some Countries What, If Anything, Is Really Wrong with Public Sector Gifting? Regarding Influence Some Instances of Influence Peddling Final Considerations Cross-References References Global Corruption Introduction Reform Citizen Engagement Cross-References References Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Synonyms Introduction Description Cross-References References GMOs Synonyms Introduction A Short History Ethical Issues in Food Safety The Environmental Ethics of GMOs Ethical Debates Over Labeling Ethical Impacts on Seed Saving Cross-References References Golden Mean Introduction The Mean as Intermediate Application Cross-References References Good Citizenship Education in the Context of a COVID-19 Reality Synonyms Introduction Relational Theory Social Responsibility and Good Citizenship Conclusions Cross-References References Good Tax Governance Synonyms Introduction Moral and Societal Meaning of Tax Letter or Spirit of the Law? Taxation and CSR Good Tax Governance Corporate Governance and Good Tax Governance Tax Transparency Conclusion Cross-References References Great Enrichment Synonyms Introduction Evidence for the Great Enrichment Causes of the Great Enrichment Cross-References References Greenwashing and Machinewashing: An Ethical Account and Criteria for Identification Synonyms Introduction Greenwashing: Definitions and Criteria Machinewashing: Existing Definitions and Criteria, Derived from Greenwashing On the Example of Political Spin and the Overall Impact on Democracy Cross-References References Guanxi Synonyms Definition Description The Reason for Guanxi Guanxi Between Two Strangers Guanxi Web Maintenance Guanxi Circle Guanxi´s Embeddedness in the Business Environment Political and Commercial Guanxi The Ethical Consequences of Guanxi Cross-References References H Harassment in the Workplace Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Has the Mainstreaming of Responsible Investment Eroded Ethics? Insights from Investor Advocacy on Human Rights in Conflict Zon... Synonyms Introduction Scope and Key Terms Drivers of Investor Action on HRICZs Instrumental and Ethical Logics Guiding Investor Action on HRICZs The Instrumental Case The Ethical Case Strategies for Investor Action on HRICZs Political Risk Monitoring Screening, Sanctions, and Impact Investing Corporate Engagement and Divestment Setting the Rules of the Game Analysis The Future of Investor Advocacy on HRICZs Cross-References References Hayek, Friedrich, The Work of Synonyms Introduction The Work of Friedrich Hayek Cross-References References Additional Readings History and Philosophical Foundations of Ethics Synonyms Introduction Aristotle and Virtue Ethics Kant and Respect for Persons Mill and Utilitarianism Conclusion Cross-References References Human Dignity and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Uses of the Term ``Dignity´´ Aristocratic Dignity, Now a Dignity for the Common Person Inherent Dignity: Kant and Human Rights Comportment Dignity: Dignity of Action Relevance to Business Ethics Dignity and Stakeholder Theory Corporate Social Responsibility Human Rights, Business Ethics, and Dignity Development Ethics and Dignity Dignity in Employment and Work Dignity and Value Pluralism in Business Conclusion Cross-References References Human Resource Management Synonyms Introduction Organizational Ethics and Individual Morality HRM and Ethical Decision-Making Leadership Development and Making the Connection Conclusion Cross-References References Human Rights Synonyms Definition Types of Rights and How Human Rights Relate to Other Types of Rights Positive and Negative Rights and Duties Equal Rights and Privilege Rights Human Rights Are Trump The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Duties and Obligations Criticisms of Human Rights Summary Cross-References References Human Rights and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Glancing at the History of BHR Human Rights in Normative Business Ethics Human Rights in Empirical Business Ethics Cross-References References Human Rights and Environmental Change Synonyms Introduction Understanding Environmental Human Rights Business Responsibilities and Environmental Change Conclusions Cross-References References Human Rights and the Multinational Corporation Synonyms Introduction MNCs and Respect for Human Rights BlackRock and Respect for Human Rights The Contemporary MNC and Human Rights Cross-References References Human Rights Duties Towards Future Generations and Achieving Climate Justice Synonyms Introduction Climate Justice Intra-generational Justice Intergenerational Justice Human Rights of Future Generations Do Future Generations Have Rights and Do We Owe Them Duties? Can Future Generations´ Rights Be Legally Enforced? Can Human Rights Deliver Climate Justice for Future Generations? Cross-References References Human Rights Impact Assessments Synonyms Introduction Process Timing A Human Rights Framework Assessment Tools and Measurement Actors Involved Opportunities and Challenges Cross-References References Human Rights, Capability Approach, and Corporate Responsibility Synonyms Introduction Capability Approach and Human Rights-Based Corporate Responsibility Summary of the Capability Approach Dignity as Normative Core of Human Rights Human Rights as Entitlements to Capabilities How CA Addresses Challenges to Dignity Capabilities as Framework for Human Rights Responsibilities of Business Cross-References References Humanistic Management Synonyms Description Ontological Foundations Dignity as a Pillar of Humanistic Management The Common Good as the Ultimate Organizing Purpose Implications for Research, Practice, Pedagogy, and Policy Conclusion Cross-References References Humanistic Marketing Synonyms Introduction The Human in Humanistic Marketing Reason, Autonomy, and Intersubjectivity Founding a Functioning Field Ideological Tensions Human Dignity, Human Purpose, and Dehumanizing Marketing Practices Human Responsive Marketing or the Commodification of Human Experience? The Social Power of Marketing Human-Driven Demand and Push Versus Pull Limits of Humanism: Essentialism Versus Lived Reality Cross-References References Humanitarian Ethics Synonyms Introduction Description Summary Cross-References References Humiliation and Dignity Synonyms Introduction Characteristics of Humiliation Humiliation Within Business and Organizations Role of Business in Systemic Humiliation Dignity in Business and Organizations Types of Dignity Theory of Workplace Dignity Cross-References References I Identity Politics and Ethics Synonyms Introduction Ethical Issue About the Claims Ethical Issues About the Process Forms of Identity and Mingling of the Issues Cross-References References Immigration and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Approaches to Immigration Conclusion Cross-References References Impact of Board Diversity on CSR Practices Synonyms Introduction Board Diversity Board Diversity Definitions Board Diversity Theories Diversity Trends CSR Trends Relationship Between CSR and Board Diversity Gender Occupational Background Race Age Education Nationality Board Tenure Board Independence Future Research Recommendations Conclusion Cross-References References Implications of Mindset Theory for Ethical Decision-Making Introduction Auditors´ Motivating Reasoning Auditors´ Motivating Reasoning and the Implemental Mindset Interventions to Stimulate a Deliberative Mindset A Takeaway Cross-References References Impression Management and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Conveying a Favorable Impression Impression Management and Ways of Seeing Varieties of Ethical Considerations Impression Management as Social Performance Cross-References References Incivility in the Workplace: A Call for an Ethical Analysis Approach Synonyms Introduction A Brief History of Incivility Research A Paucity of Incivility Research Using Ethical Lenses Promising Ethical Lenses Cross-References References Inclusivity Management Research: Persons with Disabilities and Self-Employment Activity as an Exemplar Synonyms Introduction Entrepreneurship and Persons with Disabilities Cross-References References Indian and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Embracing the Challenges Emerging Ethical Imperatives for Business in India and World Changing Face of Business Education in India Effectiveness of Ethics Education in Management: Research Findings and Future Directions Teaching Business Ethics in India: Problems and Prospects Towards an Alternative Worldview of Business and Management Education Why Indian View of Business Ethics? Managing the Self - Drucker and the Indian Way Indian Wisdom and Ethical Leadership Ethically Enlightened Management Education in India: Inspirational Initiatives Concluding Reflections Cross-References References Indigenous Environmental Justice Synonyms Introduction Environmental Justice in an Indigenous Context Cross-References References Indigenous Land Management: Responsibility-Based Ethics Synonyms Introduction Contemporary Relationship to Land UNDRIP and Self-Determination UNDRIP and FPIC Traditional Knowledge Critiques of Development Closing Thoughts Cross-References References Indigenous Peoples and the Ethics of Resource Extraction Synonyms Indigenous Peoples and the Ethics of Resource Extraction Cross-References References Individualism Synonyms Definition Individualism in Ethics and Value Theory Political Individualism Individualism and Society Individualism in Social and Economic Explanation Summary Cross-References References International Association for Business and Society Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References International Women´s Day and Its Role in Women´s Rights Synonyms Introduction International Women´s Day: Its Establishment and Beginning Early Twentieth-Century Protests by Women for Better Working Conditions Women´s Status Now Cross-References References Intersection of Indigenous Values and Ethical Leadership Synonyms Introduction Indigenous Values and Ethical Leadership Kaupapa Māori Research Study One Results Ethical Leadership and Outcomes Conclusion Cross-References References Investor Response to the Climate Change Challenge Synonyms Introduction Looking Back, Looking Forward Brown University Shows the Way Climate Change and Asset Owners Corporates and Investors Moving Forward Together Cross-References References Islam and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Business and Professional Ethics in the Context of Islam The Reconceptualization of Ownership The Professional Ethics of Trade and Finance Cross-References References J Jewish Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Acting in Good Faith Radical Transparency Freeing the Sparks Cross-References References John Rawls´ Theory of Intergenerational Justice Introduction References John Stuart Mill´s Concept of the Harm Principle Synonyms Introduction Mill´s Conception of the Harm Principle Criticisms Conclusion Cross-References References Journal of Business Ethics Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References References Journalism and Self-Censorship Synonyms Introduction Ethics Codes for Professional Journalists Defining Self-Censorship Self-Censorship in Practice Bloggers and Self-Censorship Averting Problems from the Practice of Self-Censorship Cross-References References Justice Synonyms Definition Justice and Related Concepts Can Be Categorized in the First Instance by the Sort of Entity Evaluated Theories of Justice Vary by the Criteria by Which the Evaluation Is Applied What Are the Grounds for Criteria of Justice? In What Sense Do Justice and Injustice Exist? Summary Cross-References References K Kant, Immanuel Synonyms Introduction Human Dignity and Objectivity Goodwill and Categorical Imperative Reason, Freedom, and the Highest Good Kant´s Special Moral Realism: An Antinomy Summing Up Cross-References References L Laissez-Faire Leaders and Trust Synonyms Introduction The Concept of Trust The Concept of Laissez-Faire Leadership Laissez-Faire Leaders and Trust in Organizations Conclusion Cross-References References Large-Scale Resource Extraction and Violence Against Women Synonyms Introduction Large-Scale Resource Extraction and Violence Against Women Gendered Violence in the Workplace Domestic Violence Violence Against Women in Local Communities Intersectional Experiences of Violence Associated with Resource Extraction Structural Violence and the International Legal System Conclusion Cross-References References Leadership Development Synonyms Introduction Overview Leadership Development The Seven Stages of Psychological Development Surviving (0-2 Years) Conforming (2-7 Years) Differentiating (8-24 Years) Individuating (25-39 Years) Leadership Development Goals at the Individuating Stage of Development Self-Actualizing (40-49 Years) Leadership Development Goals at the Self-Actualizing Stage of Development Integrating (50-59 Years) Leadership Development Goals at the Integrating Stage of Development Serving (60+ Years) Leadership Development Goals at the Serving Stage of Development Conclusion Cross-References References Leadership Integrity Synonyms Definition Description Various Meanings of Integrity Integrity as Wholeness Integrity as Consistency of Words and Actions Integrity as Consistency in Adversity Integrity as Being True to Oneself Integrity as Moral or Ethical Behavior A More Robust Definition of Integrity Identity-Conferring Commitment Forms of Integrity as an Identity-Conferring Commitment Substantive Leadership Integrity Personal Leadership Integrity Formal Leadership Integrity Summary Cross-References References Leadership Moral Foundations Synonyms Definition Description Key Claims of MFT Innateness of Morality Moral Culturalism Moral Intuitionism Moral Pluralism MFT and Leadership The Role of Leader Moral Foundations The Role of (Mis)fit Between Leader and Follower Moral Foundations Conclusion Cross-References References Leadership Motives or Intentions Synonyms Definition Description Implicit Motives Implicit Motives and Unethical Leadership Conduct The Need for Power The Need for Affiliation The Need for Achievement In Conclusion Cross-References References Additional Readings Leadership Theory Synonyms Definition Description Applying Behavioral Criteria to Distinguish Leadership Types Ethical Leadership: Managing Conflicts Between Different Behavioral Criteria Conclusion Cross-References References Leading Human Resource Strategy for Diverse Cultures Synonyms Introduction Diversity and Inclusion Management Objectives and Practices of Diversity Management and Inclusion Building a Foundation of Diversity and Inclusion HR´s Role in Diversity Management and Inclusion Diversity as Part of Recruitment Education and Development Performance Assessment Compensation and Flexible Schedules Workplace Environment Auditing Effectiveness Conclusion Cross-References References Lesser Evil Principle Synonyms Introduction Lesser Evil Reasoning and Moral Dilemmas Counseling the Lesser Evil Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Considerations Cross-References References Levinasian Ethics in Business Synonyms Definition The Essentials of Levinasian Ethics Levinasian Ethics and Business Toward a Levinasian Business Ethics References Liberalism Synonyms Definition of Liberalism Description of Liberalism Varieties of Liberalism Varieties of Meaning of ``Liberal´´ Criticisms of Liberalism Summary Cross-References References Libertarianism Synonyms Definition Description Defenses of Libertarianism Clarification and Historical Notes on Libertarianism Criticisms of Libertarianism Summary Cross-References References Liberty Synonyms Opposites Introduction Freedom of Groups of People Negative Individual Freedom Resource and Capability Freedom Positive Freedom or Freedom from ``False Consciousness´´ Existential Freedom and Commitment Economic Freedom and Business Freedom Conclusion Cross-References References Living Wage and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Philosophical Arguments for the Living Wage Sustainability Capability Externality Challenges and Issues The Difficulty of Calculating a Living Wage The Living Wage Does Not Solve Problems of Underemployment and Precarious Work Who Is Responsible for Ensuring LWs Are Paid? Mandatory Versus Voluntary Approaches LW and Business Ethics Inquiry Cross-References References Locke, J. Introduction Historic Background Locke´s Argument for the Right to Private Property Use of Locke´s Theory Today Criticisms of Locke Summary Cross-References References Loyal Agent´s Argument Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References M Machiavelli Definition Description Cross-References References Machiavellianism Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References MacIntyre and Business Ethics Introduction Critique of Management Practices and Institutions Beyond After Virtue Cross-References References MacIntyre, Alasdair Introduction Marxism and Liberalism After Virtue The Bureaucratic Manager The Neo-Aristotelian Alternative Recent Work Cross-References References Further Reading MacIntyrean Approach to Employee Rights Synonyms Introduction MacIntyre´s Critique of Rights MacIntyrean Business Ethics A MacIntyrean Theory of Employee Rights Conclusion Cross-References References Maintaining Data Integrity Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References (Managing) Diversity Synonyms Definition Description Main Perspectives Managing Diversity: A Focus on Inclusion Cross-References References Market Failures Approach to Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction A Paretian Theory of Business Ethics Pareto Improvement and Pareto Efficiency Market Failure Market Failure and Ethical Business The Appeal of the MFA Criticisms Cross-References References Marketization of Higher Education: Ethical and Societal Dilemmas Synonyms Introduction Marketization Practices in Higher Education Social Media, Interactive Communications Time for Change Targeting Social Media Global Competition and Rankings The Final Selection Process Customization on Marketing Strategies: ``Give the Customer What One Wants´´ Cross-References References/Additional Readings Marx, Karl Synonyms Definition Biography Masterpieces Cross-References References Marxism Definition Marx´s Method Class Struggle From Theory to Politics Post-1917 Development of Marxist Theory Cross-References References Marxism (with Focus on China) Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Materialism, Well-Being, and Ethics Synonyms Definition Introduction Materialism The Effect of Materialism on Personal Well-Being Materialism and Ethical Well-Being Conclusion Cross-References References Meaningful Work Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Medical Ethics and the Land Ethic Synonyms Introduction The Land Ethic The Community Concept: Holism and Biocentrism Thinking Like a Mountain: Diachronic Ethics Nineteen Centuries and Only Half Done: The Ethical Sequence The Ecological Conscience A Perfect Moral Storm: The Need for a Land Ethic A Clinical Land Ethic in Practice Conclusion Cross-References References Military Industrial Complex (MIC) Synonyms Definition/Introduction MIC Companies´ War-Oriented Strategy MIC Budget Amounts MIC Budget Allocations Cross-References References Additional Readings Misinformation, Disinformation, and Journalism Ethics Synonyms Introduction Journalism Accountability and Ethics When Information Is Openly in Sight Misinformation and Disinformation in the News Media Challenges of News Organizations to Inform Through Digital Platforms Cross-References References Modern Biotechnology, Agriculture, and Ethics Synonyms Introduction Benefits, Risks, and Uncertainties Justice and Fairness Tinkering or Designing? Conclusion Cross-References References Modern Slavery in Global Supply Chains Synonyms Introduction Modern Slavery Supply Chain Responsibility Regulating Modern Slavery in Supply Chains Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence: The Next Step? Aligning Purpose and Profit Cross-References References Monetary Wisdom: A Measure of Attitude Toward Money - Constructs and Items Synonyms Introduction Research Findings A Theoretical Model of Monetary Intelligence/Wisdom Cross-References Appendix A Affect: The Affective Motive of Money (Why) Good (Important) Evil Rich Motivator Power Behavior: The Behavioral Stewardship of Money (How) Make Money Budget Money Give/Donate Money to Charity Make Contribution: The Matthew Effect Cognition: The Cognitive Meaning of Money (What) Happiness Respect Achievement Freedom Nonintrinsic A 5-Point Rating Scale with Anchors References Monetary Wisdom: Prospect Theory and the Meaning of Money (The Love of Money) Synonyms Introduction Prospect Theory Attitude Toward Money Monetary Wisdom Cross-References References Monetary Wisdom: The Attitude Toward Money and the Meaning of Money (The Love of Money) Synonyms Introduction Monetary Wisdom Attitude Toward Money Attitude Toward Money and Ultimate Happiness Cross-References References Monetary Wisdom: The Love of Money, ASPIRE, and Unethical Behavioral Intention Synonyms Introduction Monetary Wisdom Nobel Laureate, Kahneman´s Advice: The Importance of the Attitude Toward Money Decision-Making Involving Monetary Values and Behavioral Economics ASPIRE Research Findings Future Research ASPIRE-Factors and Items Conclusion Cross-References References Monetary Wisdom: The Matthew Effect in Monetary Wisdom: Intelligence Versus Wisdom Synonyms Introduction The Matthew Effect The Dark Side The Bright Side Cross-References References Moral Entrepreneurship Synonyms Introduction Origin Examples Importance of Moral Entrepreneurship Dimensions Relationship with Other Concepts Antecedents Opportunity for Moral Entrepreneurship Vision on Moral Entrepreneurship Capability for Moral Entrepreneurship Finally Cross-References References Moral Self-Awareness Synonyms Introduction The Moral Dimensions of Markets What Can Be Owned and Traded Who Can Own and Trade The Conditions Under Which Trade May Occur The Structure of Moral Self-Awareness MSA Level 1 - Social Reflection MSA Level 2 - Self-Reflection MSA Level 3 - Anticipatory Self-Reflection MSA Level 4 - Proactive Self-Reflection System-Theoretic Dynamic Activating Consumer MSA via AI Health and Well-Being Sustainability Media and Civics Skill Maintenance Personal Edification Cross-References References Moral Simpliciter of Ethical Giving Synonyms Introduction Entangling with Moral Values Decision Theory and Consequentialism? Cross-References References Moral Spiritualism and Network Efficiency Synonyms Introduction The Concepts of Trust and Distrust The Concept of Spiritual Capitalism The Concept of Network Efficiency The Concept of ``Lean Trust´´ and Its Advantages in Business Networks Trust Derived from Personal Ethic and/or Spiritual Belief Heuristic Model of Hypothetical Business Transaction Payoffs in Trusting and Untrusting Business Contexts A Heuristic Model of Network Efficiency and Trust Interfaces The Protestant Community in China Cross-References References Movies and Business Ethics Training Synonyms Introduction Making the Case-Method More Effective Reducing Psychological Distance Fostering Moral Imagination The Pedagogical Value of Art Enhancing Classroom Engagement Supporting Blended Learning Cross-References References Multiculturalism and the Ethics of Immigrant Integration in the Twenty-First Century Synonyms Definition Historical Origins, Ideological Roots, and Recent Developments Criticism and Alternative Models of Immigrant Integration An Uncertain Fate Cross-References References Music and Business Ethics Introduction Music and Business Ethics Cross-References References N Narcissistic Leadership Synonyms Definition Discussion Modern Conceptualizations of Narcissism Cross-References References Narcissus Definition Discussion Cross-References References Networks of Complicity and Persistent Unethical Behavior Synonyms Introduction Why Unethical Behavior Occurs Theoretical Background Networks of Complicity Conclusions and Directors for Future Research Cross-References References New Models of Finance Synonyms Introduction Evolution of Contemporary Finance Limitations of Modern Portfolio Theory Systemic Frameworks Conclusion Cross-References References Normative Ethics Synonyms Introduction What Normative Ethics Is Not Types of Normative Ethics Authority-Based Ethics Reason-Based Ethics Cross-References References Notion of Personhood from a Spiritual Perspective Introduction Notion of Spirit Notion of Personhood The Spiritual Dimension of Personhood Concluding Remarks Cross-References References O Oaths, Professional Synonyms Definition Description Formal Conditions Substantive Conditions Function Conceptual and Empirical Criticism Summary References Further Reading Officer-Fiduciary Duties Synonyms Introduction Why Focus on Delaware? Duty of Care Duty of Loyalty A Duty to Maximize Profits? Theoretical Support for Officer-Fiduciary Duties Enforcement Considerations Exculpatory Clauses Business Judgment Rule Directors and Officers Insurance Cross-References References/Additional Readings Online Employees and Employer Relations Synonyms Introduction Online Employees and Employers Working Relationship for Best Outcomes: Covid-19 and Its Workplace Ramifications Remote Management Relations with Intentional. Interactional, and Interpersonal Communication Intentional Communication Interactional Communication Interpersonal Communication Advancing Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity with Remote Workplace Communication Expected Outcomes Cross-References References Organizational Culture and Corruption Synonyms Definition Introduction Organizational Culture´s Aspects Influencing Integrity Sociocultural Determinants Cross-References References P Panama Papers Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Pay Equity/Pay Inequity Issues Synonyms Introduction Pay Equity/Inequity Issues The Gender Pay Gap and Pay Inequity Pay Equality Legislation Monitoring Pay Equity Approaches for Decreasing Pay Inequity and the Pay Gap Conclusion Cross-References References Peer Review and How It Is Constructed and Measured: A Question of Fairness Synonyms Introduction Measuring Academic Performance Cross-References References Personalism Synonyms Definition Description Historical Overview Main Thesis of Personalism Personalistic Ethics Cross-References References Person-Organization Fit Synonyms Definition Description of Person-Organization Fit Person-Organization Fit and Ethical Values Cross-References References Piketty and Wealth Taxes Synonyms Introduction Description Cross-References References Plagiarism and Text Recycling (Self-Plagiarism) Synonyms Definition What Are the Issues? Cross-References References Plato on Virtuous Leadership and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle Ethics, Virtue, and Knowledge Warning: Leaders Who Are Ignorant of Virtue The Moral Psychology of Virtuous Leaders The Just Leader Conclusion Cross-References References Polar Tourism: Ethical Issues Synonyms Introduction Toward Sustainable Tourism Through Ethics Cross-References References Political Philosophy and Business Ethics Synonyms Definition and Introduction Description Social Contracts, Hypernorms and Business Ethics Corporate Governance as Political Process The Role of Property and Labor as Sources of Capital and Corporate Ownership Corporate Citizenship: Political Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Legitimacy, Authority, and Democracy Power Relations, Governmentality, and Corporate Ideology Summary Cross-References References Ponzi Schemes Synonyms Introduction Key Characteristics Schemers and Their Victims Pyramid Schemes and Ponzi Finance Ponzi´s Scheme Bernie Madoff Cross-References References Pragmatism and Business Ethics Definition Introduction Elements of a Pragmatic Business Ethic Approach Potential Criticisms of Pragmatic Business Ethics Cross-References References Precautionary Principle and Resource Extraction Introduction Cross-References References Press Freedom Index (PFI) Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Professional Ethics in Healthcare Synonyms Definition Introduction Healthcare Ethics Healthcare Ethics in Practice Ethical Issues in Healthcare Ethical Decision-Making and Professional Roles Cross-References References and Additional Readings Professional Ethics in Social and Cultural Anthropology Synonyms Introduction Short Historical Overview Ethical Standards in Contemporary Social and Cultural Anthropology Ethical Standards Regarding Fieldwork Ethical Standards Regarding Application and Dissemination of Research Results Ethical Standards Regarding Responsibility to One´s Own and to Host Government Ethical Standards Regarding Relation with and Responsibility to Sponsors, Funding Agencies, and Employers Ethical Standards Regarding Relations with and Responsibilities Toward the Discipline, Scholarship, Science, and Colleagues Ethical Standards Regarding Responsibility to the Wider Society Ethical Standards Regarding Teaching Open Problems Cross-References References Professionalism Versus Commercialism in Audit Synonyms Introduction The Need for Audit Professionalism and Commercialism in Audit The History of Auditing A Resurgence in Professionalism Compensation Plans Quality Control and Professionalism Limiting Non-audit Services The Professional Accountant Cross-References References Property Rights Synonyms Definition Introduction What Rights Does the Ownership of Private Property Confer on the Owner? Who (and What) Can Own Property? What Sorts of Things Can Be Owned as Private Property? Theories of Property Rights The Distribution of Property Rights Summary Cross-References References Protestant Work Ethic Definition Cross-References References Pseudo-transformational Leadership Synonyms Definition Description The Personality Approach: Characteristics of Pseudo-transformational Leaders The Behavioral Approach: Behaviors of Pseudo-transformational Leaders Idealized Influence Inspirational Motivation Intellectual Stimulation Individualized Consideration The Attributional Approach: The Ascription of Pseudo-transformational Leadership Outcomes of Pseudo-transformational Leadership In Conclusion Cross-References References Additional Readings Public Goods Synonyms Introduction Historical Context Social Issues Examples of Public Goods Changing Nature of Public Goods Cross-References References Publication Ethics Introduction Authors Plagiarism Fabrication and Falsification of Research Authorship Reviewers Editors Journals and Publishers Issues Not Limited to One Group Conflict of Interest Strategies for Addressing Publication Ethics Screening Management of Publication Ethics Processes for Correcting Published Work Investigation of Publication Ethics Issues Setting the Culture for Publication Ethics Evolving Issues in Publication Ethics Publication of Clinical Trials New Models of Publishing and Peer Review Post Publication Increasing Global Participation Reproducibility and the Future of Publication Ethics Cross-References References R Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Business Synonyms Introduction The Problem of Racial and Ethnic Identity Conclusion Cross-References References Racism in the Workplace Synonyms Introduction What Is Racism? Kinds of Racism Motivations of Racism Racism and Intentionality Conclusion Cross-References References Rawls´ Theory of Justice Synonyms Introduction The Fundamental Ideas of Justice as Fairness Original Position and the Principles of Justice The Problem of Stability and Moral Psychology Cross-References References Religion Synonyms Definition Religion in Contemporary Society Cross-References References Religion, Spirituality, and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Spirituality at the Core of Any Authentic Religion Secular Spiritualities The Link Between Religion/Spirituality and Business Ethics Cross-References References Religiosity Synonyms Description The Phenomenon of Religiosity Measures of Religiosity Religiosity in Business Religiosity in Ethical Behavior Cross-References References Religious Freedom Restoration Acts Synonyms Definition Introduction Federal and State RFRAs: History, Purpose, and Controversy The Federal RFRA Law State RFRA Laws Controversy and Impact Cross-References References/Additional Readings Reporters Without Borders Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Research Ethics and the Nuremberg Trials Synonyms Introduction The Nuremberg Doctors Trial Responses to the Trial: Origin Myths Responses to the Trial: Historical The Lessons of Nuremberg Cross-References References Research Integrity and Research Misconduct Synonyms Introduction What Is Research Integrity? The Extent of Research Misconduct Understanding Causation Cross-References References Resource Extraction Synonyms Introduction Stewardship of Mineral Resources Environmental Responsibility Social Responsibility Social License to Operate Indigenous Peoples Bribery and Corruption Cross-References Additional Readings Resource Extraction and Indigenous Community Consent Synonyms Introduction FPIC´s Meaning and Origins Acknowledgment of FPIC Making the FPIC Standard Work Cross-References References Resource Extraction in Latin America and Human Rights Synonyms Introduction Main Impacts of Extractive Industries on Human Rights Protection of Human Rights Through Courts The Inter-American Human Rights System Case Law on Indigenous Peoples and Extractive Industries Challenges for Extractive Industries and Human Rights Cross-References References Resource Extraction, Ethics, and Social Capital Synonyms Cross-References References Respect and Business Ethics Synonyms Introduction Respect for Persons Recognition Respect The Moral Relevance of Respect for Business Ethics Conclusion Cross-References References Responsible Investors and Company Standards: Follow the Money to Rate the Raters Introduction Literature Review Inferring the Quality of Rating Agencies from Academic Research Follow the Money Chain to Rate the Raters: The Deep Data Delivery Standards Conclusion Cross-References References Responsible Leadership and Crisis Management Synonyms Introduction Responsible Leadership and Crisis Management at the Micro Level Responsible Leadership and Crisis Management at the Meso-Level Responsible Leadership and Crisis Management at the Macro Level Conclusion Cross-References References Role of Philosophy in Business Ethics Introduction Defining ``Business Ethics´´ Some of the Roles of Philosophy in Business Ethics Why Is Business Ethics Important? Some Additional Areas of Ethics Where Philosophy Can and Ought to Contribute to Business Ethics Rights Responsibility Punishment and Compensation Racism and Affirmative Action in Business Businesses and Environmental Concerns Conclusion Cross-References References S Seed Banks Synonyms Introduction: The Role of Seed Banks International Seed Bank Networks Access and Benefit Sharing The Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources Change of Use of Genetic Resources The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Biosecurity and Plant Health Cross-References References Self and the Generalized Other Synonyms Introduction Cross-References References Sen, Amartya Synonyms Introduction Revitalizing Moral Sentiment in Economics On the Capability Approach: An Approach Toward the Value-Laden Economics Captivating Welfare Economics: Existential Humanism and Agency Person, Well-Being, and Self-Interest Some Words Cross-References References Servant Leadership and Internal Social Capital Synonyms Introduction The Nature of Servant Leadership What Is Social Capital? Perspectives of Social Capital Dimensions of Internal Social Capital Servant Leadership and Internal Social Capital Conclusion Cross-References References Service Leadership in the Service Era Synonyms Background and Definition of Service Leadership Propositions from Service Leadership Theory The Dark Side of Service Leadership Service Leadership Education in Hong Kong Assessment Tools Cross-References References Further Readings Shareholder Theory Synonyms Introduction Moving in a New Direction The Debate and Moral Conflict Ethical Recipricity as a New Perspective of the Firm Conclusion Cross-References References Shell Companies Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References References Social and Economic Mobility Synonyms Introduction Social and Economic Mobility Cross-References References Social Construction Synonyms Definition Description Social Construction as Social Process Objectification Reification Social Construction and the World of Facts Summary Cross-References References Social Construction of Businesses Introduction Margaret Gilbert´s Joint Commitment Theory of Groups and the Social Construction of Businesses A Problem with Gilbert´s Plural Subject Theory Raimo Tuomela´s ``we-Mode´´ Theory of Groups and the Social Construction of Businesses John Searle´s Realist Theory of Groups and the Social Construction of Businesses Conclusion Cross-References References Social Identity Theory Synonyms Definition Description Fundamental Concepts in Social Identity Theory Social Categorization and Self-Esteem In-Group Bias and Out-Group Discrimination Summary Cross-References References Further Reading Social License to Operate Synonyms Cross-References References Social Media Screening and Privacy Issues in Recruitment Synonyms Introduction Identifying and Attracting Job Applicants Through Social Media Cybervetting Privacy, Ethical, and Legal Issues Conclusion Cross-References References Social Media Speech and the Workplace Synonyms Introduction The Force of the Employment Contract Balancing Employers´ Business Interests and Employees´ Free Speech Surveillance of Employees´ Online Speech Social Media, Speech, and the Toxic Workplace Social Media Speech as Work Cross-References References Social Norms Synonyms Introduction Social Norms, the Grammar of Society Cross-References References Social Responsibility and Business: The Milton Friedman Position Synonyms Introduction Overview Cross-References References Socially Responsible Investment and Corporate Engagement Synonyms Definition Understanding Responsible Investment Drivers of Corporate Engagement Conclusion Cross-References References Society for Business Ethics Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References References Spirituality at the Workplace Synonyms Introduction Definition Description Spirituality Dimensions Measurements Managing Workplace Spirituality Summary Cross-References References Spirituality Versus Unethical Business Practices Synonyms Introduction Workplace Spirituality Unethical Business Practices Conclusion Cross-References References SRI´s Normative and Ethics-Based Rationales Synonyms Introduction Legal Compliance Complicity and Social Licence Leveraging Positive Change Financial Motivations Cross-References References Standardization and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence Standards Synonyms Introduction Trustworthy AI Standard Development Characteristics of Trustworthy AI Technical-Related Characteristics Stakeholder-Related Characteristics Governance-Related Characteristics Cross-References References Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi Synonyms Definition Description The Reason Why People Pursue Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi The Five Components of Guanxi in Workplace and Other Related Elements How to Establish and Maintain a Strong Dyadic Guanxi Leader-Member Guanxi (LMG) Versus Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) The Supervisor´s Guanxi Circle The Outcomes of Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi Cross-References References Sustainability and Bioethics Synonyms Introduction Scope Climate Change Climate Impacts Environmental Ethics Environmental Bioethics History Bioethics Biomedical Ethics Environmental Bioethics Modern Movements Scholars Literature Curriculum Institutions Initiatives Future Directions Carbon Calculations Coronavirus Pandemic Cross-References References Sustainability Reporting Synonyms Introduction History, Forms, and Standards of Sustainability Reporting Responsible Investors and Regulation as Drivers of Corporate Sustainability Reporting Theorizing Voluntary Sustainability Reporting Challenges, Critiques, and the Future of Sustainability Reporting Cross-References References Sustainable and Conventional Banking in Europe Synonyms Introduction Ethical Versus Conventional Banking Ethical and Conventional Banking in Europe Cross-References References Sustained Corporate Illegality and the Antecedent Factors Synonyms Introduction Institutional-Level Antecedents Industry-Level Antecedents Individual- and Group-Level Dynamics Conclusion Theoretical Implications Practical Implications Cross-References References Sweatshops and Exploitation Synonyms Introduction Macro-level vs. Micro-level Exploitation Exploitation and the Market-Clearing Wage Practical Implications Summary Cross-References References T Taoism Synonyms Introduction Description Cross-References References Tax Compliance in a Voluntary Reporting Environment Synonyms Introduction Tax Compliance and Evasion The Tax Puzzle Conclusion Cross-References References Tax Havens Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Tax Justice Network Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Cross-References References Teaching Business Ethics Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Team Ethics Synonyms Introduction Ethics and Conduct: Intra-team Rules Team Ethics Expressed Through Virtues Responsibility Within the Team Drawing Up a Code of Ethics for the Team Ethics and Conduct: Extra-team Rules Professional Codes Core Values and Codes in Institutions State Laws and Industry Regulations Personal Values and Sense of Responsibility Dangers of Unethical Behavior: Team Pitfalls Conclusion Cross-References References/Additional Readings Technology Ethics: Origins, Paradigms and Implications for Business and Society Synonyms Introduction Historical Overview Contemporary Key Topics and Debates Automation, Replacement, and Dehumanization Surveillance and Surveillance Capitalism Artificial Intelligence, The Example of Personalized Pricing Bias Cyberattacks on Corporations Technology and Sustainability Greenwashing and Machinewashing Outlook on Privacy and Secrecy Cross-References References Textile Industry in the United States Synonyms Introduction Legal Issues Importation of Fabrics Labeling, Advertising, and Safety Intellectual Property Ethical Issues Cross-References References Theoretical Grounding of Democratic Accountability Synonyms Introduction Models of Democratic Accountability Trustee and Delegate Models Citizenship and Elitist Theories of Democracy Views of Business Accountability Economic Model of Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholder Model of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategic Model of Corporate Social Responsibility: Sustainability Discussion and Conclusions Cross-References References Theoretical Perspective on the Relationship Between Management Accounting Control and Trust Synonyms Introduction An Economic Perspective on Trust and Control A Psychological Perspective on Trust and Control A Sociological Perspective of Trust and Control Conclusion Cross-References References Toxic Leadership Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Traditional Chinese Culture and Its Impact on Modern Business Ethics Introduction Differing Ethical Foundations: East and West Face and Guānxi Conclusion Cross-References References Tragedy of the Commons and the Lifeboat Metaphor Synonyms Introduction Cross-References References Transaction Costs and Business Ethics Synonyms Definition/Introduction Description Example: The Corporation as Hierarchy Cross-References References Transformational Leadership Definitions/Introduction Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership Outcomes of Transformational Leadership Transformational Leadership Across Cultures Transformational Leadership and Morality Criticism Cross-References References Transformational Leadership and Goal Setting Synonyms Introduction Transformational Leadership, Visions, and Goals Transformational Leadership and Goal Setting The Interplay of Vision Articulation and Goal Setting Cross-References References Trolling, Ethics, and Accountability Synonyms Introduction Trolling As a Negative Online Interaction Defining Trolling Trolling Versus Other Negative Online Phenomena Ethical Considerations in Dealing with Trolling Cross-References References Trust and Institutions Introduction The Object of Trust Institutional(-Based) Trust as Trust in Institutions Institutional(-Based) Trust as Trust Between Actors in the Face of Strong and Reliable Institutions Conclusion Cross-References References Trust and Value-Based Management and Leadership Introduction What Is Trust? What Is Value-Based? What Is Value-Based Management and Leadership? What Are the Consequences of Trust and Value-Based Management and Leadership? Conclusion Cross-References References Truth and Ethics in Labor-Management Negotiations: The Accounting Information Behind the Scenes Synonyms Introduction Labor-Management Negotiations Trust in Relationships Accounting Numbers People, Accounting, and Negotiations Conclusion Cross-References References U UN Guiding Principles and Transnational Business Governance Synonyms Introduction The UNGPs Transnational Business Governance Significance of the UNGPs for Transnational Business Governance Conclusion Cross-References References Understanding the Governance Structures that Underpin Responsible Investment Decision-Making Introduction Business Case Perspective of Investment Decision-Making Governance Challenge for the Business Case Best Practice Governance for the Business Case Integrated Perspective of Investment Decision-Making Governance Challenge for the Integrated Investment Perspective Best Practice Governance for the Integrated Investment Perspective Conclusion Cross-References References United Nations Environment Programme Synonyms Introduction Anchor Institution for the Global Environment UNEP´s Performance Financial Mechanisms Leadership and Location UNEP´S Potential Cross-References References Universities and Corporate Social Responsibility Synonyms Introduction The Purpose of the Twentieth-Century University Cross-References References Usury Synonyms Introduction Usuryi: As the Prohibition Against Charging of Interest for Loans Usuryei: As the Charging of Excessive Interest for Loans. Conclusion Cross-References References Utilitarianism Synonyms Definition Introduction Act Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism Criticisms Business Ethics Cross-References References V Values and Ethics and Federalism Synonyms Definition The Two Traditions of Federalism Federations and Other Systems of Government: Similarities and Differences Variants of Federalism: Executive, Collaborative, Symmetrical, and Asymmetrical Multinational Federalism and Minority Accommodation Cross-References References Values and Ethics with Respect to Lobbying Synonyms Definition Introduction Regulation Within the European Union A Transparency Register USA: Regulation Based on Checks and Balances A Register for Transparency Focusing on Values and Ethics: Regulation by Law, by NGOs, and by Citizen-Driven Initiatives Cross-References References Values in Management for Online Employers Synonyms Introduction Values in Remote Management for Best Outcomes Values for Management of a Remote Workforce Respect Trust Positivity Optimum Outcomes Cross-References References Values-Based Consumption Synonyms Definition Contemporary Consumerism Conclusion Cross-References References Additional Readings Values-Based Management Theory Synonyms Introduction Individual Values Values in Organizational Context Examples of Values-Based Management Importance Cross-References References Vaping and Bioethics Synonyms Introduction Autonomy Beneficence Nonmaleficence Justice Final Analysis Cross-References References Veganism and Ethical Consumerism Synonyms Introduction Ethical Consumerism Veganism Human Rights and Climate Justice Animal Ethics Criticisms of Vegan Consumerism Cross-References References Virtue Ethics Synonyms Introduction Discussion Contemporary Developments, Traditional Criticisms, and Virtue Ethics for Business Cross-References References Virtuous Leadership Synonyms Introduction Six Cardinal Virtues for Defining Virtuous Leadership VLQ: A Measure of Virtuous Leadership Underlying Processes of Virtuous Leadership Outcomes of Virtuous Leadership Cross-References References Vocational Ethics and Professional Identity in the Social Sciences Synonyms Introduction Coexisting Value Spheres Brief Historical Overview Pre-Professionalization Professionalization Institutionalization and Protest Movements Neo-Liberalization Ethical Navigation Strategies Selective Incorporation Decoupling Antagonism Double Attribution The Promises and Pitfalls of Coexisting Value Spheres Cross-References References W Water Security: Ethical Debates Synonyms Introduction Prudence, Temperance, Courage, and Justice in Water Security Debates Economy Over Environment: Irrigation Over Wild Fish Production Economy Over Culture: Hydropower Over Traditional Uses (Medicinal Plant Collection, Hunting, Trapping, and Fishing) Environment Over Economy: Protected Species Over Expanded Irrigation Environment Over Culture: Protected Species Over Traditional Practices Culture Over Environment: Agricultural Run-Off Over Threats to Environmental Health Culture Over Economy: Assigning Rights of Personhood to Rivers Over Economic Gain Intergenerational Tyranny: Inland Freshwater Deltas Summary and Looking Ahead Cross-References References Wealth Equity Synonyms Description Wealth Equity Cross-References References Weber, Max Max Weber The Methodological Debate Weber´s Dialogue with Marx(ism) Verstehen Sociology and Social Action Class, Status, and Party Political Authority: Influence, Power, and Domination Capitalism and the ``Iron Cage´´ of Rationality Cross-References References Welfare Economics Synonyms Introduction Welfare Economics Welfare Economics Is an Ethic Defining Individual Welfare (Well-Faring) Whose WB Counts? And What Is Societal WB? Liking Vs. Wanting/Desiring Implications of the Welfare-Economic Ethic Most Ethicists Reject the Welfare-Economic Ethic, So Do Normal Folk Welfare Economics Is Not Utilitarianism Cross-References References Wells Fargo and Corporate Crime Synonyms Introduction Crossing Ethical Lines in Corporate Crime Cross-References References Whistleblowing Synonyms Introduction Shifting Views on Whistleblowing Retaliation References Whistleblowing and Information Ethics Synonyms Definition Whistleblowing at Three-Tiers Whistleblowing and Information Information About Whistleblowing Conclusion Cross-References References Women on Corporate Boards and Sustainable Development Synonyms Introduction Gender Diversity on Board of Directors and Corporate Social Responsibility Theoretical Framework Conclusions Cross-References References Work Ethic Synonyms Definition/Introduction Work Ethic Based on Gaining Social Acceptance Work Ethic Based on Duty Work Ethic Based on Wealth Attainment Work Ethic Based on Craft Pride Cross-References References Work-Family Conflict and Policies Synonyms Definition Sources of Work-Family Conflict The Role of Gender in Work-Family Conflict Work-Family Enrichment Work-Family Policies Cross-References References Work-Life Balance Synonyms Definition of WLB Ethics and Work-Life Balance Ontological Questions Cross-References References Workplace Bullying Synonyms Definition Description Cross-References References Workplace Values and Ethical Performance Synonyms Introduction The Values-Performance Connection Conclusion Cross-References References
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