Encyclopedia of Archaeology

9780323918565v1_WEB
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY
	Copyright
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
	EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES
		Editors in Chief
		Editors
	FOREWORD
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Cultural Ecology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Global Theories of Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: Global Theories in Archaeology
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Historic Roots of Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	History of Archaeology: The Last Few Centuries
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Afro-Brazilian Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Material Culture Studies
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Philosophy of Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary
		Funding Statement
		References
		Further Reading
	Processual Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions: What Happened, Where Did It Happen, What is Happening, and What Will Happen
		References1111The publisher\'s editorial policy limited the number of bibliographic citations. The interested reader will fi ...
	Post-Processual Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: Modern, Post-modern, and Post-processual Archaeology/Archaeologies
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Social Theory in Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	World-Systems Analysis: Traditions and Schools of Thought
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Agency in Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Anthropological Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Archaeoastronomy
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Examples
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Archaeological Science
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Archaeology of Childhood
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeology of Cult and Religion
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Digital Sources
	Archaeology of Enslavement
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Archaeology of Food
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Archaeology and the New Materialisms
		Introduction
		Overview of the New Materialisms: Key Concepts
		Key Issues: Archaeological Applications of New Materialisms
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Behavioral Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: The Birth of Behavioral Archaeology
		Key Issues: Similarities to Evolutionary Archaeology
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Biblical Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Cognitive Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Community Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Conflict Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Contextual Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Digital Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Economic Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Environmental Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Ethnoarchaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		Further Reading
	Evolutionary/Neo-Darwinian Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Experimental Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Feminist Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Important Directions
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Field Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Conclusions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Forensic Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: Traditional vs. Forensic vs. Humanitarian Archaeology
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Funerary Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues in Funerary Archaeology
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Gender and Queer Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Interpretive Art and Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Islamic Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		For Terms, Sites and General Discussions
		Selected Topics
		Further Reading
	Landscape Archaeology and Socio-Environmental Patterns
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Maritime Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Marxist Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Networks in Archaeology
		Introduction
		Historical Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Phenomenological Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Postcolonial Archaeology and Colonial Praxis
		Introduction
		Overview: Anticolonial/Decolonial/Postcolonial Projects
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Primate Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: Discoveries and Contributions to Human Origins Research
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Archaeological Ethnographies
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Identity and Power
		Introduction
		Identity: Self and Group
		Power: Substance, Relationship, or Discourse?
		Categorical Aspects of Identity in Archaeology
		The Politics of Identity
		Further Reading
	Gender and Heritage
		Introduction
		Overview: Gender and Heritage—State of the Art
		Key Issues: What Does Heritage Have to Do With Male Individualization?
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeological Heritage Values and Significance
		Introduction
		Overview: Erasing the Processual Traces of Archaeological Values
		Key Issues: Evolution of Archaeological Values
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeology, Heritage and Globalization
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeological Heritage and Museum Interpretation
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Indigenous Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Participatory Processes and Conflict Resolution in Archaeology and Heritage
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues: Current Debates Regarding Participatory Processes and Conflict Resolution
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Ethical Issues and Responsibilities
		Introduction
		The Core Ethic: Protecting, Obtaining, and Using Data
		The Ethics of Destroying Archaeological Sites
		The Ethics of Treating With “Looters” and “Traffickers”
		The Ethics of Relations With Indigenous, Descendant, and Protective Communities
		The Ethics of the Workplace and Society
		Conclusion
		Further Reading
	Archaeology and Human Rights
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Repatriation of Human Remains
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Restitution of Collections - An Appraisal
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Conclusion
		References
	Looting and Illicit Trafficking of Archaeological Heritage
		Introduction
		Overview (With Special Focus on International Cultural Heritage Law from 1945)
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The UNESCO 1972 Convention and Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: The Development of “Heritage”
		Key Issues: The Understanding of Archaeology in the Context of the Convention and Foreign Policy
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeological Heritage Management
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Preventive Archaeology - Cultural Heritage and Land Planning
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Heritage and Sustainability
		Introduction
		Overview - Historical Evolution of the Link Between Sustainability and Cultural Heritage
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Heritage Tourism and Visitor Management
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Conclusions
		References
	Archaeological Sites and Archaeological Site Parks in China
		Introduction
		Overview: Archaeological Site Protection in China
		Key Issues: Protection and Display of Archaeological Sites in China
		Summary and Future Directions
		Further Reading
	Economics and Archaeological Heritage
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Funding in Archaeology: Public, Private and In-Between
		Introduction
		Overview: Public and Private Funding
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Crowdfunding and Crowdsourcing in Archaeology
		Introduction: Archaeology and Engaging the Public
		Overview: Archaeology and the “Crowd”
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Professional Careers in Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeology and the Future
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
9780323918565v2_WEB
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY
	Copyright
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2A
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2A
	EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES
		Editors in Chief
		Editors
	FOREWORD
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Classification of Archaeological Sites
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Open-Air Sites (Paleolithic)
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Site Formation in Caves and Rockshelters
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Rock Art and Petroglyphs
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Shell Middens
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Hunting Traps, Jumps, and Kill Sites
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Agricultural Fields
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Settlements, Tell Formation
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Cemeteries and Necropoleis
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Site Formation: Conflict Sites
		Introduction
		Overview: Battlefield Signatures and Patterns
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Road and Transport Networks
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Treasures, Votive Artefacts and Offerings
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Quarrying and Building Stones
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Multimedia
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Mining, Beneficiation: Raw Material Appropriation
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues: Mining Practices as chaîne opératoire
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	History of Fieldwork Approaches, Methods and Techniques
		Introduction
		Overview of Historical Development
		Key Issues: The Fundamental Nature of Excavation and Post-excavation Work
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Multimedia
	Survey
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Geophysical Prospection
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Airborne and Space-Borne Prospection
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Predictive Modeling in Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Stratigraphic Diagrams
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Mortuary Excavation and Recording Approaches
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Mapping Methods
		What and Why Do We Map?
		History of Site Mapping
		Site Mapping Methods
		Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Sampling Methods and Theory
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Stone, Mudbrick and Burnt Brick Structures
		Introduction
		Overview: From a Dwelling to a Remain
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Dry, Cold Excavations
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Waterlogged Sites
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Underwater Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Preservation of Archaeological Remains in Situ
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Archaeology and Cyberspace
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Summary
		References
9780323918565v3_WEB
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY
	Copyright
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2B
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2B
	EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES
		Editors in Chief
		Editors
	FOREWORD
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Archaeological Materials: Challenges and Future Directions
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Paleolithic Raw Material Provenance Studies
		Introduction
		Historical Developments
		An Integrated Approach
		Interpretive Framework
		A Palaeolithic Perspective: Diachronic Change and Macro-regional Variability
		Case-Studies
		Conclusions
		Further Reading
	Traceology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Ceramics: Stylistic and Functional Analysis
		Introduction: Style and Function in Archaeological Research
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Ceramics: Chemical and Petrographic Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues: Petrographic and Chemical Applications for Solving Archaeological Questions on Ancient Ceramics
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Ceramics: Organic Residue Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview: Preservation of Organic Components in a Ceramic Matrix
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Multimedia Annexes
	Bone Tool Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues to Bone Tool Studies
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Chipped Stones and Debitage Assemblages
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Obsidian Sourcing by X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Ground Stone Tools and Vessels
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Jade and Precious Stones
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Beads and Pendants
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Metals: Primary Production
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Metals: Manufacture and Use
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Cementitious Materials
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Lime and Gypsum Mortars in Historic Construction
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Glass: Primary Production
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgements
		References
		Further Reading
	Glazes
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Pigments as Archaeological Materials
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeological Science in Practice
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Forgeries and Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Human-Landscape Interactions
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Social Impacts on Landscapes
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Geomorphology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Soil Micromorphology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Website
	Taphonomy in Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Paleoclimatology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Archaeobotany: Wood and Charcoal Remains
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Archaeobotany: Plant Macroremains
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeobotany: Plant Microfossils
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeobotany: Microscopic and Molecular Techniques
		Introduction
		Overview: Selected Plant Remains From Archaeological Sites and Their Recovery Methods
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Archaeobotany: Plant Domestication
		Introduction
		Overview
		Summary of Key Issues and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Archaeobotany: Crop Husbandry
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Current Debates
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Food and Feasting
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Fiber Artifacts
		Introduction
		Recovery and Conservation Protocols
		Laboratory Methods
		Analytical Methods
		Raw Materials
		Photography
		Description, Compilation, and Interpretation
		References
		Further Reading
	Textiles
		Textiles and the Archaeological Record
		Textiles and Society
		Textile Technologies
		Textile Structures and Patterns
		Archaeological Finds
		Significant Finds of Archaeological Textiles
		Amplifying the Archaeological Record
		Further Reading
	Animal Domestication
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues: Current Debates on Animal Domestication
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Animal Management
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Vertebrate Zooarchaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issue: Biometry and Its Importance in Zooarchaeology
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Invertebrate Analysis
		Mollusks as Ornaments, Artifacts, and Shell Money
		Mollusks as a Food Source
		Mollusks Used in Construction and Pottery Production
		Textile and Textile Dyes
		Paleoenvironment and Dating
		Quantification
		Other Invertebrates
		Further Reading
	Archaeoparasitology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Human Remains: Challenges and Future Directions
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Paleodemography
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Human Remains: Paleopathology
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Human Remains: Diet
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues: Non-destructive Skeletal Methods for Reconstructing Past Diet
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Biodistance Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Activity-Related Skeletal Changes
		Introduction
		Reconstructing Past Activities: An Overview
		Key Issues: Types of ARSC—Potential and Limits
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Dental Anthropology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Epidemiologic Transitions
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Osteobiography: The Bioarchaeology of Individuals
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Bioarchaeology of Childhood
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Historical Bioarchaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Summary
		References
		Further Reading
	Mummified Tissues
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Paleoanthropology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Relative Dating: Stratigraphy and Seriation
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Relative Dating: Combining Chronological Information
		Introduction: Relative Dating Defined
		Overview: Relative Dating in Archaeology
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Luminescence Dating
		Overview
		References
		Further Reading
	Building a Radiocarbon Chronology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Website
	Archaeomagnetic Dating
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Website
	Obsidian Hydration Dating
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Archaeological Dendrochronology
		Introduction: Archaeological Dendrochronology
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant websites: Selected Online Dendrochronology Resources and Dendrochronology Software
	Archaeogenetics
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Paleoproteomics
		Introduction
		Overview: History of the Method
		Key Issues: Proteins in the Archaeological Record
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Isotopic Analysis: Organic Remains
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Isotopic Analysis: Inorganic Remains
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Synchrotron Methods
		Introduction
		Overview of Synchrotrons and Techniques
		Key Issues: Applications in Archaeology
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Agent-Based Modeling
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Statistics: Part I - Exploratory Data Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Appendices A–C. Supplementary data
		References
		Further Reading
	Statistics: Part II - Confirmatory Data Analysis
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Appendices A–C. Supplementary data
		References
		Further Reading
9780323918565v4_WEB
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY
	Copyright
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 3
	EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES
		Editors in Chief
		Editors
	FOREWORD
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Structure of Volumes 3 and 4: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania
		Aim
		Structure
		Maps
		Chronology
		Individual Units
	Africa, South: Human Origins
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, South: Earlier Stone Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Evolutionary Implications
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Africa, South: Middle Stone Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Africa, Tropical: Middle Stone Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, South: Later Stone Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Africa, North: Bronze Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, North: Neolithic and Predynastic Egypt
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
	Egypt, Pharaonic
		Introduction
		Old Kingdom (3rd–8th Dynasty, c. 2686–2160 BC)
		First Intermediate Period (9th–Early 11th Dynasty; c. 2160–2055 BC)
		Middle Kingdom (Later 11th–13th Dynasty; c. 2055–1650 BC)
		Second Intermediate Period (15th–17th Dynasty; c. 1650–1550 BC)
		New Kingdom (18th–20th Dynasty; c. 1550–1069 BC)
		Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069–664 BC)
		Late Period (26th–30th Dynasty; 664–332 BC)
		Further Reading
	Africa, North: Medieval Ethiopia
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, North: Eastern Sahara
		Introduction
		Overview: Eco-geography and Climate
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Africa, Tropical: Pastoral Neolithic
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Foragers, Farmers, and Metallurgists
		Further Reading
	Africa, Tropical: Madagascar and Surrounding Islands
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		References
	Africa, Tropical: East African Foragers
		Introduction
		Overview: Defining Hunter-Gatherers or Foragers
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, South: Iron Age
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, West: Villages, Cities, and Early States
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, South: Late Holocene Forager and Farmer Interactions
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Africa, South: Indian Ocean and Atlantic Connections
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions: Frontiers and Impacts
		References
	Africa, South: Ancient Chiefdoms and States
		Introduction
		Overview: Perceiving Complexity in Southern Africa
		Key Issues: Resetting the Map
		Summary and Future Directions: Can Chiefdoms and States Be Reimagined?
		References
	Africa, South: Precolonial Mining and Metallurgy
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, South: Ethnoarchaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, North: Historical Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, Tropical: Historical Archaeology: Revolutionary Practices
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Africa, Tropical: Swahili Archaeology
		Introduction: Who are the Swahili?
		Overview
		Key Issues: Current Trends in Swahili Archaeology
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Africa, South: Historical Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	New World, Peopling of
		Introduction
		Climates, Environments, and Archaeological Records
		Landscapes, Technologies, Economies, and Founding Populations
		Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Connections
		Epilog
		Further Reading
	Americas, South: Peopling Stage
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Americas, Caribbean: The Earliest Peoples
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Early Cultures of Middle America
		Introduction
		Dating and Chronology
		The Path to Middle America
		The First Paleoindian Migrations
		The Late Paleoindian Period
		The Origins of Middle American Art and Ideology
		The Archaic Period in General
		From Nomadic Hunting and Gathering to Village Based Farming Societies: Toward Explaining the Processes of Development
		Further Reading
	Peopling of the Caribbean
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Archaic Period
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Formative Period
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Early Cultures of the Central Andes
		Introduction
		Current and Past Environments
		Climatic Changes During the Final Pleistocene
		First Researches, First Milestones
		The First Occupations (Before 10,000 BP)
		Early Archaic: The Time of Specialized Hunters (10,000–8000 BP)
		Middle Archaic: The Beginnings of a Production Economy (8000–5000 BP)
		Further Reading
	Archaeology of the North American Arctic
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Americas, North: Eastern Woodlands
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		References
	Americas, North: Hopewell Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues and Future Directions
		Summary and Conclusion
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Americas, North: Great Plains
		Introduction
		Palaeo-Indian Cultures
		Plains Archaic Cultures
		Plains Woodland Cultures
		Plains Village Traditions
		Southern Plains
		Transition to the Historic Tribes
		Historic Sites Archaeology
		Further Reading
	Americas, North: Indigenous Political Institutions
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	North America, Southwest
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	North America, Southwest: Anasazi / Ancestral Pueblo
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	North America, Southwest: Hohokam
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	North America, Southwest: The Mogollon
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	North America, Southwest: Ancient Peoples of the Four Corners Region
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	California and the Sierra Nevada
		Ice Age Hunters
		Early Holocene Diversification
		Middle Holocene Elaboration and Innovation
		Late Holocene Intensification
		Late Holocene Specialization and Complexity
		Summary
		Epilog
		Further Reading
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Middle-Range Societies and States
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Classic and Postclassic Stage
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, Caribbean: The Greater and Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Amazon Basin
		Interpretive Themes in Amazonian Archaeology
		Research Methodology
		History of Research at Sites
		The Human Developmental Sequence in Amazonia
		Further Reading
	Americas, South: Andean Complexity
		Introduction: The Archaeological Setting
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, South: Intermediate Periods
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Americas, South: Late Horizon
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	North America, Southwest: Exchange Systems
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Pre-colonial Ritual and Religion
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Americas, South: Pre-Columbian Exchange in the Andes
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, South: Pre-Columbian Metallurgy in the Andean Region
		Introduction: The Emergence of Metallurgy in the New World
		Overview
		Key Issues: The Chaîne Opératoire of New World Metallurgy
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Tarascan-Mexican Archaeometallurgy
		Introduction: The Emergence of Metallurgy in Mesoamerica
		Overview: The Chaíne Opératoire of New World Metallurgy
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Historical Archaeology in the United States
		Roots of Historical Archaeology in the United States
		Approaches and Subject Matter
		Goals of Historical Archaeology in the United States
		Time Periods, Issues, and Representative Sites
		Disclaimer
		Further Reading
	Americas, Mesoamerica: Historical Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview: Historical Archaeology in Mesoamerican Countries
		Key Issues: Themes in Mesoamerican Historical Archaeology 2008–2021
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Americas, South: Historical Archaeology
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Oceania: Peopling
		Introduction: Inhabiting a Sea of Islands
		Overview: Chronological Narrative of the Incremental Growth Model
		Key Issues: Debates Regarding the Peopling of Oceania
		Summary and Future Directions: Further Implications
		Acknowledgments
		References
	The Human History of the Pacific Islands
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Historical Archaeology in Australia
		Introduction
		Archaeologies of Convicts
		Archaeologies of Settlement
		Archaeologies of Interaction
		Archaeologies of Australian Cities
		Archaeologies of Industry
		Maritime Archaeologies
		Future Directions
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
9780323918565v5_WEB
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY
	Copyright
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4A
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4A
	EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES
		Editors in Chief
		Editors
	FOREWORD
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Structure of Volumes 3, 4A and 4B: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania
		Aim
		Structure
		Maps
		Chronology
		Individual Units
	Between the Ural Mountains and Lena River: The Post-Glacial Stone Age in Northern Asia
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, East: Japanese Archipelago, Paleolithic Cultures
		Search for the Earliest Evidence of Human Presence
		Late Palaeolithic Assemblages
		Further Reading
	Asia, East: Japanese Archipelago, Prehistoric Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers
		Definition
		Chronology
		End of the Jomon
		Subsistence
		Further Reading
	Asia, East: Japan, Kofun to Heian (250–1185 CE)
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		References
		Further Reading
	Asia, Northeast, Early States and Civilizations
		Complexity in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province
		Upper Xiajiadian
		Eastern Dongbei and the Korean Peninsula
		Bronze Age Korea
		The State of Old Chosun
		Korean States After Nangnang
		Yayoi and Kofun Periods in Japan
		Further Reading
	Asia, East: Paleolithic Cultures
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, East: China, Neolithic Cultures
		Introduction
		Environmental and Cultural Diversity in China
		The Early Neolithic Period
		The Middle Neolithic Period
		The Late Neolithic Period
		Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		Further Reading
	Asia, East: Social Complexity and Early States in Late Prehistoric China
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Asia, East: China, Bronze Age Civilizations
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, East: Imperial China: Qin and Han (221 BCE–CE 220)
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, East: China, Medieval Period (220–960 CE)
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		References
	Asia, East: Imperial China: Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties (916–1644 CE)
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues in the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Tibetan Plateau: Prehistory
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Tibetan Plateau: The Tubo Kingdom
		Introduction
		Overview
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, East: Buddhist Remains and Cave-Temples in China
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Asia, Southeast: Islands
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgements
		References
		Further Reading
	Asia, Southeast: Early States of the Mainland
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues: Early States
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Asia, South: Palaeolithic
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, South: Neolithic
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, South: Indus Civilization
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, South: Ganges Valley
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Asia, South: South India and Sri Lanka
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, South: Archaeology of Buddhism in India
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Steppe, East: Paleolithic Kazakhstan
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Asia, Steppe, East: Neolithic and Chalcolithic Kazakhstan
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Bibliography (Translated)
		Bibliography (Original Cyrillic)
	Asia, Steppe, East: Bronze and Iron Age
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Asia, Steppe, East: Early Iron Age Pastoralist Cultures
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Bibliography (Translated)
		Bibliography (Original Cyrillic)
	Asia, Steppe, East: Medieval Cities, Religion and Textiles
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Further Reading
		In English
		In Chinese
		In Japanese
		In Russian
	Asia, Steppe, East: Middle Ages (Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan)
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Southwest: Palaeolithic and Epi-Palaeolithic
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues: Key Themes and Diachronic Trends
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Asia, Southwest: Neolithic Onset of Modern Societies
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Southwest: From Sumer to Babylon
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Southwest: Iron Age (c. 1200–539 BC) Levant and Mesopotamia
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Asia, Southwest: The Persian Empires
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Asia, Southwest: Bilād al-Shām, Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula – The Islamic Period
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Neolithic and Chalcolithic of West Asia
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Asia, Southwest: The Mountain Regions During the Iron Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Relevant Websites
	Asia, West: Roman Eastern Colonies
		Introduction
		Brief History and Topography
		The Nature of the Provinces
		Archaeology of the Eastern Provinces
		Conclusion and Outlook
		Reference
		Further Reading
	Asia, West: Byzantine Empire
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Silk Roads
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
		Relevant Websites
	Maritime Silk Road∗
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
9780323918565v6_WEB
	Front Cover
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARCHAEOLOGY
	Copyright
	CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4B
	CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4B
	EDITOR BIOGRAPHIES
		Editors in Chief
		Editors
	FOREWORD
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	Structure of Volumes 3, 4A and 4B: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania
		Aim
		Structure
		Maps
		Chronology
		Individual Units
	The Bronze and Early Iron Ages in the Eurasian Arctic
		Introduction
		Overview: Metal Ages in the Eurasian Arctic
		Key Issues of Arctic Archaeology: Metallurgy and Reindeer Domestication
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Paleolithic and Mesolithic Western Steppe and Forest Zone
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	The Late Stone Age Western Forest Zone, 7th–3rd Millennium BCE
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues: Subsistence, Settlement, People and Society
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Early Iron Age Western Forest Zone
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		References
	The Western Forest Zone During the Transition From the Roman Times to the Early Middle Ages
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Scandinavia: Early Iron Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Scandinavia: (Late) Iron Age and Middle Ages
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Palaeolithic in the Western Steppe Zone
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Neolithic and Eneolithic in the Western Steppe Zone
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	Bronze Age Pastoralists in the Western Steppe Zone
		Introduction: Regional Context
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Early Iron Age Nomadic Cultures of the Lower Volga, Lower Don and Southern Urals
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Western Steppe and Forest-Steppe in the Early Iron Age
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Western Steppe and Forest-Steppe During the Transition From the Roman Time to the Early Middle Ages
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Paleolithic of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	The Mesolithic of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Appendices 1–4. Supplementary data
		References
	The Neolithic of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	The Bronze Age of Temperate Europe
		Concept of a Bronze Age
		Bronze: New Technology
		Continuity From Late Neolithic
		Death and Burial
		Rock Art
		Monuments
		Bronze Age Society
		Further Reading
	The Iron Age of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Further Reading
	The Roman Period of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview: Regional Developments and Trajectories
		Key Issues in Roman Temperate Europe
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	The Medieval Period of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
		Further Reading
	The Post-Medieval Period of Temperate Europe
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	Mediterranean: Neolithic
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Mediterranean: Iron Age
		Introduction
		Overview of Prehistoric and Iron Age European and Mediterranean Connectivity: From World-System Theory to House Society
		Key Issues on East-West Relations: From Diffusionist Theory to Network Approaches
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
		Further Reading
	Mediterranean: Phoenicia
		Introduction
		Geographic Survey
		Further Reading
	Mediterranean: Greek Colonies
		Introduction: General Observations
		Greek Colonies and Settlements in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
		Conclusion
		References
		Further Reading
	Mediterranean: Roman Period
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		References
	Mediterranean: Medieval
		Introduction
		Overview
		Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Mediterranean: Post-Medieval
		Introduction
		Overview and Key Issues
		Summary and Future Directions
		Acknowledgments
		References
	INDEX
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
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		R
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		T
		U
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		X
		Y
		Z
	AUTHOR INDEX
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		J
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
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		Q
		R
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		T
		U
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		Z