Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry

Cover Page......Page 895
Editors-in-Chief......Page 829
Associate Editors......Page 831
Preface......Page 834
Notes on the Subject Index......Page 835
Volume 1......Page 836
Volume 2......Page 844
Volume 3......Page 852
Volume 4......Page 860
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Membranes and Membrane Proteins......Page 865
Metabolism, Vitamins and Hormones......Page 867
Cell Architecture and Function......Page 869
Protein/Enzyme Structure Function and Degradation......Page 872
Bioenergetics......Page 875
Molecular Biology......Page 881
Signaling......Page 887
Techniques and Methodology......Page 894
Volume 1 (A-D)......Page 1
Volume 3 (N-R)......Page 0
CGRP Receptor-Selective Drugs and their Pharmacological Properties......Page 210
Cellular Signaling and RCP......Page 211
The Pathophysiology of CGRP and Adrenomedullin Receptors......Page 213
Further Reading......Page 214
Cover Page......Page 1738
Editors-in-Chief......Page 1672
Associate Editors......Page 1674
Preface......Page 1677
Volume 1......Page 1679
Volume 2......Page 1687
Volume 3......Page 1695
Volume 4......Page 1703
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Membranes and Membrane Proteins......Page 1708
Metabolism, Vitamins and Hormones......Page 1710
Cell Architecture and Function......Page 1712
Protein/Enzyme Structure Function and Degradation......Page 1715
Bioenergetics......Page 1718
Molecular Biology......Page 1724
Signaling......Page 1730
Techniques and Methodology......Page 1737
Volume 2 (E-M)......Page 896
Cover Page......Page 2586
Editors-in-Chief......Page 2520
Associate Editors......Page 2522
Preface......Page 2525
Volume 1......Page 2527
Volume 2......Page 2535
Volume 3......Page 2543
Volume 4......Page 2551
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Membranes and Membrane Proteins......Page 2556
Metabolism, Vitamins and Hormones......Page 2558
Cell Architecture and Function......Page 2560
Protein/Enzyme Structure Function and Degradation......Page 2563
Bioenergetics......Page 2566
Molecular Biology......Page 2572
Signaling......Page 2578
Techniques and Methodology......Page 2585
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide......Page 1739
Brain Natriuretic Peptide......Page 1740
Natriuretic Peptide Receptors......Page 1741
Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Natriuretic Peptide Receptors......Page 1742
Further Reading......Page 1743
The N-End Rule Pathway......Page 1744
Further Reading......Page 1747
Using Synthetic Carbohydrate Derivatives......Page 1749
Use of Glycosyl Transferases......Page 1750
Conjugation of Glycopeptides......Page 1751
Further Reading......Page 1752
Spatial Calcium Signaling in Synapse-to-Nucleus Communication......Page 1754
NFAT and DREAM......Page 1755
Nuclear Calcium Signals......Page 1756
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1757
Further Reading......Page 1758
The Neurofilament Triplet Proteins......Page 1759
Peripherin......Page 1762
Further Reading......Page 1763
The NPY Y1 Receptor......Page 1764
The NPY Y2 Receptor......Page 1765
The NPY Y4 Receptor......Page 1766
The NPY Y5 Receptor......Page 1767
Further Reading......Page 1768
NTS1......Page 1770
NTS3......Page 1771
Neurotensin Receptor Implication in Brain Functions......Page 1772
Glossary......Page 1773
Further Reading......Page 1774
Reuptake......Page 1775
Structure and Function......Page 1776
Further Reading......Page 1777
Neurotrophin Activation of Trk Receptors......Page 1779
Neurotrophin Activation of the p75NTR Receptor......Page 1781
Interaction Between p75NTR and the Nogo Receptor......Page 1782
Further Reading......Page 1783
Structure-Function of the Substrate-Binding Domains......Page 1784
Mechanism of Hydride Transfer......Page 1786
The Proton Channel......Page 1788
Physiological Role......Page 1789
Further Reading......Page 1790
The Extracellular Domain......Page 1791
The Pore......Page 1792
Central Nervous System......Page 1793
Epilepsy......Page 1794
Further Reading......Page 1795
Nitric Oxide Synthase......Page 1796
Chemistry of NO......Page 1797
Non-cGMP NO-Signaling Pathways......Page 1798
Further Reading......Page 1799
Classification and Properties of Processing Alpha-Mannosidases......Page 1800
Class-I Golgi Alpha1,2-Mannosidases......Page 1801
Class II Golgi Alpha-Mannosidases......Page 1802
Further Reading......Page 1803
DNA-PKcs......Page 1804
Roles of NHEJ......Page 1805
Repair of Radiation Induced DSBs......Page 1806
Role in Maintaining Genomic Stability......Page 1807
Further Reading......Page 1808
Types of Transposable Elements......Page 1809
DDE Enzymes......Page 1811
Non-DDE Transposases......Page 1813
Target Choice......Page 1814
Regulation......Page 1815
Further Reading......Page 1816
Transposons......Page 1818
‘‘Cut-and-Paste’’ versus ‘‘Copy-and-Paste’’ Transposition......Page 1819
Retrotransposons......Page 1820
Site-Specific Non-LTR Retrotransposons......Page 1822
Glossary......Page 1823
Further Reading......Page 1824
PML Nuclear Bodies, ND10......Page 1825
Cajal (Coiled) Bodies and Gems......Page 1827
The Compartmentalized Nucleus......Page 1828
Further Reading......Page 1829
Lamin Genes......Page 1830
Nuclear Size......Page 1831
Proteolysis......Page 1832
Further Reading......Page 1833
Regulation of NFB Activity......Page 1834
NFAlphaB and Disease......Page 1836
Further Reading......Page 1837
Origin of Nuclear Gene Products with Functions in Mitochondria......Page 1838
Nonessential PET Genes......Page 1839
Essential PET Genes......Page 1840
Glossary......Page 1841
Further Reading......Page 1842
Establishing a Zone......Page 1843
Changes in Gene Expression Correlate with Shifting Zones......Page 1844
Glossary......Page 1845
Further Reading......Page 1846
Targeting Signals......Page 1847
Transport Receptors......Page 1848
Transport Mechanisms: RNA Trafficking......Page 1849
mRNA Export......Page 1850
Further Reading......Page 1851
DNA Supercoiling......Page 1853
The Domain Structure of the Nucleoid......Page 1854
Nucleoid-Associated Proteins......Page 1855
Further Reading......Page 1856
Amplified Nucleoli and Missing Nucleoli......Page 1857
The Plurifunctional Nucleolus......Page 1858
Further Reading......Page 1860
Types of Damage Repaired by NER......Page 1861
Excision of the Damaged Strand......Page 1862
Replication of Damaged DNA......Page 1863
Clinical Consequences of NER Deficiencies - Cancer......Page 1864
Mouse Models of NER Deficiencies......Page 1865
Glossary......Page 1866
Further Reading......Page 1867
Mechanism of Nucleotide Excision Repair......Page 1868
Damage Recognition and Transcription-Coupled Repair......Page 1869
Glossary......Page 1870
Further Reading......Page 1871
Genetics and Evolutionary Conservation of uvr Genes......Page 1872
Properties of UvrA, UvrB, and UvrC Proteins......Page 1874
Molecular Mechanism of Damage Recognition......Page 1876
Dual Incision......Page 1877
UvrD......Page 1878
Transcription-Coupled Repair......Page 1879
Further Reading......Page 1880
Distribution in Nature......Page 1881
Detection of NER in vivo and in vitro......Page 1882
Kinetics of NER......Page 1883
Further Reading......Page 1884
Olfactory Receptors Segregate in Several Highly Divergent Groups......Page 1886
Monogenic and Monoallelic Expression of Olfactory Receptor Genes......Page 1887
Olfactory Receptor Gene Expression is Regulated by Proximal and Distal Control Regions......Page 1888
Signal Transduction of Olfactory Receptors......Page 1889
Further Reading......Page 1891
Obtaining and Preparing Glycans for Mass Spectrometry......Page 1892
Instrumentation for Glycoconjugate Mass Spectrometry......Page 1893
Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) and Sequential Mass Spectrometry (MSn)......Page 1894
Further Reading......Page 1897
Free Oligosaccharide Transport System from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Cytosol......Page 1898
Free Oligosaccharides Formed in the Cytosol: Its Connection with Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Associated Degradation......Page 1899
Concluding Remarks......Page 1900
Further Reading......Page 1901
Mitochondrial Biochemistry......Page 1902
Further Reading......Page 1903
Discovery of Multiple Opioid Receptors......Page 1904
Distribution and Pharmacology of Multiple Opioid Receptors......Page 1905
Opioid Ligands Selectivity for the Multiple Opioid Receptors......Page 1906
Summary and Future Direction......Page 1907
Further Reading......Page 1908
Chemistry of the Cycle......Page 1909
Physiological Aspects of the Cycle......Page 1910
Short-Term Regulation......Page 1911
Extra-Hepatic Expression of Ornithine Cycle Enzymes......Page 1912
Inborn Errors of the Ornithine Cycle......Page 1913
Further Reading......Page 1914
Dioxygenases......Page 1915
Molecular Oxygen as a Substrate......Page 1916
Biological Function of Oxygenases......Page 1917
Glossary......Page 1918
Further Reading......Page 1919
Release of ATP onto P2X Receptors......Page 1920
Activation of P2X Receptor Ion Channels (P2X1 through P2X6)......Page 1921
P2X Receptors and Sympathetic Neurotransmission (P2X1 and P2X2 Receptors)......Page 1922
P2X Receptors and Sensory Pathways (P2X3 and P2X2/3)......Page 1923
Further Reading......Page 1924
Extracellular Nucleotides as Signaling Molecules......Page 1925
Functional Classification of the P2Y Receptors......Page 1926
Important Physiological or Pathological Functions of P2Y Receptor Subtypes......Page 1927
Further Reading......Page 1928
Growth Arrest and Apoptosis......Page 1929
p53 Regulation......Page 1930
Protein-Protein Interactions......Page 1931
Further Reading......Page 1932
Roles of Nutrients and mTOR in Regulating p70 S6 Kinase......Page 1933
Mechanisms Involved in the Activation of p70 S6 Kinase......Page 1934
mTOR Signaling is Inhibited by the Immunosuppressant Drug, Rapamycin......Page 1935
mTOR Signaling Is Regulated by Hormones and Nutrients......Page 1936
Further Reading......Page 1937
PTH......Page 1938
Functional Domains of PTH(1-34) and PTHrP(1-34)......Page 1940
The Ligand Interaction Mechanism in the PPR......Page 1941
Blomstrand’s Chondrodysplasia......Page 1943
Further Reading......Page 1944
Applications......Page 1945
Further Reading......Page 1947
Shunt or Cycle......Page 1948
Methods......Page 1949
Further Reading......Page 1952
Background......Page 1953
Early Discoveries......Page 1954
Post Second World War Discoveries of Reactions in the Nonoxidative Segment of the Pentose Pathway......Page 1956
Finding a Reaction Sequence for the Nonoxidative Pentose Pathway......Page 1957
The Search for a New Reaction Scheme for the Pentose Pathway......Page 1958
Exposing the Problem of Assigning a Reaction Scheme to the Nonoxidative PP......Page 1960
Glossary......Page 1961
Further Reading......Page 1962
Peptidylglycine Alpha-Hydroxylating Monooxygenase - PHM......Page 1963
Evolutionary Relationships......Page 1965
Impaired Peptide Amidation......Page 1966
Further Reading......Page 1967
Respiratory Electron Transport Systems......Page 1968
Bacterial Periplasmic Respiratory Electron Transport Systems that are Dependent on the Cytochrome bc1 Complex......Page 1969
Periplasmic Electron Transport Systems that do not Depend on the Cytochrome bc1 Complex......Page 1970
Formate Dehydrogenase N......Page 1971
Nitrate Reductase A......Page 1972
Multi-Heme c-Type Cytochromes......Page 1973
Synthesis of Periplasmic Electron Transport Systems......Page 1974
Further Reading......Page 1975
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors......Page 1976
PPAR (NR1C1)......Page 1977
PPAR (NR1C3)......Page 1980
PPAR (NR1C2)......Page 1981
Further Reading......Page 1982
Functions of Peroxisomes......Page 1983
Peroxisomal Matrix Protein Import......Page 1984
Glossary......Page 1986
Further Reading......Page 1987
Phagemid Vectors......Page 1988
Construction of Libraries......Page 1989
Design of Diversity Libraries......Page 1990
Phage-Binding Analysis......Page 1991
Further Reading......Page 1992
Pheromone Receptors Stimulate a Signal Transduction Pathway......Page 1993
Pheromone Receptor Synthesis Requires the Secretory Pathway......Page 1995
Pheromone Receptors Bind Ligand via Contacts with the Extracellular Ends of the Transmembrane Segments......Page 1996
Pheromone Receptors Promote G-Protein Activation via the Third Intracellular Loop......Page 1997
Further Reading......Page 1998
The PHO Genes and their Regulation......Page 1999
Further Reading......Page 2002
Synthesis......Page 2003
Hydrolysis......Page 2004
Cellular Function......Page 2005
PtdIns-3,4,5-P3-Binding Proteins......Page 2006
Cellular Function......Page 2007
Further Reading......Page 2008
Dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3)P......Page 2009
Protein Domains that Bind to PtdIns(3)P......Page 2010
PtdIns(3)P in Phagocytosis and Bacterial Invasion......Page 2011
Further Reading......Page 2012
Enzymology of PFK-2......Page 2014
Regulation and Physiological Roles of Specific Isoforms in Specific Tissues......Page 2015
Glossary......Page 2016
Further Reading......Page 2017
Activation and Regulation of PI 3-Kinases......Page 2018
Class I PI 3-Kinases......Page 2019
Signaling Downstream of PI 3-Kinases......Page 2021
Inflammatory Disease......Page 2022
Further Reading......Page 2023
Cellular Functions......Page 2024
Type II PIP Kinases......Page 2025
Type III PIP Kinases......Page 2026
Phosphoinositide 5-Phosphatases......Page 2027
Further Reading......Page 2028
Protein Kinase B/Akt......Page 2029
PDK1 and the Regulation of the AGC Kinases......Page 2030
Regulators of Cellular Growth - mTOR and S6K1......Page 2031
Further Reading......Page 2032
PLA2 Enzymes Using a Catalytic Histidine (sPLA2s)......Page 2034
PLA2 Enzymes Utilizing a Catalytic Serine......Page 2035
Further Reading......Page 2036
Structure of PLC......Page 2038
PLC-Beta......Page 2039
PLC-Gamma......Page 2040
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2041
Further Reading......Page 2042
PLD Structure......Page 2043
Regulation of Mammalian Phospholipase D......Page 2044
Biophysical role......Page 2047
Mammals......Page 2048
Further Reading......Page 2049
Diacylglycerophospholipids......Page 2051
Biosynthesis of Ether Glycerophospholipids......Page 2054
Glossary......Page 2056
Further Reading......Page 2057
CDP-DAG Pathway......Page 2058
CDP-Choline and CDP-Ethanolamine (Kennedy) Pathways......Page 2059
Regulation of Phospholipid Synthesis......Page 2060
Biochemical Regulation......Page 2061
Further Reading......Page 2062
Phototransduction......Page 2063
Pineal Photoreceptors......Page 2065
Further Reading......Page 2066
Energy Capture......Page 2067
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis......Page 2068
Benson-Calvin Cycle......Page 2069
C4 Photosynthesis......Page 2070
Further Reading......Page 2071
Carboxylation Phase......Page 2073
Regeneration Phase......Page 2074
Regulation of the Calvin Cycle......Page 2075
Direct Targeting of Calvin Cycle......Page 2076
Glossary......Page 2077
Further Reading......Page 2078
Function of PS I......Page 2079
The Proteins......Page 2080
The Electron Transport Chain......Page 2081
The Antenna System......Page 2082
Further Reading......Page 2084
Photosystem I: The Best-Studied Type I Reaction Center......Page 2085
Geometry and Oxidation States......Page 2086
FX, the Interpolypeptide [4Fe-4S] Cluster Bound by PsaA and PsaB......Page 2088
FA and FB, the [4Fe-4S] Clusters Bound by PsaC......Page 2089
Resolution of the Sequence of Electron Transfer: FX>FA>FB......Page 2090
Further Reading......Page 2092
Structure and Function of LHCII......Page 2094
The Need for Control of the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis......Page 2095
Energy-Dependent Quenching, qE......Page 2096
The Nature of the Quenched State of LHCII......Page 2097
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2098
Further Reading......Page 2099
Cooperation Between Chloroplast and Nucleus......Page 2100
PSII Photoinactivation and the D1 Protein Damage......Page 2101
PSII Photoinhibition Repair Cycle......Page 2102
Further Reading......Page 2103
QA......Page 2104
PsbC-CP43......Page 2105
PsbE and PsbF......Page 2106
PsbH......Page 2107
PsbO......Page 2108
PsbV......Page 2109
Further Reading......Page 2110
The Photosystem II Complex......Page 2112
The Water Splitting Enzyme......Page 2113
The Redox Potential of the Different S States......Page 2114
The Mechanism of Water Oxidation......Page 2115
Glossary......Page 2116
Further Reading......Page 2117
Tomato and Tobacco Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycosylated Defense Signals......Page 2118
CLAVATA3......Page 2119
Concluding Remarks......Page 2120
Further Reading......Page 2121
Plasma-Membrane Calcium Pump Structure......Page 2122
Mechanistic Aspects......Page 2123
Regulation......Page 2124
Glossary......Page 2125
Further Reading......Page 2126
The Structure of Cyt f......Page 2127
The Structure of PSI......Page 2128
Involvement of The PsaF Subunit in Electrostatic Interaction Between PC and PSI in Higher Plants and Green Algae......Page 2129
Further Reading......Page 2130
Platelet-Activating Factor......Page 2131
PAF Receptor Structure......Page 2132
PAF Receptor Signal Transduction......Page 2134
Further Reading......Page 2135
PDGF Receptors......Page 2136
Proteins Associated with the PDGF Receptors and PDGF-Driven Signaling Pathways......Page 2137
Proliferation......Page 2138
Chemotaxis......Page 2140
Dephosphorylation by PTPs......Page 2141
Further Reading......Page 2142
Polysialic Acid inMolecular Medicine......Page 2144
Embryonic and Adult Forms of N-CAM......Page 2145
Expression and Function of Polysialic Acid on Extraneural Cells......Page 2146
Prokaryotic-Derived Reagentsfor the Detection and Analysisof PolySia......Page 2147
Evidence for the Role of Polysialic Acid in Cancer Metastasis......Page 2148
Rationale for Chemotherapeutic Inhibition of PolySia Biosynthesis......Page 2149
Further Reading......Page 2150
-Aminolevulinic Acid to Uroporphyrinogen III......Page 2152
Heme and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis......Page 2153
Regulation......Page 2154
Herbicides......Page 2155
Further Reading......Page 2156
Enzymatic Processing of tRNA Precursors......Page 2157
Primary Processing......Page 2158
Generation of Mature rRNAs......Page 2159
Processing Differences among Various Bacterial Species......Page 2160
Further Reading......Page 2161
Removal of Precursor-Specific Sequences......Page 2162
Changes in Nucleotide Sequence of the Mature Domain......Page 2163
Removal of the Spacer Regions......Page 2164
Further Reading......Page 2168
Prion Domains and Functional Domains......Page 2169
Yeast, Fungal Prions [PSI+], [URE3], and [Het-s] are Self-Propagating Amyloidoses......Page 2170
Prion Generation......Page 2171
Chaperones and Prion Propagation......Page 2172
Further Reading......Page 2173
Replication Cycle......Page 2174
Physiopathology of Prion Diseases......Page 2175
Glossary......Page 2176
Further Reading......Page 2177
Processivity Clamp Loaders......Page 2178
E. Coli Clamp Loader, Gama-Complex......Page 2179
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2182
Further Reading......Page 2183
Propionyl CoA Carboxylase......Page 2184
Propionic Acidemia/Aciduria (PA)......Page 2185
Further Reading......Page 2187
PGHS Catalysis and Inhibition......Page 2189
PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 Gene Expression......Page 2190
5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein (FLAP)......Page 2191
Leukotriene Metabolism......Page 2192
Further Reading......Page 2193
The Role of Thrombin......Page 2194
Similarity to Trypsin......Page 2196
Further Reading......Page 2199
Subunit Composition......Page 2201
Structure......Page 2202
The 19S Regulator and its Subcomplexes......Page 2203
Glossary......Page 2204
Further Reading......Page 2205
The 26S Proteasome......Page 2206
Physiological Importance......Page 2207
REGs or PA28s......Page 2208
PA200......Page 2209
Further Reading......Page 2210
Introduction......Page 2211
Ras-Related and Heterotrimeric G Protein......Page 2212
Protein Phosphatase 2A......Page 2213
Further Reading......Page 2214
Primary Data Acquisition - The PDB......Page 2215
Data Dissemination......Page 2216
Secondary Sources......Page 2217
Data Reduction......Page 2218
The Future......Page 2219
Further Reading......Page 2220
Endocytic-Lysosomal Pathway......Page 2221
Lysosomes......Page 2222
Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway......Page 2223
Ubiquitin Conjugation......Page 2224
Protein Degradation......Page 2225
Proteolysis in Mitochondria......Page 2227
Selection of Substrates......Page 2228
Further Reading......Page 2229
Levinthal’s Paradox......Page 2230
Folding Intermediates......Page 2231
More Complex Folding Reactions......Page 2232
Disulfide-Coupled Folding......Page 2233
Assembly of Oligomeric Proteins......Page 2234
Protein Folding Pathologies......Page 2235
Further Reading......Page 2236
Mechanism of Action of Glycosylation Inhibitors......Page 2237
Mechanism of Action and Effect of Glycoprotein Processing Inhibitors......Page 2238
Further Reading......Page 2240
The Protein Carbohydrate Linkage......Page 2241
O-Linked Glycosylation......Page 2242
Protective......Page 2244
Glossary......Page 2245
Further Reading......Page 2246
Transport to and Across the Outer Membrane......Page 2247
The TOM Translocase......Page 2248
The TIM23 Complex......Page 2249
Protein Folding and Assembly......Page 2250
Further Reading......Page 2251
The PI3K/PKB Signaling Pathway......Page 2253
Apoptosis and Cell Survival......Page 2255
Regulation of proliferation......Page 2257
Further Reading......Page 2258
Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation......Page 2260
Protein Kinase C Translocation......Page 2261
Protein Kinase C Signaling......Page 2262
Further Reading......Page 2263
Function of N-Myristoylation......Page 2264
Reaction Mechanism......Page 2265
Therapeutics......Page 2266
Further Reading......Page 2267
Palmitoyltransferases......Page 2269
Palmitoylation and Protein Function......Page 2270
Further Reading......Page 2271
Intracellular PTPs......Page 2273
Involvement of PTPs in Mammalian Biology and Disease......Page 2274
PTPs as Drug Targets......Page 2277
Further Reading......Page 2278
Agonist Peptides......Page 2280
Northern Blot Analysis......Page 2281
In SituHybridization to Detect Receptor mRNA......Page 2282
Tissue Bioassays (Contraction or Relaxation)......Page 2283
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2284
Further Reading......Page 2285
Glycosaminoglycans......Page 2286
Secreted And Matrix Proteoglycans......Page 2288
Membrane-Bound Proteoglycans......Page 2290
Glossary......Page 2291
Further Reading......Page 2292
Distribution of Pterins in Nature......Page 2293
The Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylases (AAHs)......Page 2294
Molybdopterin-Containing Enzymes......Page 2295
Tetrahydrobiopterin and Human Disease......Page 2296
Further Reading......Page 2297
General Structure of Group IB P-Type ATPases......Page 2298
Physiological Roles......Page 2299
Regulation......Page 2300
Further Reading......Page 2301
The Alpha-Subunit of Gastric H+, K+-ATPase......Page 2302
The Beta-Subunit of Gastric H+, K+-ATPase......Page 2303
Kinetics and Conformational Changes of the Gastric H+, K+-ATPase......Page 2304
Functional Residues of the H+, K+-ATPase......Page 2305
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2306
Further Reading......Page 2307
E1- and E2-Conformations of the Na+/K+ Pump......Page 2308
Na+/K+ Pumps in Epithelial Cells of Kidney, Intestine, Lung, and Glands......Page 2310
Na+/K+ Pump Isoform Expression and Regulation in Muscle and Central Nervous System......Page 2311
Further Reading......Page 2312
Structure......Page 2314
Reaction Mechanism......Page 2315
Biogenesis......Page 2316
Regulation......Page 2317
Further Reading......Page 2318
Reaction Center......Page 2319
Properties of Reaction Center Cofactors......Page 2320
Ubiquinol-Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase (Cytochrome bc1 Complex)......Page 2321
Further Reading......Page 2322
Subunit Composition and Molecular Characterization......Page 2323
Kinetics......Page 2326
Mutants......Page 2327
Quinone Reduction and Protonation......Page 2329
Cytochrome c2 Oxidation......Page 2330
Further Reading......Page 2331
The Variety of PLP-Dependent Reactions......Page 2332
Chemical Mechanisms......Page 2334
Further Reading......Page 2335
Regulation......Page 2337
Deficiency and Interference......Page 2338
Formation of Cytidine and Thymidine Nucleotides......Page 2339
Regulation......Page 2340
Deficiency and Interference......Page 2341
Further Reading......Page 2342
Control of Gluconeogenesis......Page 2343
Control by Substrate Supply......Page 2345
Breakdown of Amino Acids in Muscle and the ‘‘Glucose-Alanine Cycle’’......Page 2346
Further Reading......Page 2347
Components and Structure of PDH......Page 2348
Role of PDH in Metabolism......Page 2349
Regulation of Activity by Phosphorylation......Page 2350
Extrinsic Regulation of PDH......Page 2351
Further Reading......Page 2352
Phosphorylation/Dephosporylation......Page 2353
Crystallographic Studies......Page 2354
Regulation of ChREBP in Response to Glucose and cAMP......Page 2355
Further Reading......Page 2356
Chemistry and Distribution......Page 2357
Functions of Coenzyme Q......Page 2359
Biological Naphthoquinones: Menaquinone and Vitamin K......Page 2362
Further Reading......Page 2363
Primary Structure and Evolution......Page 2364
Cellular Localization......Page 2365
Functional Cycle......Page 2366
Rabs and Diseases......Page 2367
Further Reading......Page 2369
The Cellular Gradient of RanGTP......Page 2370
Nuclear Transport......Page 2371
Regulation of Spindle and Nuclear Envelope Assembly at Mitosis......Page 2373
Further Reading......Page 2374
The GDP/GTP Cycle and Ras Mutations......Page 2375
H-, K-, and N-Ras......Page 2376
Rap1 and 2......Page 2377
Other Ras Family Members......Page 2378
Further Reading......Page 2379
RecA Strand Transfer......Page 2380
Mismatch Repair Mediates Heteroduplex Formation......Page 2381
Glossary......Page 2382
Further Reading......Page 2383
Structure......Page 2384
Three-Strand Exchange Reaction......Page 2385
Mediator Proteins......Page 2386
Further Reading......Page 2387
RDR Pathways in Bacteriophage......Page 2389
Demonstration of RDR in Escherichia coli and Yeast......Page 2390
RDR as a Backup Mechanism to Complete DNA Replication......Page 2391
Replication Fork Failure and Direct Restart Pathways......Page 2392
Further Reading......Page 2394
Bloom Syndrome......Page 2395
Functional Clues Provided by In vitro Studies......Page 2396
Potential Functions for recQ Helicases in Replication-Associated DNA Repair......Page 2397
Glossary......Page 2398
Further Reading......Page 2399
Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins (SREBPs)......Page 2400
ATF6 and RseA......Page 2402
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)......Page 2403
Rip Mediated by Rhomboid......Page 2404
Further Reading......Page 2405
Complex I (NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase)......Page 2406
Complex IV (Ferrocytochrome c - Oxygen Oxidoreductase or Cytochrome c Oxidase)......Page 2407
Other Ubiquinol Oxidizing Enzymes (The Alternative Oxidase)......Page 2408
Mechanism of ATP Synthesis......Page 2409
Further Reading......Page 2410
Assembly Factors......Page 2411
The Hydrogenase Module......Page 2412
Proton Pumping......Page 2413
Poisoning of Complex I......Page 2414
Further Reading......Page 2415
Structural Classification......Page 2416
Overall Description of the Structure......Page 2417
The Integral Membrane Subunit(s) C (and D) and the Sites of Quinol Oxidation/Quinone Reduction......Page 2419
Electron Transfer......Page 2420
Glossary......Page 2421
Further Reading......Page 2422
Background......Page 2423
Prosthetic Groups......Page 2424
Protein Structure......Page 2425
Proton Transfer Pathways......Page 2426
The Catalytic Cycle and Proton Pumping......Page 2427
Further Reading......Page 2429
Electron Transport Chains......Page 2430
Genetic Regulation of Respiration and Photosynthesis in Facultative Phototrophs......Page 2431
Electron Transport Pathways in Oxygenic Phototrophs......Page 2432
Further Reading......Page 2434
The RB Tumor Suppressor......Page 2435
The Rb Pathway......Page 2436
Glossary......Page 2437
Further Reading......Page 2438
Retinoic Acid-Binding Domain......Page 2439
Retinoic Acid Receptor Function......Page 2440
Glossary......Page 2441
Further Reading......Page 2442
Retrovirus Genome......Page 2443
Activities Associated with the Reverse Transcriptase......Page 2444
Fidelity......Page 2445
The Role of RT in Reverse Transcription......Page 2446
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2447
Further Reading......Page 2448
GTPase-Activating Proteins......Page 2449
Rho Effectors......Page 2450
Rac Effectors......Page 2451
Cell Migration......Page 2452
Further Reading......Page 2453
Assembly of Bacterial Ribosomes in vitro......Page 2454
Synthesis, Modification, and Processing of rRNA......Page 2455
Ribosome Assembly......Page 2457
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2458
Further Reading......Page 2459
Fundamental Activities of the Ribosome......Page 2460
Distinguishing Structural Features of the Ribosome......Page 2461
Struggling with Ribosome Structure......Page 2462
General Features of Ribosomal Architecture Revealed from the Subunit Structures......Page 2463
High-Resolution Structure of the Small Subunit......Page 2464
Medium-Resolution Structure of the 70S Ribosome......Page 2465
Further Reading......Page 2466
Chemical Structure of RNA......Page 2468
Ribonuclease P......Page 2469
Small Ribozymes that do not Require Divalent Metals......Page 2470
Further Reading......Page 2472
Secondary Structure......Page 2473
The Guanosine-Binding Site......Page 2474
Helix P1 and 5 Splice-Site Recognition......Page 2475
Further Reading......Page 2477
Tertiary Structure......Page 2478
Comparison with Other Ribozymes......Page 2480
Further Reading......Page 2481
Classes of Natural Ribozymes......Page 2482
Unnatural Ribozymes......Page 2484
SELEX......Page 2486
Further Reading......Page 2487
RNA Substrates that Undergo A-to-I Editing......Page 2488
Adenosine Deaminases that Act on RNA......Page 2489
Editosome Complex......Page 2490
Substitution Editing of Viral RNAs......Page 2491
Roles of RNA Editing......Page 2492
Further Reading......Page 2493
The RNA Polymerase Molecules......Page 2494
Alu Genes and Retrotransposition......Page 2495
Glossary......Page 2496
Further Reading......Page 2497
Structure and Catalytic Activity of RNA Polymerase II......Page 2498
Roles of the Basal Factors in Transcription Initiation by Pol II......Page 2499
Further Reading......Page 2500
Elongation Maintenance Factors......Page 2501
N-TEFs and Termination Factors......Page 2502
Integration of Elongation Control and Gene Expression......Page 2503
Further Reading......Page 2504
Transcription Cycle......Page 2505
Initiation......Page 2506
Elongation......Page 2507
Glossary......Page 2508
Further Reading......Page 2509
Transcription Initiation......Page 2510
Transcription Elongation......Page 2512
Transcription Termination......Page 2513
Further Reading......Page 2514
Structure of the Core Enzyme......Page 2516
Structure of the Holoenzyme......Page 2517
Structure of a Single Subunit Phage RNAP......Page 2518
Further Reading......Page 2519
Cover Page......Page 3089
Editors-in-Chief......Page 3023
Associate Editors......Page 3025
Preface......Page 3028
Volume 1......Page 3030
Volume 2......Page 3038
Volume 3......Page 3046
Volume 4......Page 3054
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Membranes and Membrane Proteins......Page 3059
Metabolism, Vitamins and Hormones......Page 3061
Cell Architecture and Function......Page 3063
Protein/Enzyme Structure Function and Degradation......Page 3066
Bioenergetics......Page 3069
Molecular Biology......Page 3075
Signaling......Page 3081
Techniques and Methodology......Page 3088
Repetitive Secondary Structure: The -Helix......Page 2587
Repetitive Secondary Structure: The 310-Helix......Page 2588
Repetitive Secondary Structure: The Polyproline II Helix (PII)......Page 2589
Programs to Identify Structure from Coordinates......Page 2590
Neural Networks......Page 2591
Further Reading......Page 2592
Beta-Secretase......Page 2593
Gama-Secretase......Page 2595
Further Reading......Page 2596
Soluble and Integral Membrane Proteins......Page 2597
Chaperones and the ER Quality Control System......Page 2598
Vesicular Transport between the ER and Golgi......Page 2599
Protein Localization in the ER......Page 2600
Protein Exit from the Golgi......Page 2601
Further Reading......Page 2602
Selenocysteine Biosynthesis......Page 2603
Formation of the SelBx GTPxSelenocysteyl-tRNAx SECIS Complex......Page 2604
Archaeal and Eukaryal Selenoprotein Synthesis......Page 2606
Further Reading......Page 2607
Septins Bind Guanine Nucleotide and Form Complexes and Filaments......Page 2608
Septin Filaments Can Form Higher-Order Assemblies......Page 2609
Septins Interact with Inositol Phospholipids......Page 2610
Metazoa......Page 2611
Further Reading......Page 2612
Three-Dimensional Structures......Page 2613
Interaction of PP1 with Diverse Regulatory Subunits......Page 2614
PP5......Page 2615
PPP Family......Page 2616
See Also The Following Articles......Page 2617
Further Reading......Page 2618
Serotonin Receptors that Inhibit Adenylyl Cyclase......Page 2619
Serotonin Receptors Linked to Activation of Adenylate Cyclase......Page 2620
RNA Editing Produces Multiple Functional 5-HT2C Receptor Isoforms......Page 2621
Summary: Potential Role of Receptor Diversity......Page 2622
Further Reading......Page 2623
Cell-Type Specific Expression......Page 2624
Known and Putative Functions of the Siglecs......Page 2625
Further Reading......Page 2626
Bacterial RNA Polymerase and the Transcription Cycle......Page 2627
Biochemical Properties......Page 2628
Phylogenetic Distribution......Page 2629
Further Reading......Page 2630
Clamp Structure and Function......Page 2631
Clamp Loader Structure......Page 2632
Further Reading......Page 2633
The Small GTPase Cycle and Its Regulation......Page 2634
Small GTPase Structure......Page 2637
Ras Proteins as Signaling Nodes and Regulators of Cell Proliferation......Page 2638
Further Reading......Page 2640
Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes......Page 2641
Somatostatin Receptor Structure......Page 2642
Pharmacology of Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes......Page 2643
Somatostatin Receptor Signaling......Page 2644
Further Reading......Page 2645
SPG7/Paraplegin......Page 2647
SPG10/KIF5A......Page 2649
SPG20/Spartin......Page 2650
Myelin-Associated Genes......Page 2651
Further Reading......Page 2652
Dual-Wavelength Technology......Page 2653
Photochemical Action Spectra......Page 2654
Control Of Respiration......Page 2655
The Ruby Laser and Electron Tunneling......Page 2656
NADH as an Oximeter......Page 2657
NIR Imaging......Page 2658
Brain Functional Activation......Page 2659
Glossary......Page 2660
Further Reading......Page 2661
More Complex Phospho- and Glyco-Sphingolipids......Page 2662
Serine Palmitoyltransferase......Page 2663
Dihydroceramide Desaturase......Page 2664
Glycosphingolipids......Page 2665
Glossary......Page 2666
Further Reading......Page 2667
Neutral Sphingomyelinase (nSMase)......Page 2668
Neutral Ceramidase......Page 2669
Glycosphingolipid Catabolism......Page 2670
Arylsulfatase A......Page 2671
Beta-Glucocerebrosidase......Page 2672
Further Reading......Page 2673
Splicing Takes Place via Consecutive Transesterification Reactions......Page 2674
Spliceosome Assembly and the Splicing Cycle......Page 2675
Why is the Spliceosome so Complex......Page 2676
Glossary......Page 2677
Further Reading......Page 2678
History of Src......Page 2679
Other Vertebrate Src Family Kinases: Redundant and Specific Functions......Page 2680
Regulation of Src Kinase Activity......Page 2681
Summary: Integration of Many Inputs and Regulation of Many Outputs......Page 2683
Further Reading......Page 2684
Background......Page 2685
Obesity and Starvation, and Clinical Features of Starvation......Page 2686
Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Energy Requirements......Page 2687
The Nature and Quantity of Fuels Oxidized during Starvation......Page 2688
Changes in the Concentration of Substrates and Hormones in the Blood......Page 2689
Hormonal Changes......Page 2690
Control of Fatty Acid Release During Starvation......Page 2691
Proteolysis and Amino Acid Metabolism......Page 2692
Ketogenesis......Page 2693
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion......Page 2694
Fuel Consumption during Starvation......Page 2695
Further Reading......Page 2696
Overview of Nuclear Receptor Ligands and Mechanism of Action......Page 2697
Receptor Structure......Page 2698
Receptor Binding to DNA......Page 2699
Steroid Receptor Coregulators......Page 2700
Functional Interactions between Nuclear Receptors and Signal-Regulated Transcription Factors......Page 2701
Further Reading......Page 2702
Characteristics of SOCE......Page 2703
Molecular Candidates for SOCC......Page 2704
Conformational Coupling......Page 2705
Ca2+ Signaling Microdomains......Page 2706
Further Reading......Page 2708
Catalysis......Page 2709
Free-Energy Profiles......Page 2710
Rate-Limiting Steps for V......Page 2711
Further Reading......Page 2712
Structure of Golgi Nucleotide Sugar Transporters......Page 2713
Topography of Nucleotide Sugar Transporters in the Golgi Membrane......Page 2714
Further Reading......Page 2715
Conjugation......Page 2716
Deconjugation......Page 2718
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2719
Further Reading......Page 2720
The Cu, Zn SODs......Page 2721
E. coli......Page 2722
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2723
Further Reading......Page 2724
Interaction of ZAP-70 with the TCR ITAM......Page 2725
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of ZAP-70......Page 2727
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Syk......Page 2728
T Lymphocyte Development......Page 2729
ZAP-70 and Syk in Integrin-Mediated Functions......Page 2730
Further Reading......Page 2731
Similarities to Other Polymerases......Page 2732
Promoter Release and Elongation......Page 2734
Regulation......Page 2735
Further Reading......Page 2736
SP......Page 2737
Full-Length SPR......Page 2738
Role of the Carboxyl-Tail in SPR Function......Page 2740
SPR in Emesis......Page 2741
Further Reading......Page 2742
T1R Receptors......Page 2743
Transduction Cascades......Page 2745
Further Reading......Page 2746
T Cell Antigen Receptor......Page 2747
Invariant Chains: CD3, CD247, and Pre-TAlpha......Page 2750
Cell Biology......Page 2751
Further Reading......Page 2752
PH Domain......Page 2754
Tec Family Kinase Functions......Page 2755
Tec Family Kinases in Signal Transduction......Page 2756
Further Reading......Page 2757
Telomeric DNA......Page 2759
Telomerase......Page 2760
Telomere Proteins......Page 2761
A Negative Regulatory Loop Stabilizes Telomere Length......Page 2762
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2763
Further Reading......Page 2764
The Luteinizing Hormone Receptor......Page 2765
Extracellular Domains......Page 2766
Naturally Occurring Mutations of the Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors......Page 2769
Further Reading......Page 2770
Peripheral Membrane Proteins......Page 2772
Glossary......Page 2773
Further Reading......Page 2774
MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathway......Page 2775
Structural and Functional Homologues of TLRs......Page 2777
Further Reading......Page 2779
Intrinsic Termination......Page 2780
Rho-Mediated Termination......Page 2781
Regulated Termination and Antitermination......Page 2782
Further Reading......Page 2783
Budding Yeast, S. cerevisiae......Page 2785
Metazoans......Page 2787
Further Reading......Page 2788
E. coli......Page 2789
Alkylation Damage......Page 2791
Oxidative Damage......Page 2792
Further Reading......Page 2793
Receptor-Ligand Interactions......Page 2794
Accessory Receptors......Page 2795
Receptor Activation......Page 2796
See Also The Following Articles......Page 2797
Further Reading......Page 2798
The Three Basic Reactions of Elongation......Page 2799
The Hybrid Site Model......Page 2800
Selection of the Ternary Complex: Decoding and A Site Occupation......Page 2802
An Additional Role of EF-Tu......Page 2803
Peptide-Bond Formation......Page 2804
Translocation......Page 2807
Further Reading......Page 2808
The Traditional Elongation Cycle: The A and P Sites......Page 2809
Molecular Mimicry......Page 2811
Influence of Other Sites......Page 2812
Glossary......Page 2813
Further Reading......Page 2814
The Translation Initiation Region of Prokaryotic mRNAs......Page 2815
Initiation Complex Formation......Page 2816
IF1......Page 2817
IF2......Page 2818
IF3......Page 2819
Further Reading......Page 2821
Recruitment of Initiator tRNA to the 40S Ribosomal Subunit......Page 2822
Attachment of 43S Preinitiation Complexes to mRNA......Page 2823
Regulation of Translation Initiation......Page 2825
Further Reading......Page 2826
Prokaryotic Polypeptide Chain Release Factors......Page 2827
Eukaryotic Chain Release Factors......Page 2828
Bypassing Stop Codons: The Causes and Consequences......Page 2830
Further Reading......Page 2831
Structural Features......Page 2832
Lesion Bypass Specificity......Page 2833
Cellular Role(s)......Page 2834
Further Reading......Page 2835
Occurrence of Trehalose in the Biological World......Page 2836
As a Stabilizer and Protectant of Proteins and Membranes Against Various Stresses......Page 2837
Glossary......Page 2839
Further Reading......Page 2840
History of the Discovery of the TCA Cycle......Page 2841
Into the Wilderness and Back Again......Page 2843
The TCA Cycle Today......Page 2844
Glossary......Page 2846
Further Reading......Page 2847
tRNAs......Page 2848
tRNA Dependent Amidation......Page 2849
Novel Functions of tRNA Synthetases......Page 2850
Further Reading......Page 2851
Attenuation Control of the E. coli trp Operon......Page 2852
The B. subtilis trp Leader......Page 2854
The Role of Pausing in TRAP Mediated Attenuation......Page 2855
Further Reading......Page 2856
Physical Properties......Page 2857
Tubulin Polymerization......Page 2858
Gamma-Tubulin and Microtubule Nucleation......Page 2859
Further Reading......Page 2860
Expression......Page 2862
TRAF Signaling......Page 2863
Death Receptor Signaling......Page 2865
Costimulation......Page 2866
Further Reading......Page 2867
2D PAGE in the Future......Page 2869
Second Dimension: SDS-PAGE......Page 2870
Applications of 2D PAGE......Page 2871
Differential Analysis......Page 2872
Further Reading......Page 2873
The Yeast Two-Hybrid System......Page 2875
Advanced Applications......Page 2876
Role in Proteomics......Page 2877
Further Reading......Page 2878
The Tyrosine Sulfation Reaction......Page 2879
Properties of TPST......Page 2880
TPST-1- and TPST-2-Deficient Mice......Page 2881
Further Reading......Page 2882
Degradation......Page 2883
Substrate Recognition......Page 2884
Diseases......Page 2885
Drug Development......Page 2886
Further Reading......Page 2887
Proteins Modified by Sentrin......Page 2888
Rub1/NEDD8 Modification of CDC53/Cullins......Page 2890
Further Reading......Page 2891
The Discovery of Pol V......Page 2892
The Fidelity of Pol V......Page 2893
In vivo Function of Pol V......Page 2894
Eukaryotic Homologues of Pol V......Page 2895
Further Reading......Page 2896
Brown Adipose Tissue and UCP1: History of a True Respiration Uncoupling......Page 2897
Respiration Uncoupling is the Thermogenic Mechanism in Brown Adipocytes......Page 2898
The Novel UCPs......Page 2899
Role and Function of UCPs other than UCP1: A Role in Controlling the Level of Reactive Oxygen Species......Page 2900
UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3, Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 2901
Further Reading......Page 2902
Physiological and Pathological ER Stress......Page 2903
Unconventional Splicing of HAC1 mRNA......Page 2904
Conservation of the IRE1 Pathway......Page 2905
PERK Couples ER Stress to eIF2 Phosphorylation and Translational Repression......Page 2906
Gene Expression, eIF2 Phosphorylation and Integration of Signals in the UPR, and Other Stress Pathways......Page 2907
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2908
Further Reading......Page 2909
Urea Cycle Defects......Page 2910
Other Hyperammonemia States due to Amino Acid Transporter Defects......Page 2911
Long-Term Management......Page 2913
Further Reading......Page 2914
Vacuole Function in Yeast......Page 2915
Vacuole Biogenesis and Transport Pathways to the Vacuole in Yeast......Page 2916
Cytoplasm to Vacuole Transport and Macro-Autophagy......Page 2917
Glossary......Page 2919
Further Reading......Page 2920
VEGFR-2......Page 2921
VEGF Structure and Receptor Binding......Page 2922
Coreceptors......Page 2923
Signal Transduction Cascades......Page 2924
Nonmitogenic Functions......Page 2925
Further Reading......Page 2926
The Functions of Vasopressin and Oxytocin......Page 2927
Vasopressin and Oxytocin Receptors......Page 2931
Further Reading......Page 2932
Function of Plasma Membrane V-ATPases......Page 2933
V-ATPase Structure......Page 2934
Glossary......Page 2936
Further Reading......Page 2937
The Chemistry of atROH Generation, Storage, and Metabolic Activation......Page 2938
Retinoid Binding-Proteins and their Contributions to Retinoid Homeostasis......Page 2939
Control of Vitamin A Homeostasis......Page 2942
Further Reading......Page 2943
B12-Derivatives in Electron Transfer Reactions......Page 2944
Organometallic Reactions of B12-Derivatives......Page 2945
Coenzyme B12-Dependent Enzymes......Page 2947
Further Reading......Page 2949
Chemistry......Page 2951
Nutritional and Biochemical Importance......Page 2952
Defining Ascorbic Acid Status......Page 2953
Glossary......Page 2954
Further Reading......Page 2955
The N-Terminal DNA-Binding Domain (DBD)......Page 2956
Ligand-Binding Domain (LBD)......Page 2957
VDR Interaction with Vitamin D Responsive Elements......Page 2958
Communication between VDR and the Transcriptional Machinery......Page 2959
Further Reading......Page 2960
Conversion of Vitamin D to its Hormonal Form......Page 2962
The Vitamin D Endocrine System......Page 2963
Molecular Mechanism......Page 2964
New and Nonclassical Roles of the Vitamin D Hormone......Page 2965
Glossary......Page 2966
Further Reading......Page 2967
Dietary Sources and Recommended Intake of Vitamin E......Page 2968
Uptake, Distribution, and Metabolism of Vitamin E......Page 2969
Effects of Vitamin E on Cell Signaling and Gene Expression......Page 2970
Recognition of Vitamin E Deficiency Diseases and the Beneficial Effects of Vitamin E Supplements in Human Health.........Page 2971
Further Reading......Page 2972
Biochemical Role of Vitamin K......Page 2973
The Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase......Page 2974
Metabolic Interconversion of Vitamin K......Page 2975
Nutritional Aspects of Vitamin K......Page 2976
Further Reading......Page 2977
Blood Coagulation......Page 2978
Nutrition......Page 2981
Further Reading......Page 2982
Voltage-Dependent K+ Channel Structure and Diversity......Page 2983
Ether-a-go-go K+ Channels......Page 2984
Calcium-Activated K+ Channel......Page 2985
Further Reading......Page 2987
Calmodulin Binding......Page 2989
Physiology......Page 2990
Further Reading......Page 2992
The Alpha-Subunits of Sodium Channels......Page 2993
The Outer Pore and Selectivity Filter......Page 2994
Modulation of Channel Activity......Page 2995
Genetic Defects Affecting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels......Page 2996
Toxins and Channel Modifiers......Page 2997
Glossary......Page 2998
Further Reading......Page 2999
Structure of the VHL Ubiquitin Ligase......Page 3000
Regulation of HIF Ubiquitylation by the VHL Ubiquitin Ligase......Page 3001
Further Reading......Page 3002
Catalytic Activity......Page 3003
Localization......Page 3004
Further Reading......Page 3005
Diffraction Measurements......Page 3006
Fitting Electron Density Maps......Page 3007
Studies of Molecular Complexes and Conformational Changes......Page 3008
The Importance of Resolution......Page 3009
Structures at Very High Resolution......Page 3010
Further Reading......Page 3012
The Gene-Specific Regulatory Factors......Page 3013
Chromosomal Organization......Page 3014
How Gal4p Activates Transcription......Page 3015
Glossary......Page 3016
Further Reading......Page 3017
Classical Zinc Fingers......Page 3018
Interactions with DNA and RNA......Page 3020
Non-Nucleic Acid Interactions......Page 3021
Further Reading......Page 3022