Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology Vol. I

Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology......Page 1
LinkToy : )~......Page 0
Preface,  Page xxi......Page 2
Glossary......Page 4
School Readiness......Page 5
Academic, Instructional, and Motivational Reasons......Page 6
Early Intervention Programs......Page 7
Preventing School Failure in the Elementary Grades......Page 8
Conclusion......Page 9
Further Reading......Page 10
Overview......Page 11
Selecting Academic Interventions......Page 12
Implementing Academic Interventions......Page 15
Curriculum-Based Assessment......Page 17
Interventions to Improve Reading Performance......Page 18
Reciprocal Peer Tutoring......Page 19
School-Home Notes......Page 20
Further Reading......Page 21
Why Is It Important to Understand Accidents?......Page 22
Applied Psychology and Accidents......Page 23
Why Do Accidents Happen?......Page 24
Interventions, New Technology, and Future Developments......Page 25
Further Reading......Page 26
Glossary......Page 27
Acculturation Concept......Page 28
Acculturation Contexts......Page 29
Acculturation Strategies......Page 30
Acculturative Stress......Page 31
Adaptation......Page 32
Further Reading......Page 33
Introduction......Page 35
Current Perspectives......Page 36
Promoting Achievement Motivation......Page 39
Further Reading......Page 40
Glossary......Page 41
Definitions and Examples......Page 42
Types of Achievement Tests......Page 43
Evaluating Achievement Tests......Page 44
Further Reading......Page 46
Approaches to Culture in the Context of Advertising and Consumer Behavior......Page 47
Horizontal and Vertical Cultural Orientations......Page 48
Salient Self-Construal......Page 49
Factors That Covary with Culture......Page 50
Further Reading......Page 51
Introduction......Page 52
Contemporary Perspectives......Page 53
Exposure......Page 54
Interpretation......Page 55
Short- and Long-Term Memory......Page 56
Low- and High-Involvement Learning......Page 57
The Structure of Attitudes......Page 58
Functions of Attitudes......Page 60
Persuasion......Page 61
Dual-Process Theories......Page 62
Further Reading......Page 63
Glossary......Page 64
Legal Definitions......Page 65
Target Groups......Page 66
Affirmative Action and Stigmatization......Page 67
Target Group Members\'  Anticipation of Stigmatization......Page 68
Attitudes toward Affirmative Action......Page 69
Individual Difference Variables......Page 70
Opinion Variables......Page 71
Political Orientation......Page 72
Comparison among Theories......Page 73
Self-Interest (Personal and Collective)......Page 74
Conclusions......Page 75
Further Reading......Page 76
Glossary......Page 77
The Changing Nature of Aging in America......Page 78
Socioeconomic Status......Page 79
Work and Retirement......Page 80
Sources and Types of Informal Support/Care......Page 81
Receiving Care......Page 82
Importance of Perceived Control to Physical and Mental Health Outcomes......Page 83
Burden, Stress, Depression as a Result of Providing Care......Page 84
Spouse Caregiver......Page 85
Racial and Ethnic Minority Elderly as a Resource......Page 86
Conclusions......Page 87
Further Reading......Page 88
Culture and Aggression: Contexts for Exercising Coercive Control......Page 89
Culture as Contexts for Influence......Page 90
Waging War and Internal Political Violence......Page 91
Social Psychological Mechanisms......Page 92
Culture and Studies of Aggression in Individuals......Page 94
Further Reading......Page 96
Glossary......Page 97
Legal Frameworks for Aging and Competency......Page 98
Consequences of Guardianship......Page 99
Financial Management......Page 100
Further Reading......Page 101
Introduction......Page 102
Aging, Culture, and Families......Page 103
Cultural Diversity and Aging......Page 104
Cultural Influences on the Health of Aging People......Page 105
Further Reading......Page 106
Extent and Cost of Medication Nonadherence in the Elderly......Page 108
Adherence: A Complex Cognitive Task......Page 109
Knowledge, Beliefs, and Communication: Age-Related Changes and Effects on Adherence......Page 110
Measuring Adherence: A Difficult Challenge......Page 111
Further Reading......Page 112
Describing Agreeableness: What Is It?......Page 114
External Correlates: What Is Agreeableness Related To?......Page 115
Etiology/Antecedents: Where Does Agreeableness Come From?......Page 116
Conclusion......Page 117
Further Reading......Page 118
Who Becomes Alcoholic?......Page 119
Syndromes......Page 120
Psychiatric and Medical Complications......Page 121
Long-Term Recovery from Alcoholism......Page 122
Further Reading......Page 123
Introduction......Page 124
The Contribution of Patient H.M.......Page 125
Anterograde Amnesia......Page 126
Repetition Priming......Page 127
Anoxia......Page 128
Stroke......Page 129
Declarative Memory......Page 130
Approaches to Treatment of Amnesic Disorders......Page 131
Further Reading......Page 133
Introduction......Page 134
Traditional Theoretical Perspectives on the Anxiety-Performance Relationship......Page 135
The IZOF Model......Page 136
Interindividual Variability in Optimal Anxiety......Page 137
Impact of Optimal Anxiety on Performance......Page 138
Further Reading......Page 139
Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders in Older Adults......Page 140
Comorbidity......Page 141
Assessment......Page 142
Psychosocial Treatment of Late-Life Panic Disorder......Page 143
Assessment and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 144
Assessment and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 145
Issues Related to Anxiety Secondary to a Medical Condition......Page 146
Further Reading......Page 147
Introduction......Page 150
Drive Theory......Page 151
Inverted-U Hypothesis......Page 152
Newer Theories......Page 153
Effects of Arousal on Athletic Performance......Page 154
Further Reading......Page 155
Concept......Page 157
Theoretical Perspectives......Page 158
Medical......Page 160
Psychodynamic......Page 161
Constructivist......Page 162
Interview......Page 163
Self-reports......Page 164
The Process of Assessment, Treatment, and Evaluation......Page 166
Conclusions......Page 167
Further Reading......Page 169
Introduction......Page 171
Interviews......Page 172
Behavioral Observation......Page 173
Formal Assessment Versus Informal Assessment......Page 174
History and Current Assessment Tools (North American)......Page 175
16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)......Page 176
Competition Reflections......Page 177
Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT)......Page 178
Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT)......Page 179
Response Sets and Styles......Page 180
Future Directions......Page 181
Further Reading......Page 184
Glossary......Page 185
John Bowlby (1907-1990)......Page 186
Procedure......Page 187
The Attachment Q-Sort......Page 188
Assessing Adult Attachment Representations......Page 189
Parental Caregiving Behavior......Page 190
Child Temperament......Page 191
Attachment Throughout the Life Span: Stability and Change......Page 192
Cognitive Development......Page 193
Enhancing Parental Sensitivity......Page 194
See Also the Following Articles......Page 195
Further Reading......Page 196
Historical Context......Page 197
Gross Characteristics of Attention......Page 198
Attention and Perception......Page 199
Substrates of Attentional Networks......Page 200
Further Reading......Page 202
Glossary......Page 203
‘‘Attention’’ and ‘‘Concentration’’ in Sport......Page 204
Performance Goal Setting......Page 205
Trigger Words......Page 206
New Directions in Research on Concentration Skills Training......Page 207
Further Reading......Page 208
Description and Definition of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 209
Intervening at the Point of Performance......Page 210
Using Multiple Intervention Agents......Page 211
Teacher-Mediated Strategies......Page 212
Computer-Assisted Interventions......Page 213
Parent-Mediated Interventions......Page 214
Intervention Considerations for Secondary School-Aged Students......Page 215
Further Reading......Page 216
Core Characteristics of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 218
ADHD with Other Disorders......Page 219
Etiology of ADHD......Page 220
ADHD During Adolescence......Page 221
Other Evidence-Based Interventions......Page 222
Risk and Resiliency Factors that Affect ADHD......Page 223
Further Reading......Page 224
Glossary......Page 225
The Historical Problem: Attitudes Did Not Predict Behaviors......Page 226
Principle of Correspondence......Page 227
Attitudes Toward Objects or Behaviors and Behavioral Categories......Page 228
Open Attitude Measures......Page 229
Implicit Attitude Measures......Page 230
Direct and Indirect Attitude Measures......Page 231
The Separate Measurement of Attitudes and Subjective Norms......Page 232
Consumer Applications......Page 233
Conclusion......Page 234
Further Reading......Page 235
Introduction......Page 236
The Tripartite Model of Attitudes......Page 237
Attitude Strength......Page 238
Attitude Change......Page 239
Further Reading......Page 240
Historical Background......Page 241
Concept of the Authoritarian Personality......Page 242
Similar Contemporary Concepts......Page 243
Consequences......Page 244
Further Reading......Page 245
Definition and Diagnosis......Page 246
Psychological Processes......Page 247
Course and Prognosis......Page 248
Further Reading......Page 249
History......Page 255
Sources of Basic Principles and Theoretical Approaches......Page 256
Automation and Human-Machine Interfaces......Page 257
Occupations and Employment......Page 258
Further Reading......Page 259
Glossary......Page 260
Rationale for School-Based Assessment......Page 261
Traditional Assessment......Page 262
Functional Behavioral Assessment......Page 264
Interviews......Page 263
Rating Scales......Page 265
Legal and Ethical Issues......Page 266
Further Reading......Page 268
Glossary......Page 269
Depression and Health in Older Adults......Page 270
Behavioral Sleep Medicine and Aging......Page 271
Stimulus Control......Page 272
Behavioral Medicine Issues in the Frail Old......Page 273
Further Reading......Page 274
General Methods of Behavioral Observation......Page 275
Coding Schemes......Page 276
Summarizing Behavioral Observation Data......Page 277
Reliability and Validity of Behavioral Observation......Page 278
Further Reading......Page 279
Introduction......Page 280
Psychophysical Model......Page 281
Measuring Boredom......Page 282
Consequences of Boredom at Work......Page 283
Work Environment Interventions to Prevent and/or Alleviate Boredom at Work......Page 284
Further Reading......Page 285
Introduction......Page 286
How Common Is Bullying on School Campuses?......Page 287
What Are the Effects?......Page 288
Classroom-Level Responses......Page 289
The Special Role of Bystanders......Page 290
See Also the Following Articles......Page 291
Further Reading......Page 292
The Evolution of the Definition......Page 293
Theories of Career Development......Page 294
Further Reading......Page 295
Glossary......Page 296
Cheating and Validity......Page 297
Detecting Cheating......Page 298
Preventing Cheating......Page 299
Further Reading......Page 300
Introduction......Page 301
The Context of Sport......Page 302
What Is Cheating?......Page 303
The Motivation to Cheat: Achievement Goals as a Determinant of Moral Action......Page 304
Dispositional Achievement Goals......Page 305
Perceived Motivational Climate and Determinants of Cheating......Page 307
What Can We Do about Cheating?......Page 309
Further Reading......Page 310
Psychology’s Contribution to Understanding Best Interests......Page 311
Psychological Assessment: What Can We Measure?......Page 312
Dancing with Attorneys without Tripping......Page 314
Following the Rainbow......Page 315
Further Reading......Page 316
Study of Child Development in Psychology......Page 317
Life Stages and Culture......Page 318
Development in Context......Page 319
The Value of Children and Family as Developmental Niche......Page 320
Development of Competence......Page 321
Cognitive Development: Piaget and Vygotsky......Page 322
Nature-Nurture Debate and Plasticity......Page 323
Developmental Norms......Page 324
Problems in Development......Page 325
Further Reading......Page 326
Glossary......Page 327
To-Be-Remembered Event Characteristics......Page 328
Interview Characteristics......Page 329
Children’s Involvement in the Legal System......Page 330
Conclusions......Page 331
Further Reading......Page 332
From Pavlov to the Present......Page 333
Basic Conditioning Procedure......Page 334
What Influences Classical Conditioning?......Page 335
Clinical Treatment......Page 336
Further Reading......Page 337
Differential Diagnosis......Page 338
Standardized Tests......Page 339
Malingering and Deception......Page 340
Computer-Based Test Interpretation......Page 341
Further Reading......Page 342
Glossary......Page 343
Attention and Perception......Page 344
Categorization......Page 345
Social Inference......Page 346
Language and Communication Style......Page 347
Intelligence......Page 348
Further Reading......Page 349
Glossary......Page 350
Economic Needs......Page 351
Decline of Specific Aptitudes through the Life Span......Page 352
Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 353
Evidence for Optimal Cognitive Aging......Page 354
Correlates of Optimal Cognitive Aging......Page 355
Activities That Directly Benefit Cognition......Page 356
Activities That Indirectly Benefit Cognition......Page 357
Selective Optimization with Compensation......Page 358
Looking Ahead......Page 359
Further Reading......Page 360
Introduction......Page 361
Cognitive and Behavioral Theories of Depressed Affect......Page 362
General Issues in Considering Types of Interventions......Page 363
Cognitive Restructuring......Page 364
Maximizing Control......Page 365
Pets/Dolls......Page 366
Clear Labels and Signs......Page 367
Combination Therapies......Page 368
Further Reading......Page 369
Cognitive Skills and Their Importance for Daily Functioning......Page 370
Memory......Page 371
How Cognitive Skills May Be Maintained......Page 372
Cognitive Training......Page 373
Transfer of Training......Page 374
Further Reading......Page 375
Glossary......Page 376
Cognitivism During the Behaviorist Era......Page 377
Cognitive Science......Page 378
The Level of Physical Implementation......Page 379
Systems Approach......Page 380
Representation......Page 381
Process......Page 382
Further Reading......Page 383
Glossary......Page 385
Instrumentality......Page 386
Identity......Page 388
Ideology......Page 389
The Transformation of Potentiality into Action......Page 390
Further Reading......Page 391
Glossary......Page 392
Introduction......Page 393
The Origin of Metamers......Page 394
Diagnosing Dichromatism and Anomalous Trichromatism with an Anomaloscope......Page 395
Causes of Color Blindness......Page 396
Detecting and Diagnosing Color Blindness: A Two-Step Strategy......Page 397
Problems Related to the Use of Basic Chromatic Categories......Page 399
Further Reading......Page 401
Introduction......Page 402
Empirical Grounding: The Research Basis for Efforts to Make a Positive Difference in Communities and the Larger Society......Page 403
Ecological Multilevel Framework......Page 404
Social Problems......Page 405
Sense of Community......Page 406
Prevention and Promotion......Page 407
Further Reading......Page 408
Glossary......Page 410
Fringe Benefits......Page 411
Job Evaluation......Page 412
Performance Appraisal: Qualitative Versus Quantitative Yardsticks......Page 413
Control by Employees......Page 414
Further Reading......Page 415
The Concept of Competence at Work......Page 416
Measurement and Assessment of Competence......Page 418
Barriers to Effective Assessment......Page 419
Developing and Improving Competence......Page 420
Further Reading......Page 421
Competitive Sport: A Worldwide Phenomenon......Page 422
A Model for Understanding Competition......Page 423
Stress in Sport......Page 424
Managing Competitive Stress......Page 425
Further Reading......Page 426
Introduction......Page 427
The Conflict Process......Page 428
Conflict Management Strategies......Page 429
Structural Conditions Affecting Conflict......Page 430
Organizational Characteristics......Page 431
Conflict Outcomes......Page 432
Methods of Intervention......Page 433
See Also the Following Articles......Page 434
Further Reading......Page 435
Comparisons of Subsistence Economies......Page 436
Conformity and Individualism-Collectivism......Page 437
Conformity or Harmony?......Page 438
Further Reading......Page 439
Glossary......Page 440
General Features of the Connectionist Cognitive Architecture......Page 441
Localist and Distributed Representational Systems and Their Properties......Page 442
Dynamics of an Information Processing Unit......Page 443
Dynamics of Interunit Connections......Page 444
Examples of Connectionist Architectures......Page 445
Applications of Connectionism......Page 446
Further Reading......Page 447
Conscientiousness as a Dimension of Personality......Page 448
Mental Health and Psychotherapy......Page 449
Conclusion......Page 450
Further Reading......Page 451
Conceptions of Conservation Behavior......Page 452
Goal-Directed Action: One Class of Behavioral Means......Page 453
No Goal, No Drive......Page 454
Differentially Striving for a Single Goal......Page 455
Further Reading......Page 456
Introduction......Page 457
Relationship and Interpersonal Aspects......Page 458
Further Reading......Page 459
Glossary......Page 460
I Buy, Therefore I Am......Page 461
Need Recognition......Page 462
Evaluation of Alternatives......Page 463
Postpurchase Evaluation and Satisfaction......Page 464
Biases in the Decision-Making Process......Page 465
Psychological Influences on Consumption......Page 466
Cultural and Interpersonal Influences on Consumption......Page 467
Further Reading......Page 468
What Is a Contract?......Page 470
Cross-National Differences......Page 471
See Also the Following Articles......Page 472
Further Reading......Page 473
Glossary......Page 474
Teamwork Examined......Page 475
Teamwork Derailers......Page 476
Facilitators of Teamwork......Page 477
Promoting Cooperation and Teamwork at Work through Training......Page 478
Measuring Team Performance and Effectiveness......Page 480
Conclusion......Page 481
Further Reading......Page 482
Types of Coping......Page 483
Coping Processes......Page 484
Coping with Trauma......Page 485
Further Reading......Page 486
Introduction......Page 487
Culturally Learned Assumptions in Counselor Education......Page 488
Multicultural Theories of Counseling......Page 490
Resistance to Multiculturalism as a Fourth Force......Page 492
Further Reading......Page 493
Glossary......Page 495
Dynamics of Counselor-Client Interaction......Page 496
Values and Ethics......Page 497
Trust......Page 498
Diversity......Page 499
Conclusion......Page 500
Further Reading......Page 501
Definition of Cross-Cultural Psychology......Page 502
History of Cross-Cultural Psychology......Page 503
Levels of Analysis......Page 504
Emics and Etics......Page 505
Tightness and Looseness......Page 506
Collectivism and Individualism......Page 507
Antecedents of Collectivism......Page 508
Consequences Of Collectivism for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation......Page 509
Power Distance......Page 510
Evaluation of Findings and Applications......Page 511
Further Reading......Page 512
Glossary......Page 514
Theories on the Origins of Cultural Complexity......Page 515
Measuring Cultural Complexity......Page 516
Cultural Complexity and Dimensions of Cultural Variation......Page 517
Globalization and Cultural Complexity......Page 518
Further Reading......Page 519
Glossary......Page 520
Cultural Psychology Compared with Cross-Cultural Psychology......Page 521
Sociopolitical Roots of Cultural Psychology......Page 523
Parental Ethnotheories: An Example of Shared Meaning......Page 524
Apprenticeship: The Historical Transformation of Shared Practice......Page 525
Application of Cultural Psychology......Page 526
Further Reading......Page 527
Glossary......Page 529
Individualism......Page 530
Hierarchy Versus Equality......Page 531
Relationships among the Cultural Syndromes......Page 532
See Also the Following Articles......Page 533
Further Reading......Page 534
Glossary......Page 535
Cyberspace: A Technocultural Realm......Page 536
Cyberpsychology: An Increasingly Grounded Brand Name......Page 537
A Tool for Psychologists......Page 539
Psychological Processes and Human Performance......Page 540
Further Reading......Page 541
Introduction......Page 543
Features and Distinctions......Page 544
Uncertainty/Probability......Page 545
Models and Modes of Decision Making......Page 546
Areas of Application......Page 547
Further Reading......Page 548
Introduction......Page 549
Nonsport Perspectives on DM......Page 550
DM in Sport: The Dynamics and Mechanisms......Page 551
Visual-Spatial Attention......Page 552
Anticipatory Mechanisms......Page 553
Memory Representations, Information Delivery, and Knowledge Structure......Page 554
DM in Teams......Page 555
Perceived Stress and DM......Page 556
Summary: A Holistic View of DM in Sport......Page 557
Further Reading......Page 558
Glossary......Page 559
Myths and Stereotyping......Page 560
Pharmacological Effects......Page 561
Screening and Diagnostic Tools......Page 562
Stroke, Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Arteries, High Cholesterol, and Hypertension......Page 563
Management Concerns......Page 564
Further Reading......Page 565
Epidemiology of Late-Life Depression......Page 566
Relations Among Depression, Physical Diseases, and Medications......Page 567
Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale......Page 568
Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 569
Life Review Therapy......Page 570
Further Reading......Page 571
Introduction......Page 573
The Developmental Viewpoint......Page 574
Collaborative Relationships......Page 575
Appraisal in Developmental Counseling......Page 576
Further Reading......Page 577
Antecedents......Page 579
DSM-I (1952)......Page 580
DSM-III (1980)......Page 581
Inclusion of Five Diagnostic Axes......Page 582
Critical Positions......Page 583
Further Reading......Page 586
Introduction......Page 587
Understanding Culture as a Continuum......Page 588
Cross-Cultural Communication......Page 589
Diversity in Education......Page 590
See Also the Following Articles......Page 591
Further Reading......Page 592
Glossary......Page 593
Mergers, Acquisitions, and the Demise of Loyalty......Page 594
Effects of Downsizing on Knowledge-Based Organizations......Page 595
Roles of Procedural and Distributive Justice in Employment Downsizing......Page 596
Further Reading......Page 597
Glossary......Page 599
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)......Page 600
Decision Making......Page 601
Educational Programs......Page 602
Further Reading......Page 603
Driving Safety as a Behavioral Target......Page 605
Speeding......Page 606
Safety Belt Nonuse......Page 607
Driving Safety among Older Drivers......Page 608
Driving Safety among Younger Drivers......Page 609
Further Reading......Page 610
Introduction......Page 611
Risk Factors and Causes of Drug Abuse......Page 612
Assessment of Drug Abuse......Page 613
See Also the Following Articles......Page 614
Further Reading......Page 615
Glossary......Page 616
Concept of Drug Dependence......Page 617
Primary Types of Drug Dependence......Page 618
Contingencies of Dependence......Page 619
Topography and Function of Drug Response Classes......Page 620
Effects of Titration on Drug Response Class......Page 621
Family Protectiveness......Page 622
Conclusion......Page 623
Further Reading......Page 624
Introduction......Page 625
Cultural and Environmental Influences on Food Selection......Page 626
The Role of Personality in Eating Behavior......Page 627
Obesity and the Problem of Eating Too Much......Page 628
Overcoming Obstacles to Weight Control......Page 629
Further Reading......Page 630
The Nature of Humankind in Economic Theory and the Need for Psychology......Page 631
Consumers......Page 632
Workers......Page 633
Economic Growth......Page 634
Further Reading......Page 635
Glossary......Page 637
Overview of Cultural Approaches to Teaching, Learning, and Achievement......Page 638
Cross-Cultural Differences in Mathematics Achievement......Page 639
Cultural Explanations for Cross-Ethnic Differences in Achievement in the United States......Page 640
Educational Effort......Page 641
Directions for Future Research on Cross-Cultural Achievement......Page 642
Further Reading......Page 643
Introduction......Page 644
Four Goals of Assessment......Page 645
Psychological Theories and Constructs in Assessing Children’s Achievements and Social Adaptation and Personality......Page 646
Modeling Individual Differences in Intelligence and Aptitudes......Page 647
Screening of Developmental Backwardness......Page 648
Personality and Temperament......Page 649
The Assessment Process in Children......Page 650
Case Study: an Example of Educational and Child Assessment......Page 651
Three Months Later......Page 652
Further Reading......Page 653
Introduction......Page 655
Planning for Content Coverage......Page 656
Using Effective Teaching Strategies......Page 657
Promoting Effective Inclusive Instruction......Page 658
Further Reading......Page 659
Glossary......Page 660
Sexual Abuse......Page 661
Perpetrator Characteristics......Page 662
Approach......Page 663
Assessment of Cognitive Status and Personality of the Patient......Page 664
Treatment and Management......Page 665
Ethical Issues......Page 666
Acknowledgments......Page 667
Further Reading......Page 668
Introduction......Page 669
Stressors of Caregiving: What Do Caregivers Do?......Page 670
Individual Differences in Reaction to Caregiving......Page 671
Biopsychosocial Impact of Caregiving......Page 673
Interventions for Caregivers......Page 675
Further Reading......Page 677
Introduction......Page 678
Social Functions of Emotion......Page 679
Anger......Page 680
Happiness......Page 681
Emotions and Health......Page 682
Emotions and Work......Page 684
Emotions in School......Page 685
Further Reading......Page 686
Conceptualizations of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology......Page 688
Behaviors, Symptoms, Syndromes, and Disorders......Page 689
Internalizing Disorders......Page 690
Academic Correlates of Internalizing Behaviors......Page 691
Externalizing Disorders......Page 692
Programmatic Interventions......Page 693
Externalizing Patterns......Page 694
Further Reading......Page 695
Glossary......Page 696
Physiological Response Patterns Research......Page 697
Universal Dimensions of Appraisal and Action Readiness......Page 698
Are Emotions Culture Specific?......Page 699
Antecedent Events......Page 700
Conclusion......Page 701
Further Reading......Page 702
Introduction......Page 703
Optimal......Page 704
Form Dimension......Page 705
Interindividual Variability......Page 706
Dynamics and Bidirectionality......Page 707
Individualized Assessments and Monitoring of Emotions......Page 708
Individualized Emotion Profiling......Page 709
Self-Generated Metaphors......Page 710
Narratives......Page 711
Practical Implications......Page 712
Conclusion......Page 713
Further Reading......Page 714
Glossary......Page 715
Basic Concepts in Employment Discrimination......Page 716
Role of Validity......Page 717
Validation......Page 718
Evidence Based on Content......Page 719
Evidence Based on Relationships with Other Variables......Page 720
Other Evidence-Related Issues......Page 721
Aging......Page 722
Individuals with Disabilities......Page 723
Sexual Harassment......Page 724
Further Reading......Page 725
Definition......Page 727
Methods for Enhancing the Structure of Interviews......Page 728
Validity......Page 729
Subgroup Differences......Page 730
Further Reading......Page 731
Glossary......Page 733
Predictors of Mortality......Page 734
Familial Caregiver Strain and Growth Potential......Page 735
Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments......Page 737
Meaning-Centered Group Interventions......Page 738
Ongoing Studies by the Authors......Page 739
Further Reading......Page 740
Historical Background......Page 741
The Human-Machine System as the Subject of Engineering Psychology......Page 742
Circulation of Information in Human-Machine Systems......Page 743
Cognition......Page 744
Decision Support Systems......Page 745
Human Reliability......Page 746
Cognitive Task Analysis and Knowledge Elicitation......Page 747
Development and Planning of Human-Machine Systems......Page 748
Future Developments......Page 749
Further Reading......Page 750
Physical and Architectural Features......Page 751
Behavior Settings......Page 752
Environmental Impacts......Page 753
See Also the Following Articles......Page 754
Further Reading......Page 755
Glossary......Page 756
Introduction......Page 757
Why Involve Others and Why Participate Oneself?......Page 759
Who Is the Public?......Page 760
How Does One Involve Others?......Page 761
Further Reading......Page 762
Glossary......Page 764
Environmental Psychology within and around the Psychological Tradition......Page 765
Environmental Psychology and Other Environmental Fields......Page 766
Spatial Behavior......Page 767
Environmental Stress and Restorative Environments......Page 769
Environmental Assessment......Page 770
Environmental Concern, Environmentally Friendly Behaviors, and Natural Resources......Page 772
Place-Specific Environmental Psychology......Page 774
The Future of Environmental Psychology......Page 776
Further Reading......Page 777
Glossary......Page 778
Spillover......Page 779
Cognitive Consequences......Page 780
Motivational Consequences......Page 781
Physiological Stress......Page 782
Coping Perseveration......Page 783
Conclusion......Page 784
Further Reading......Page 785
Glossary......Page 788
Different Levels of Risk......Page 789
Classical Decision Theory......Page 790
Estimation Heuristics......Page 792
External versus Internal Control......Page 793
Risk Homeostasis and Safety Regulation......Page 794
Emotional Significance of Risk......Page 795
Negative Meaning of Risk......Page 796
Multidimensionality of Risk......Page 797
Meaning and Feasibility of Risk Comparisons......Page 798
Risk as Low as Reasonably Achievable......Page 799
Macro and Micro Level Perspectives......Page 800
Precautionary Principle......Page 801
See Also the Following Articles......Page 802
Further Reading......Page 803
Glossary......Page 804
Science: Value Free or Value Bound?......Page 805
‘‘No-Go’’ or ‘‘Slow-Go’’ Decisions?......Page 806
Further Reading......Page 807
Glossary......Page 808
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act......Page 809
Least Restrictive Environment......Page 810
Labeling and Classification of Exceptional Students......Page 811
Assessment of Exceptional Students......Page 812
Social Characteristics......Page 813
Further Reading......Page 814
What Is the Historical Context?......Page 816
Who Is an Effective Executive?......Page 817
Assessment Approaches......Page 818
Intervention Approaches......Page 819
Learning by Personal Experience with a Group......Page 820
Which Performance Areas Are More Amenable to Development?......Page 821
What Are the Hallmarks of Development Success and Failure?......Page 822
Further Reading......Page 823
Definitions......Page 824
Space Travel......Page 825
High Mountains......Page 826
Cold Regions......Page 828
Isolation: The Changing Extreme......Page 829
Further Reading......Page 830
Origins and Early Studies......Page 831
Psychophysiological Studies......Page 832
Emotional Disorders......Page 833
See Also the Following Articles......Page 834
Further Reading......Page 835
Glossary......Page 836
Categorization of Variables......Page 837
Distance from the Event/Perpetrator......Page 838
Witness Race, Gender, and Occupation......Page 839
Distinctiveness and Typicality of the Perpetrator......Page 840
Obtaining Information from the Witness......Page 841
Verbal Overshadowing......Page 842
Making and Utilizing Composite Portraits......Page 843
Lineup Instruction Effects......Page 844
Alternative Strategies: Blank Lineups, Sequential Lineups, and Relative Judgments......Page 845
The Prosecution......Page 846
Jurors’ ‘‘Common Knowledge’’ of Problems with Eyewitness Identification......Page 847
Further Reading......Page 848
Eyewitness Errors and Wrongful Convictions......Page 849
Creating New Memories......Page 850
Emotion and Memory......Page 851
Further Reading......Page 853
Glossary......Page 855
Social Prejudice in Sport......Page 856
Sexism......Page 857
Nationalism......Page 858
Celebrating Difference through Sport......Page 859
Reducing Racism in Sport......Page 860
Securing Child Welfare in Sport......Page 861
Applied Sport Psychology and Social Justice......Page 862
Further Reading......Page 863
Culture......Page 864
Family Theories......Page 865
Definition of Family......Page 866
Family Typology......Page 867
The Nuclear Family: Separate or Part of the Extended Family?......Page 868
Residence......Page 869
Marriage......Page 870
Family Roles and Power......Page 871
Psychological Dimensions......Page 872
Conclusion......Page 873
Further Reading......Page 875
Historical Background......Page 876
Psychoanalysis and Feminist Psychology......Page 877
The Feminist Perspective in the History of Psychology......Page 878
Community Psychology and the Feminist Perspective......Page 879
Further Reading......Page 880
Introduction......Page 882
Professional Literature......Page 883
Principles of FMHA......Page 884
Training......Page 891
Practice......Page 892
Further Reading......Page 893
Introduction......Page 895
The Developing Child in Context......Page 896
Generalist Approach to Service Delivery......Page 897
Variations in Organizational Structure and Function......Page 898
Implications for Continuing Professional Development of Psychologists......Page 899
Further Reading......Page 900
Glossary......Page 902
Cultural Environments......Page 903
Socialization of Girls and Boys......Page 904
Education......Page 905
Self-Esteem......Page 906
Findings across Cultures......Page 907
Cognitive Development......Page 908
Gender Stereotypes......Page 909
Masculinity/Femininity of Self-Concepts......Page 910
Romantic Love......Page 911
Gender Division of Labor......Page 912
Further Reading......Page 913
What Is Gender Equity?......Page 915
Concerns for Boys......Page 916
The Curriculum......Page 917
Summary......Page 918
Further Reading......Page 919
Glossary......Page 920
The Construction of Gender......Page 921
Gender Acquisition in Childhood......Page 922
Sexism......Page 923
Gender’s Sexual Component......Page 924
Homosexuality......Page 926
Homophobia......Page 927
Marriage......Page 928
Single Parenthood......Page 929
Gender and the Psychological Experience of Aging......Page 930
Feminism......Page 931
Further Reading......Page 932
Toward a Modern Individualist Society......Page 934
Acquisition of Gender Identity......Page 935
Active Participation in Gender Socialization......Page 936
Shaping Future Women and Men......Page 937
Further Reading......Page 938
The Merging of Applied and Clinical Geropsychology......Page 940
Knowledge Relating to Mental and Behavioral Health Disorders in Older Adults......Page 941
Principle 1: Cohort Considerations......Page 942
Further Reading......Page 943
Philosophical Foundations......Page 944
Therapy Method......Page 945
Theoretical Bases......Page 947
Empirical Studies......Page 949
Kim......Page 950
Outcome......Page 952
Further Reading......Page 953
Introduction......Page 954
Identification and Nurturing......Page 955
Further Reading......Page 956
Glossary......Page 958
Basic Tenets of Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory......Page 959
Testing of Locke’s Theory in Sport/The Physical Domain......Page 960
The Meaning of Goals......Page 961
Basic Tenets of the Achievement Goal Framework......Page 962
Achievement Goals, Discrete Goals, and Goal-Setting Styles......Page 963
Potential Mechanisms Influencing the Goal Setting-Performance Relationship......Page 964
Additional Considerations and Future Directions......Page 965
Further Reading......Page 966
Introduction......Page 969
Therapeutic Factors Theory and Research......Page 970
Effective Interventions Theory and Research......Page 972
Considerations......Page 973
Further Reading......Page 974
Introduction......Page 975
Unique Attributes of Sport Teams as Groups......Page 976
Variability......Page 977
Cohesion in Sport Teams......Page 978
Correlates of Cohesion......Page 979
The Leadership Scale for Sports......Page 980
The Mediational Model of Leadership......Page 981
Correlates of Leadership......Page 982
Motivational Climate......Page 983
Further Reading......Page 984
Introduction......Page 985
Steiner’s Theory of Group Productivity......Page 986
Social Loafing......Page 987
Motivation Gains in Groups......Page 988
Implications for Groups at Work......Page 989
Further Reading......Page 990
The Groupthink Model Defined and Explained......Page 991
Evidence Regarding the Groupthink Phenomenon......Page 993
Implicit Assumptions......Page 995
Framing......Page 996
Implications and Suggestions for Future Research and Theory......Page 997
Prescriptions for Effective Group Problem Solving......Page 998
Further Reading......Page 999
The Concept of Culture......Page 1000
Underlying Structure of Illness Representations......Page 1001
Behavior and Disease Risk......Page 1002
Integrating Culture into Health Psychology......Page 1003
Further Reading......Page 1004
Glossary......Page 1005
Physical Health......Page 1006
Sexual Health......Page 1007
Mental Health......Page 1008
Health Promotion......Page 1009
Coordinated School Health Programs......Page 1010
Summary......Page 1011
Further Reading......Page 1012
Glossary......Page 1013
Concepts and Definitions......Page 1014
Theoretical Foundations......Page 1015
Cross-Cultural Health Psychology in Practice......Page 1016
Risk Factors, Determinants, and Prevention......Page 1017
Disease Management and Impact Alleviation......Page 1018
Addressing Social Inequalities and Population Health......Page 1020
Current Issues and Future Directions......Page 1021
Further Reading......Page 1023
Introduction......Page 1025
Clinical Psychology......Page 1026
Educational Psychology......Page 1027
Early Work in Organizational Settings......Page 1028
Early Testing......Page 1029
Interactions across Specialties......Page 1030
The Institutionalization of the Field: Emerging Societies of Applied Psychology......Page 1031
Inborn versus Learned (Acquired) Abilities......Page 1032
Studying People or Analyzing Situations......Page 1033
The Influence of World War II (1939-1945)......Page 1034
Theory and Practice: The Influence of the Era of Schools......Page 1035
Applied Psychology in the Second Half of the 20th Century......Page 1037
Organizational Psychology......Page 1038
Other Specialties......Page 1039
General Trends......Page 1040
Further Reading......Page 1041
The Personality Types......Page 1043
Person-Environment Congruence......Page 1044
Summary......Page 1045
Further Reading......Page 1046
Home-School Collaboration Defined......Page 1047
Partnering With Families in Education: A Modern Approach to Collaboration......Page 1048
Factors Influencing Home-School Collaboration......Page 1049
No Child Left Behind......Page 1050
Home- and Family-Related Factors......Page 1051
Community-Related Factors......Page 1052
Conclusion......Page 1053
Further Reading......Page 1054
Glossary......Page 1055
Definition of Sexual Prejudice......Page 1056
Social Attitudes, Physiological Arousal, and Homophobia......Page 1057
Gender Differences in Prejudice: Homosexuals, Bisexuals, and Transgendered Persons......Page 1058
Further Reading......Page 1059
Introduction......Page 1061
History, Culture, and the Problem of Defining Homosexuality......Page 1062
The Four Areas of Biological Study of Homosexuality......Page 1063
Problems Posed by Biological Study of the Origins of Homosexuality......Page 1064
Realization of a Gay or Lesbian Identity and the Life Course......Page 1065
Childhood and Adolescence......Page 1066
Mental Health......Page 1067
Homosexuality and the AIDS Pandemic......Page 1068
‘‘Normal’’ and Beyond: Gay and Lesbian Relationships, Marriage, and Parenthood......Page 1069
Further Reading......Page 1071
Institutional Definition of Human Rights......Page 1072
The Ambiguous Message of Social Psychology......Page 1073
Human Rights as Normative Social Representations......Page 1075
Research Findings......Page 1076
Putting Things in Perspective......Page 1079
Further Reading......Page 1080
Multiple Meanings of Humor......Page 1082
Mechanisms: Possible Mediators and Moderators......Page 1083
Methodological Issues......Page 1084
Humor and Physical Health......Page 1085
Further Reading......Page 1086
Glossary......Page 1088
Pain and Analgesia......Page 1089
Other Clinical Applications......Page 1090
Learning and Memory......Page 1091
Conclusion......Page 1092
Further Reading......Page 1093
Glossary......Page 1094
Ideology and Values: Definitions......Page 1095
Inglehart: Materialism versus Post-Materialism......Page 1096
Schwartz and Triandis: More Encompassing Value Orientations......Page 1097
On the Dimensionality of (Conservative) Ideology......Page 1099
Relationship with Values and Value Orientations......Page 1100
Political Consequences of Ideology and Value Orientations......Page 1101
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1102
Further Reading......Page 1103
Perspectives on Indecision......Page 1104
A Multidimensional Construct......Page 1105
Future Directions......Page 1106
Further Reading......Page 1107
Historical Background......Page 1108
What Is Indigenous Psychology?......Page 1109
How Is Research Done?......Page 1110
An Example: Educational Attainment......Page 1111
Future Directions......Page 1112
Further Reading......Page 1113
Introduction......Page 1115
Cross-Cultural Approaches to Work Motivation......Page 1116
Cross-Cultural Differences in How Employees Are Motivated at Work: Process Theories......Page 1117
The Culture-Based Model of Work Motivation......Page 1118
Staffing: Recruitment and Selection......Page 1119
Performance Management: Criteria, Evaluation, and Development......Page 1120
The Culture-Based Model of Human Resource Management......Page 1121
Expatriate Management......Page 1122
Multicultural Teams......Page 1123
Job Satisfaction......Page 1124
Organizational Justice......Page 1125
Further Reading......Page 1127
Definition......Page 1128
History......Page 1129
Development Phase......Page 1131
Maintenance Phase......Page 1132
Future Trends......Page 1133
Further Reading......Page 1134
Introduction......Page 1136
Psychological Effects of Sport Injury......Page 1137
Psychological Interventions in Sport Injury Rehabilitation......Page 1139
Further Reading......Page 1140
Glossary......Page 1141
Relativist Viewpoint......Page 1142
Universalist Viewpoint......Page 1143
The Measurement of Intelligence in a Cross-Cultural Context......Page 1144
Formal Versus Informal Studies of Intelligence......Page 1145
Everyday Definitions of Intelligence......Page 1146
Further Reading......Page 1147
What is Intelligence?......Page 1149
The Measurement of Intelligence......Page 1150
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised......Page 1151
Cognitive Assessment System......Page 1152
Woodcock-Johnson III......Page 1153
Recent Advances......Page 1154
Further Reading......Page 1155
Why the Interest in Emotional Intelligence?......Page 1157
Various Models of Emotional Intelligence......Page 1158
Measurement of Emotional Intelligence......Page 1159
The Contribution of Emotional Intelligence to Health, Work, and Educational Adjustment......Page 1160
Further Reading......Page 1161
Glossary......Page 1162
Psychometric Theories......Page 1163
Cognitive-Contextual Theories......Page 1164
Development of Intelligence......Page 1165
Early Historical Background......Page 1166
The Heritability and Malleability of Intelligence......Page 1167
Further Reading......Page 1168
Defining Behavior......Page 1170
Intentions as Predictors of Behavior......Page 1171
An Integrated Theoretical Model......Page 1172
Determinants of Behavior......Page 1173
The Role of Distal Variables......Page 1174
Further Reading......Page 1175
Glossary......Page 1176
What Is Culture?......Page 1177
Intercultural Relations and Sociocultural Adaptation......Page 1178
Individual- and Group-Level Explanations......Page 1179
Social Identity Theory......Page 1180
Identification and Strategies for Escaping an Unsatisfactory Social Identity......Page 1181
Empirical Evidence and Limits of Generalizability......Page 1182
The Special Circumstances of Minority Groups......Page 1183
Is Intergroup Bias Ubiquitous?......Page 1184
The Contact Hypothesis......Page 1185
Mechanisms by Which Contact Reduces Intergroup Bias: The Role of Category Salience......Page 1186
Integrating Different Models of Contact......Page 1187
Realistic Goals for Real-Life Intergroup Relations......Page 1188
Further Reading......Page 1189
Introduction......Page 1190
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision......Page 1191
ICD-10’s Chapter 5: Mental and Behavioral Disorders......Page 1192
Comparison between ICD-10 and DSM-IV......Page 1193
Further Reading......Page 1194
Glossary......Page 1195
Conflict as a Process Driven by Collective Needs and Fears......Page 1196
Conflict as an Intersocietal Process......Page 1197
Conflict as a Multifaceted Process of Mutual Influence......Page 1198
Conflict as an Interactive Process with an Escalatory, Self-Perpetuating Dynamic......Page 1199
Formation of Collective Moods......Page 1200
Decision-Making Processes......Page 1201
Perceptual Processes......Page 1202
Resistance to Contradictory Information......Page 1203
Implications for Conflict Resolution......Page 1204
Further Reading......Page 1206
Glossary......Page 1208
Historical Development......Page 1209
The Practice of Internet Counseling......Page 1210
Research on Internet Counseling......Page 1213
Ethical, Professional, and Legal Considerations......Page 1214
Limitations and Problems......Page 1215
Further Reading......Page 1216
Glossary......Page 1218
What Is IA and What Generates It?......Page 1219
Causes and Explanations for IA: Theories of Social Psychology and Levels of Analysis......Page 1220
Society......Page 1221
Applications of the Psychology of IA......Page 1222
Further Reading......Page 1224
Glossary......Page 1225
Structural Models......Page 1226
Cultural Syndromes......Page 1227
Behavioral Prediction Models......Page 1228
Sociality......Page 1229
Social Norms and Conformity......Page 1230
Interpersonal Relationships......Page 1231
Applications: Cross-Cultural Interaction......Page 1232
Further Reading......Page 1233
Glossary......Page 1234
Understanding and Managing Conflict in Interpersonal Relationships......Page 1235
Relationship Structure and Social Comparison......Page 1236
Interference......Page 1237
Experiencing and Expressing Conflict: The Role of Qualitative Relationship Features......Page 1238
Overview of the Conflict Mechanism: Directives and Keys to Managing Conflict......Page 1240
Managing Conflict......Page 1242
Problem Solving......Page 1243
Mediation......Page 1244
Conclusion......Page 1245
Further Reading......Page 1246
Types of Perceptions......Page 1247
Further Reading......Page 1248
Introduction......Page 1250
The Solution: Questioning Techniques to Minimize Suggestibility......Page 1251
The Problem: Persuading Reluctant Interviewees to Talk......Page 1252
The Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation......Page 1253
Concerns with the Reid Technique......Page 1254
The Solution: Ethical Interviewing......Page 1255
Coerced Internalized False Confessions......Page 1256
Detecting Deceit......Page 1257
Common Pitfalls in Detecting Deceit......Page 1258
Techniques to Improve People’s Ability to Detect Deceit......Page 1259
Further Reading......Page 1260
Introduction......Page 1262
Extrinsic Motivation......Page 1263
Assessment of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation......Page 1264
The Task......Page 1265
Individual Differences......Page 1266
Motivational Determinants at the Global Level......Page 1267
Interventions......Page 1268
Further Reading......Page 1269
Glossary......Page 1271
Extrinsic Motivation and Behaviorism......Page 1272
Intrinsic Motivation......Page 1273
Interpersonal Contexts......Page 1274
Intrinsic Motivation and Outcomes......Page 1275
Internalization of Extrinsic Motivation......Page 1276
Internalization in Social Contexts......Page 1277
Autonomy Support in Parenting......Page 1278
Autonomy Support in Education......Page 1279
Autonomy Support in Health Care......Page 1280
Summary and Conclusions......Page 1281
Further Reading......Page 1282
Glossary......Page 1283
Job Analysis......Page 1284
Job Design......Page 1285
The Two-Factor Model......Page 1286
Sociotechnical Systems......Page 1287
Job Evaluation......Page 1288
Organization Development......Page 1289
Further Reading......Page 1290
Glossary......Page 1291
The Job Search Process......Page 1292
Job Search Interventions......Page 1293
Job Information Sources......Page 1294
Demographic/Biographical Variables......Page 1295
Situational Variables......Page 1296
Psychological Well-Being......Page 1297
Further Reading......Page 1298
Introduction......Page 1300
Consequences of Job Stress......Page 1301
Modifiers of the Stress Response......Page 1302
Occupational Stress Inventory......Page 1303
Preventive Stress Management......Page 1304
Implications for Executives and Leaders......Page 1306
Further Reading......Page 1307
Introduction......Page 1308
Models of Job Stress......Page 1309
Causes of Job Stress......Page 1310
Coping with Job Stress......Page 1312
Burnout......Page 1313
Job Stress Interventions......Page 1314
Further Reading......Page 1315
Introduction......Page 1317
Impact of Juror Demographic Characteristics......Page 1318
Psychology of Persuasion......Page 1319
Jury Consulting and Jury Selection......Page 1320
Story Model......Page 1321
Eyewitness Evidence......Page 1322
Decision-Making Process......Page 1323
Applications......Page 1324
Anonymous Juries......Page 1325
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1326
Further Reading......Page 1327
Glossary......Page 1328
Performance-Turnover Relationship......Page 1329
Structural Determinants of Turnover......Page 1330
Unfolding Model......Page 1332
Methods for Controlling Turnover......Page 1333
Interventions for Reducing Turnover......Page 1334
Further Reading......Page 1335
Glossary......Page 1337
Cross-Cultural Methodology......Page 1338
Etic Approach: The Leader’s Characteristics......Page 1339
Normative Model of Decision Making......Page 1342
Quasi-Emic and Emic Approaches: Implicit Leadership Theory......Page 1343
Emic Approach to Leadership......Page 1344
Multicultural Research Teams......Page 1345
Cultural Collision and Leadership......Page 1346
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1347
Further Reading......Page 1348
Glossary......Page 1349
Defining Elements......Page 1350
Declarative Knowledge......Page 1351
The Role of Practice......Page 1352
Student Self-Efficacy: A Sense of Competency......Page 1353
Implications for Knowledge Assessment......Page 1354
Developmental and Individual Differences......Page 1355
Further Reading......Page 1356
History of Learning Disabilities......Page 1357
United States Legal Definition......Page 1358
Converging Professional Perspectives on Definition......Page 1359
Proposed Future Definitions......Page 1360
Perceptual Motor Training......Page 1362
Treatments for Learning Disabilities with General Research Support......Page 1363
Behavior Modification......Page 1364
Maximizing Results for Persons with Learning Disabilities......Page 1365
Further Reading......Page 1366
Historical and Conceptual Introduction......Page 1367
Learning Strategies and Approaches to Studying......Page 1368
Measurement Instruments......Page 1369
Relationships to Achievement and to Learning Environments......Page 1370
Further Reading......Page 1372
Introduction: The Structure of Mental Health Laws......Page 1373
Causal Component......Page 1374
Judgmental Component......Page 1375
Competence to Waive Miranda......Page 1376
Adjudicative Competence......Page 1377
Mental State at the Time of the Offense......Page 1378
Guardianship......Page 1379
Competence to Consent to Research Participation......Page 1381
Ethical Issues......Page 1382
Further Reading......Page 1383
Glossary......Page 1385
Emergence of a Psychological Perspective......Page 1386
Attributes of Leisure Experience......Page 1387
Autonomy and Competence......Page 1388
Wundt’s Law of Hedonic Tone......Page 1389
Benefits of Leisure Experience......Page 1390
Theories of Benefit Production......Page 1391
Theory of Transcendent Leisure Experiences......Page 1392
Leisure Counseling......Page 1393
Summary......Page 1394
Further Reading......Page 1395
Glossary......Page 1396
The Sociohistorical Tradition......Page 1397
Cultural Pathways through Universal Development: A New Synthesis......Page 1398
Application of Cultural Pathways During Infancy......Page 1400
Applications of Cultural Pathways in Schools......Page 1401
Further Reading......Page 1402
Glossary......Page 1404
Definition of Literacy......Page 1405
The Knowledge Base......Page 1406
Assessment Concepts and Tools......Page 1407
Interventions: Programs and People......Page 1408
Individual Differences......Page 1409
Prospects for Improving Literacy......Page 1410
Further Reading......Page 1411
Glossary......Page 1412
Common Considerations across Treatment Approaches......Page 1413
Cognitive-Behavioral Marital Therapy......Page 1414
Emotion-Focused Therapy......Page 1415
Outcome Research......Page 1416
Further Reading......Page 1417
Introduction......Page 1418
Studies of Early Number Learning......Page 1419
The Discursive Turn in Mathematics Education......Page 1420
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1421
Further Reading......Page 1422
Introduction......Page 1423
Relevance of Measurement to Counseling Psychology......Page 1424
Counseling Process and Outcome......Page 1425
Further Reading......Page 1426
Glossary......Page 1428
Construct Bias......Page 1429
Method Bias......Page 1430
Cultural Factors in the Assessment of Personality and Intelligence......Page 1432
Further Reading......Page 1434
Definition of Mentoring......Page 1435
Psychosocial Support......Page 1436
Benefits for the Mentor......Page 1437
Establishing Formal Versus Informal Relationships......Page 1438
Encourage Individuals to Establish Multiple Mentoring Relationships......Page 1439
Entrepreneurs......Page 1440
Further Reading......Page 1441
Introduction......Page 1442
Model Scope......Page 1443
Driver Performance Model in the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model......Page 1444
In-Vehicle Information Systems Demand Model......Page 1445
Rear-End Collision Warning Assessment Model......Page 1446
Further Reading......Page 1447
Definitions......Page 1449
Job Design......Page 1450
Learning Theories......Page 1451
Decision Theories......Page 1452
Who Should Be Hired?......Page 1453
Further Reading......Page 1454
Glossary......Page 1455
Early Conceptualizations of Achievement and Achievement Motivation......Page 1456
Toward a Basis for Investigating Achievement and Achievement Motivation across Cultures......Page 1457
Ecological Theory......Page 1458
Goal Theory......Page 1459
Methodological Improvements in Applied Settings......Page 1460
Conclusion......Page 1461
Further Reading......Page 1462
Introduction......Page 1464
Self-Efficacy Theory......Page 1465
Self-Determination Theory......Page 1466
Strategy 5: Rewarding Oneself for Exhibiting a Good Behavior......Page 1467
Concluding Remarks......Page 1468
Further Reading......Page 1469
Introduction......Page 1470
Goal Effects: Mechanisms and Moderators......Page 1471
Acceptance of Goals......Page 1473
Managing Successful Goal-Oriented Work Behavior: The Participatory Productivity Management......Page 1475
Competencies in Managing Goal-Directed Behavior......Page 1476
An Integrative Model for the Effects of Motives and Goals......Page 1477
Further Reading......Page 1478
Glossary......Page 1479
Specific Learning Disabilities......Page 1480
Other Disabilities That May Warrant a Neuropsychological Evaluation......Page 1481
Neuropsychological Assessment in the Past and Present......Page 1482
Who Can Complete a Neuropsychological Assessment?......Page 1483
Conceptual Framework for School Neuropsychological Assessment......Page 1484
Summary......Page 1485
Further Reading......Page 1486
Introduction......Page 1487
Nicotine Overview......Page 1488
Directions in Nicotine Addiction Research and Application......Page 1489
Further Reading......Page 1490
Glossary......Page 1491
Brief History of Nondiscriminatory Assessment in Schools......Page 1492
Issues and Definitions of Test Bias......Page 1494
Issues in Psychological Testing......Page 1496
Summary......Page 1497
Further Reading......Page 1498
Prevalence......Page 1499
Psychological and Behavioral Consequences......Page 1500
Behavioral Approaches......Page 1501
Strategies for Weight Loss Maintenance......Page 1502
Further Reading......Page 1503
Glossary......Page 1504
Super’s Life Span Theory......Page 1505
Holland’s Theory of Vocational Personality Types......Page 1506
Career Counseling for Occupational Choice......Page 1507
Further Reading......Page 1509
Glossary......Page 1510
Brief History......Page 1511
Applications of Occupational Psychology......Page 1512
Individual Differences......Page 1513
Key Topics in Occupational Psychology......Page 1514
Occupation and Gender......Page 1515
Personnel Selection......Page 1516
Further Reading......Page 1517
The Gender-Specific Employment Market......Page 1519
Concepts and Results......Page 1520
Leadership......Page 1521
Explanations......Page 1522
Career Advancement for Women and Managing Diversity......Page 1523
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1524
Further Reading......Page 1525
Conceptualizations of Openness......Page 1526
Openness and Vocational Behavior......Page 1527
Further Reading......Page 1528
Introduction......Page 1529
Hope......Page 1530
Development of Optimism......Page 1531
Further Reading......Page 1532
Glossary......Page 1533
History of Organizational Climate Analysis......Page 1534
History of Organizational Culture Analysis......Page 1535
Organizational Culture Change and Consultancy......Page 1536
Are Organizational Climate and Organizational Culture Analogous to Characteristics of Larger Societies and Nations?......Page 1537
Further Reading......Page 1538
The Concept of Organizational Diagnosis......Page 1540
Goals and Tasks......Page 1541
Instruments and Quality Criteria......Page 1542
Conducting Organizational Diagnosis......Page 1543
An Example: Organizational Diagnosis of Climate and Culture......Page 1544
Conclusion......Page 1545
Further Reading......Page 1546
What Is Organizational Justice?......Page 1547
The Importance of Justice......Page 1548
Situational Characteristics......Page 1549
Behaviors......Page 1550
Further Reading......Page 1551
Glossary......Page 1552
Conceptual Schemes......Page 1553
Various Adaptations......Page 1554
Systems-Oriented Research......Page 1555
Further Reading......Page 1556
Introduction......Page 1557
How Do Insiders Aid in Socialization?......Page 1558
Further Reading......Page 1559
Introduction......Page 1560
Formalization......Page 1561
Modern Approach......Page 1562
Organizational Consequences of Matrix Organization......Page 1563
Organizational Consequences of Globalization......Page 1564
Further Reading......Page 1565
Glossary......Page 1567
An Organization Development Case......Page 1568
Sequential......Page 1569
Systemic......Page 1570
Survey Feedback......Page 1571
Positive Reinforcement......Page 1572
The Organization as a Family......Page 1573
Stage 2: Changing......Page 1574
Lippitt et al.\'s Five-Step Elaboration......Page 1575
Understanding Organizations: The Diagnostic Process......Page 1577
Tichy’s TPC Framework......Page 1578
Burke-Litwin Causal Model of Organization Performance and Change......Page 1579
Methodology......Page 1580
Expert Facilitation......Page 1581
OD Values......Page 1582
Further Reading......Page 1583
Career and Life Stages......Page 1585
The Protean Career Contract......Page 1586
Life and Work Roles......Page 1587
Conclusion......Page 1588
Further Reading......Page 1589
Introduction......Page 1590
Overtraining......Page 1591
Burnout......Page 1592
Interrelation of Stress States and Recovery Demands......Page 1593
Treatment of Overtraining and Burnout......Page 1594
Further Reading......Page 1595
Glossary......Page 1596
Factors Influencing the Perception of Pain......Page 1597
Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain Patients......Page 1598
Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Programs......Page 1599
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1600
Further Reading......Page 1601
Introduction......Page 1603
Epidemiology of Panic Disorder......Page 1604
Treatment of Panic Disorder......Page 1605
Further Reading......Page 1606
Glossary......Page 1607
Levels of Analysis......Page 1608
Possible Functions of Paralinguistic Behaviors......Page 1609
The Relevance of Culture......Page 1610
Evolutionary Continuity in Communication......Page 1611
The Brunswikian Lens Model......Page 1612
Gender and Age of the Speaker......Page 1613
Situational States of the Speaker......Page 1614
Appeal to the Listener......Page 1615
Interpersonal Relationship between Speaker and Listener......Page 1616
Methodological Considerations......Page 1617
Judgment of Emotional Content......Page 1618
Cues to Personality Traits and Situational States......Page 1619
Selective Attention to Various Cues......Page 1620
Applications to Intercultural Encounters......Page 1621
Further Reading......Page 1622
Introduction......Page 1624
Comparing the Work Attitudes and Behaviors of Part-Time and Full-Time Employees......Page 1625
Differences among Part-Time Employees......Page 1626
Frames of Reference......Page 1627
Further Reading......Page 1628
Glossary......Page 1629
Chronic Illness......Page 1630
Prevention......Page 1631
Pediatric Psychology Training......Page 1632
Further Reading......Page 1633
Introduction......Page 1634
Pictorial Perception......Page 1635
Perception of Patterns......Page 1637
Concluding Remarks......Page 1638
Further Reading......Page 1639
Glossary......Page 1640
Causes of Performance Slumps......Page 1641
Coping Behaviors in Response to Slumps......Page 1643
Increasing Awareness and Managing Risk......Page 1645
Maintaining Confidence and Emotional Stability......Page 1646
Summary and Conclusions......Page 1647
Further Reading......Page 1648
Introduction......Page 1649
The Innovation Process......Page 1650
Person-Level Influences......Page 1651
Cognitive Abilities......Page 1653
Openness to Experience......Page 1654
Motivation......Page 1655
Operating Principles......Page 1656
Leadership......Page 1657
Structure and Size......Page 1658
Emerging Issues......Page 1659
Summary......Page 1660
Further Reading......Page 1661
Introduction......Page 1662
Mechanisms of Continuity and Change......Page 1663
Factors Affecting Whether Continuity or Change Is Observed......Page 1664
Evidence for Continuity......Page 1665
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory......Page 1666
Subjective Measures......Page 1667
Experience of Emotion......Page 1668
Expression of Emotion......Page 1669
Further Reading......Page 1670
Glossary......Page 1672
Modern Approaches and Contemporary Trends......Page 1673
Issues and Strategies......Page 1674
Further Reading......Page 1675
Measurement of Personal Space......Page 1676
Legal Uses......Page 1677
Further Reading......Page 1678
Overview and Definitions......Page 1679
Brief History: From Interactional Psychology to Fit......Page 1680
Supplementary and Complementary Fit......Page 1681
How Fit Affects Responses in Organizations......Page 1682
Direct Fit Versus Indirect Fit......Page 1683
Organizational Culture and Climate......Page 1684
Team Composition and Diversity......Page 1685
Implications......Page 1686
Possible Solutions......Page 1687
Further Reading......Page 1688
Recruitment......Page 1689
Training......Page 1690
Performance Appraisal and Feedback......Page 1691
Compensation......Page 1692
Further Reading......Page 1693
Introduction......Page 1695
Cognitive Ability Tests......Page 1697
Personality Tests......Page 1698
Job Simulations and Work Samples......Page 1699
Drug Testing......Page 1700
Fairness in Selection......Page 1701
Emerging Issues in Selection......Page 1702
Further Reading......Page 1703
Introduction......Page 1704
Play: Developmental Processes......Page 1705
Play: Sociocultural Contexts......Page 1706
Therapeutic Play......Page 1708
Further Reading......Page 1709
Glossary......Page 1710
Historical Development......Page 1711
Political Knowledge and Political Attitudes......Page 1712
Traits......Page 1713
Assimilation and Contrast Effects......Page 1714
Ideological Orientation and Values......Page 1715
Political Identity......Page 1716
Regional, National, and Supranational Identity......Page 1717
Mass Media and Politics......Page 1718
Interviewing Politicians......Page 1719
Political Discourse......Page 1720
Cognitive Factors......Page 1721
Social Factors......Page 1722
Further Reading......Page 1723
Glossary......Page 1725
Postmodernity and the ‘‘Postmodern Condition’’......Page 1726
Modern Psychology and the Analysis of Its Own Discourse......Page 1727
Examples: The Study of Emotions, Attitudes, and Memory......Page 1728
Implications for the New Role of the Psychologist......Page 1729
Cyberpsychology and the Deconstruction of Gender......Page 1730
Further Reading......Page 1731
Overview: The Need for Counseling......Page 1732
Influence of Diversity......Page 1733
Career Decision Problems......Page 1734
Family Problems......Page 1735
Anxiety......Page 1736
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1737
Further Reading......Page 1738
Glossary......Page 1739
Course of Recovery from Trauma......Page 1740
Assessment in the Wake of Trauma......Page 1742
Establishing the Presence of Trauma......Page 1743
Assessing Early Emotional Reactions to the Traumatic Event......Page 1744
Psychological Treatment of Posttraumatic Disorders......Page 1745
Further Reading......Page 1746
Power and Influence......Page 1747
Bases and Sources of Power......Page 1748
Formal Authority and Leadership......Page 1749
Models of Leadership......Page 1750
Traits, Behaviors, and Situational Models......Page 1751
Charismatic and Transformational Leadership......Page 1753
See Also the Following Articles......Page 1754
Further Reading......Page 1755
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination......Page 1756
Causes of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 1757
The Experience of Being a Target of Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 1758
Psychological Strategies for Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination......Page 1759
Programs for Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination in Educational and Employment Settings......Page 1760
Further Reading......Page 1761
Definition......Page 1763
Privacy Mechanisms......Page 1764
Privacy Regulation as a ‘‘Cultural Universal’’......Page 1765
Viability......Page 1766
Crowding and Privacy Regulation......Page 1767
Crime and Defensible Design......Page 1769
Communication Technology and Privacy......Page 1770
Health Care Privacy......Page 1771
Further Reading......Page 1772
Glossary......Page 1774
Combinations of Efficiency and Effectiveness......Page 1775
Measuring Productivity......Page 1776
Criteria for a Good Productivity Measurement System......Page 1777
Further Reading......Page 1778
Introduction......Page 1779
Theory of Reasoned Action......Page 1780
The Theory of Planned Behavior......Page 1781
Norm Activation Theory......Page 1782
Changes in the Physical Environment......Page 1783
Financial Measures......Page 1784
Information Strategies......Page 1785
Considerations Regarding the Effectiveness of Interventions for Pro-environmental Behavior Change......Page 1786
Further Reading......Page 1787
Introduction......Page 1788
Gender Differences......Page 1789
Contextual Factors......Page 1790
Further Reading......Page 1791
Introduction......Page 1793
ITC Guidelines on Test Use......Page 1794
Test User Qualification......Page 1795
Finland......Page 1796
Further Reading......Page 1797
Glossary......Page 1798
Assessment......Page 1799
Developmental Considerations......Page 1800
Therapeutic Approaches......Page 1801
Further Reading......Page 1803
Glossary......Page 1804
Introduction......Page 1805
Physiological Arousal Regulation......Page 1806
Attention and Concentration......Page 1807
Mental Rehearsal and Imagery......Page 1808
Anxiety and Personal Meaning......Page 1809
Goal Setting......Page 1810
Communication......Page 1811
Arousal and Anxiety Regulation......Page 1812
Improving Attention and Concentration......Page 1814
Mental Imagery and Mental Rehearsal Training......Page 1815
Acquiring Emotion Regulation Skills......Page 1816
Enhancing Communication......Page 1817
Further Reading......Page 1818
Glossary......Page 1820
Important Attributes of the Field......Page 1821
Articles in This Section......Page 1823
Legal Competency......Page 1824
Forensic Mental Health Assessment in Legal Contexts......Page 1825
Child Custody......Page 1826
Children’s Testimony......Page 1827
Interviewing and Interrogation......Page 1828
Eyewitness Testimony......Page 1829
Eyewitness Identification......Page 1830
Jury Decision Making......Page 1831
Further Reading......Page 1833
Psychometric Tests Defined......Page 1834
The Measurement Model......Page 1835
Requirement of Technical Manual for All Psychometric Tests......Page 1836
Conclusions......Page 1837
Further Reading......Page 1838
Glossary......Page 1840
Immune-to-Brain Communication......Page 1841
Stress Management......Page 1842
Interventions in Cancer......Page 1843
Further Reading......Page 1844
Introduction......Page 1845
Surface Electromyography......Page 1846
Electrodermal Activity......Page 1847
The Psychological Context......Page 1848
Heart Rate......Page 1849
Psychopathological Disorders......Page 1850
Further Reading......Page 1851
Glossary......Page 1852
Assessment, Diagnosis, and Prevalence......Page 1853
Other Individual Therapies......Page 1854
Gender......Page 1855
Further Reading......Page 1856
Introduction......Page 1858
Motivation for Counseling Racial and Ethnic Minorities......Page 1859
Racial Identity......Page 1860
Multicultural Counseling Competence......Page 1861
Further Reading......Page 1862
Rape: Definition and Prevalence......Page 1863
Programs Directed at All-Male Audiences......Page 1864
Programs Directed at Mixed-Sex Audiences......Page 1865
Prevention Measures at the Societal Level......Page 1866
Conclusion......Page 1867
Further Reading......Page 1868
Introduction......Page 1869
Morphological Understandings......Page 1870
Phonic Interventions......Page 1871
Vocabulary Development and Reading Comprehension Strategies......Page 1872
Shaping Reading Behaviors......Page 1873
Motivating......Page 1874
Further Reading......Page 1875
Glossary......Page 1877
Relationship between Teaching and Learning......Page 1878
Learning to Read......Page 1879
Teaching Reading Comprehension......Page 1880
Writing......Page 1881
Individualizing Instruction for Students with Reading Disabilities......Page 1882
Further Reading......Page 1883
Background......Page 1884
Social Exchange......Page 1885
Bargaining and Negotiation......Page 1886
Further Reading......Page 1887
Problems Resulting from Ineffective Employee Recruitment......Page 1888
Recruitment Strategy Development......Page 1889
Conclusion......Page 1891
Further Reading......Page 1892
Introduction......Page 1893
History and Evolution......Page 1894
Settings......Page 1895
Summary......Page 1896
Further Reading......Page 1897
Introduction......Page 1898
Negative Implications of Religion......Page 1899
Further Reading......Page 1900
Theories and Concepts......Page 1902
The Meaning of Residential Environment and Home Attachment......Page 1903
Preferences, Satisfaction, and Housing Choices......Page 1904
Methods for Assessing Preferences......Page 1905
Architectural Style......Page 1906
Designers vs Users......Page 1907
Moving Home and Attachment......Page 1908
Further Reading......Page 1909
Introduction......Page 1910
Urban Environment Quality in Experts’ and Laypersons’ Evaluations......Page 1911
Describing Residential Satisfaction and Perceived Residential Environment Quality......Page 1912
Explaining Residential Satisfaction......Page 1913
Further Reading......Page 1914
Introduction......Page 1916
Significance of the Natural-Urban Distinction......Page 1917
Environmental Context......Page 1918
Empirical Tests......Page 1919
Practical Prospects......Page 1920
Further Reading......Page 1921
Defining Sexual Risk-Taking......Page 1923
What Groups Are at High Risk for Teen Pregnancy and STIs?......Page 1925
Why Do People Engage in Risky Sex?......Page 1927
Sexual Communication Skills......Page 1928
Further Reading......Page 1929
Robotherapy: A New Era of Interactive, Nonpharmacological Interventions......Page 1930
Robots as Therapeutic Tools: Early Experiments in the Field of Robotherapy......Page 1931
Robots for Personal Assistance: Psychological and Physical Rehabilitation......Page 1932
Person-Robot Communication as Complex Interactive System......Page 1933
Further Reading......Page 1934
Robotic Psychology: On the Coexistence of Humans and Robots......Page 1935
Modeling Emotions......Page 1936
Modeling Social Behavior......Page 1937
Further Reading......Page 1938
Glossary......Page 1939
Errors: From the ‘‘Freudian Slip’’ to Taxonomies of Errors......Page 1940
Strategies of Error Prevention......Page 1942
From Engineering Control Solutions to Safety Behavior......Page 1943
Recent Approaches to Safety: The Role of Management and Organizational Climate......Page 1944
Safety-Enhancing Interventions......Page 1945
Further Reading......Page 1946
Glossary......Page 1948
Foci of School-Community Partnerships......Page 1949
Family and Student Health......Page 1950
Tolerance and Diversity......Page 1951
Community Volunteers and the Faith Community......Page 1952
Roles and Responsibilities......Page 1953
Strategies for Change......Page 1954
Further Reading......Page 1955
Introduction......Page 1957
Developing Self-Discipline......Page 1958
Using Discipline to Correct Misbehavior......Page 1959
Preventing Misbehavior with Effective Classroom Management......Page 1960
Remediating Serious Misbehavior......Page 1961
Further Reading......Page 1963
Glossary......Page 1965
Special Influences in Schools and Classrooms......Page 1966
A First Taxonomy for the Study of Stress in Schools......Page 1971
A Recent Framework for Conceptualizing Person-Environment Relations in Learning Settings......Page 1972
Schools of the Future......Page 1973
Further Reading......Page 1975
Glossary......Page 1977
Qualifying School Psychology as a Profession......Page 1978
The Elements of an Effective School and the Contributions of Applied Psychology to Effectiveness......Page 1980
What School Psychologists Do to Be Effective......Page 1983
This Section of the Encyclopedia......Page 1984
Further Reading......Page 1987
Overview......Page 1988
A Historical and Sociopolitical Perspective......Page 1989
Conclusion......Page 1990
Further Reading......Page 1991
Definition of School Violence......Page 1992
Historical Perspective......Page 1993
Effects of School Violence......Page 1994
An Integrated Approach to School Violence Prevention......Page 1995
Selected Prevention Measures......Page 1996
Further Reading......Page 1997
Definitions of Self-Confidence......Page 1998
Influence of Self-Confidence on Thoughts and Emotions......Page 1999
Sources of Self-Confidence in Athletes......Page 2000
Measuring Self-Confidence in Athletes......Page 2002
Self-Regulation......Page 2003
Further Reading......Page 2004
Glossary......Page 2006
Delay of Gratification Paradigm......Page 2007
Individual Differences......Page 2008
Summary......Page 2009
Further Reading......Page 2010
Before Puberty......Page 2011
Early Operant Learning......Page 2012
Double Standards......Page 2013
Six Basic Sex Differences......Page 2014
Double Standards......Page 2015
Early Sexual Problems......Page 2016
Common Female Problems......Page 2017
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2018
Further Reading......Page 2019
Sexual Permissiveness......Page 2020
Industrial Societies......Page 2021
Transgenderism......Page 2022
Developing Societies......Page 2023
Developing Societies......Page 2024
Future Directions......Page 2025
Further Reading......Page 2026
Prominent Cases......Page 2027
International Laws Against Sexual Harassment......Page 2028
Integrative Organizational Model......Page 2029
Incidence of Sexual Harassment......Page 2030
Men as Victims of Sexual Harassment......Page 2031
Cross-Cultural Victims......Page 2032
Consequences of Sexual Harassment......Page 2033
Types of Coping Responses......Page 2034
Prevention and Intervention......Page 2035
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2036
Further Reading......Page 2037
Social Comparison Theory......Page 2038
Research on Principles of Social Comparison......Page 2039
Forced Comparisons......Page 2040
See Also the Following Articles......Page 2041
Further Reading......Page 2042
Glossary......Page 2043
A Brief Historical Overview......Page 2044
Identification and Evaluation Potential......Page 2045
Other Integrative Models: Instrumentality, Value, and Equity......Page 2046
Implications of Social Loafing......Page 2047
Factors Related to the Organization......Page 2048
Further Reading......Page 2050
Introduction......Page 2052
Efficiency of Information Diffusion in Various Types of Networks......Page 2053
The Impact of Word-of-Mouth Communication......Page 2054
Network Influences on the Diffusion of Information Versus Adoption Decisions......Page 2055
Conclusions......Page 2056
Further Reading......Page 2057
Introduction......Page 2058
Social Skills Training Procedures......Page 2059
Social Learning Intervention Procedures......Page 2060
Effectiveness of Social Skills Interventions......Page 2061
Social Skills Acquisition Deficits with Interfering Problem Behaviors......Page 2062
Further Reading......Page 2063
Introduction......Page 2065
Different Meanings of Social Support......Page 2066
Social Support and Health......Page 2067
Support Groups and Self-Help Groups......Page 2068
Social Support in the Elderly......Page 2069
Social Support and Social Skills......Page 2070
Further Reading......Page 2071
Glossary......Page 2072
Introduction......Page 2073
Development of Spatial Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Effort......Page 2074
Spatial Cognition and Spatial Representation: Two Sides of the Same Coin......Page 2075
Spatial Cognition in Animals......Page 2076
The Neurobiology of Spatial Cognition......Page 2077
Sex-Related Differences in Spatial Cognition......Page 2078
Spatial Cognition without the Benefit of Sight......Page 2079
New Frontiers in Spatial Cognition Research......Page 2080
Further Reading......Page 2081
Introduction......Page 2082
The Rise of the Medical Model and the ‘‘Within Child’’ Deficit Approach to Special Education......Page 2083
Classification and Labeling......Page 2084
Identification Processes......Page 2085
Placement and the Continuum of Services......Page 2086
Physical and Neurological Disabilities......Page 2087
Developmental Disabilities......Page 2088
Medical and Technological Progress......Page 2089
International Perspectives......Page 2090
Further Reading......Page 2091
Defining Sport Psychology......Page 2092
How Sport Psychologists Work......Page 2093
Sport and Competition......Page 2094
Individual and Team Excellence......Page 2095
High-Quality Practice......Page 2096
Performance Related Experiences and Athletic Excellence......Page 2097
Resources as Performance Enhancement Strategies......Page 2098
Barriers to Athletic Excellence......Page 2099
Athletic Career Demands, Coping Resources, and Barriers......Page 2100
Athletes’ Successful Transitions and Crisis Transitions......Page 2101
From Athletic to Personal Excellence......Page 2103
Conclusion: Future Directions in Sport Psychology......Page 2104
Further Reading......Page 2105
Introduction......Page 2107
The Sociocultural Approach......Page 2108
Measuring Stereotypes......Page 2109
Loss of Individual Information......Page 2110
Stereotype Change......Page 2111
Further Reading......Page 2112
Introduction......Page 2113
Chronic Stressors......Page 2114
Physical Illness......Page 2115
Personal Diatheses......Page 2117
Adaptive Coping......Page 2118
Further Reading......Page 2120
Evolution of the Structure of Interests......Page 2122
Alternative Approaches......Page 2123
Extensions of the Circular Model: Spherical Structure......Page 2124
Current Research......Page 2125
Further Reading......Page 2126
Introduction......Page 2127
Study Skills in High- Versus Low-Achieving Students......Page 2128
Four Clusters of Study Skills......Page 2129
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 2130
Further Reading......Page 2131
Categories......Page 2132
Norms......Page 2133
Further Reading......Page 2134
Glossary......Page 2135
Theories and Models Related to Career Development of Athletes......Page 2136
Career Intervention Programs for Athletes......Page 2139
Conclusion......Page 2140
Further Reading......Page 2141
Glossary......Page 2142
Family Factors......Page 2143
Most Common Methods of Suicide......Page 2144
Role of Schools in Suicide Prevention......Page 2145
What if the Death Was a Suicide?......Page 2146
Status of State and Individual Initiatives......Page 2147
Summary......Page 2149
Further Reading......Page 2150
Large Complex Sociotechnical Systems......Page 2151
The Role of Psychology in System Safety......Page 2153
Safety Culture......Page 2154
Further Reading......Page 2155
Introduction......Page 2156
A General View of Teaching......Page 2157
Teacher Characteristics......Page 2158
Moving from Effective Teaching to Excellent Teaching......Page 2159
Further Reading......Page 2160
The Psychological Concept of Territoriality......Page 2161
Methods of Measurement......Page 2162
Dispute Resolution......Page 2163
Further Reading......Page 2164
Overview......Page 2165
Conceptions of Test Anxiety......Page 2166
Self-Report Instruments......Page 2167
Practical Uses in Applied Settings......Page 2168
Mediating Effects......Page 2169
Emotion-Focused Interventions......Page 2170
Clinical Considerations......Page 2174
Consideration of Individual Differences......Page 2175
Further Reading......Page 2176
Introduction......Page 2177
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Problems......Page 2178
The Cube Model......Page 2179
Three Ways to Reduce Human Errors in Road Transport......Page 2180
Further Reading......Page 2181
Glossary......Page 2183
Identifying and Improving Attitudes......Page 2184
Others......Page 2185
Experiential Techniques......Page 2186
Program Evaluation and Dimensions of Success......Page 2187
Further Reading......Page 2188
Traits as Human Characteristics of Individual Differences......Page 2189
The Big Five Dimensions of Personality......Page 2190
Traits, Heritability, and Genetics......Page 2191
The Big Five and Organizational Behavior......Page 2192
Further Reading......Page 2193
Conceptualizing Transfer......Page 2194
Exemplifications......Page 2195
The Question of Facilitated Transfer......Page 2196
Taxonomies of Transfer......Page 2197
Models of Transfer......Page 2198
Information Processing Model......Page 2199
Conceptual and Instructional Shifts......Page 2200
The Validity of Transfer Thinking......Page 2201
Counterintuitive Nature of Transfer......Page 2202
Dispositional Characteristics and Aspects of Transfer......Page 2203
Future Empirical Research and Theory......Page 2204
Further Reading......Page 2205
Glossary......Page 2206
Translation and Cross-Cultural Research......Page 2207
Back-Translation......Page 2208
Emics and Etics......Page 2209
Writing Translatable English......Page 2210
Translation Style......Page 2211
Translation and Qualitative Studies......Page 2212
The Impact of Globalization......Page 2213
Conclusion......Page 2214
Further Reading......Page 2215
Introduction......Page 2216
Driver Distraction......Page 2218
Driver Vision......Page 2219
Conspicuity......Page 2220
Further Reading......Page 2221
Introduction......Page 2223
Properties......Page 2224
Effects on Private Car Use......Page 2225
Car-Use Reduction and Information Technology......Page 2226
Further Reading......Page 2227
Introduction......Page 2228
Multidimensional Conceptualizations......Page 2229
Trust Measures......Page 2230
The Benefits of Trust......Page 2232
Collaboration and Cooperation within and between Organizations......Page 2233
Fragility of Trust......Page 2234
Implications for Practice......Page 2235
Summary......Page 2236
Further Reading......Page 2237
Introduction......Page 2238
Urban Living Conditions......Page 2239
Specific Urban Behavior......Page 2240
From Appropriation to Urban Identity......Page 2241
The Sociophysical Interface......Page 2242
People-Environment Congruity: Feeling at Home......Page 2243
Neighborhood Revitalization......Page 2244
Homogeneity and Legibility of the Urban Space......Page 2245
Management of Urban Diversity......Page 2246
Sustainable Cities......Page 2247
Further Reading......Page 2248
Introduction......Page 2249
Levels of Analysis......Page 2250
Individual-Level Dimensions of Values......Page 2251
Attitudes and Behavior......Page 2252
Culture-Level Dimensions of Values......Page 2253
Relations among Culture-Level Dimensions......Page 2254
Correlates of Culture-Level Values......Page 2255
Further Reading......Page 2256
Importance......Page 2257
Skills Needed for Employment......Page 2258
Assessment Models......Page 2259
Conclusion......Page 2260
Further Reading......Page 2261
Glossary......Page 2262
Interest as a Construct often Poorly Defined......Page 2263
Homogeneous Content Scales......Page 2264
UNIACT Interest Inventory......Page 2265
Trends in Interest Measurement......Page 2266
Further Reading......Page 2267
Person-Environment Fit Model......Page 2269
Vocational Personalities and Work Environments......Page 2270
Vocational Personality Types......Page 2271
Consistency and Congruence......Page 2272
Growth......Page 2273
Specification......Page 2274
Establishment......Page 2276
Consolidating......Page 2277
Job Satisfaction......Page 2278
Maintenance......Page 2279
Disengagement......Page 2280
Further Reading......Page 2281
Glossary......Page 2282
The Hierarchical Structure of Subjective Well-Being......Page 2283
Problems with Self-Reports......Page 2284
Demographic and Situational Characteristics......Page 2285
Circumstances in Context......Page 2286
Positive Social Outcomes......Page 2287
Further Reading......Page 2288
Introduction......Page 2290
Reproduction-Oriented Limits......Page 2291
Life Cycle: Differential Health Characteristics of Elderly Women......Page 2292
Women’s Health on the Internet......Page 2293
Further Reading......Page 2295
Glossary......Page 2296
Work Adjustment Assessment......Page 2297
Further Reading......Page 2298
Glossary......Page 2299
Definitions of Work and Family......Page 2300
Mechanisms Linking Work and Family......Page 2301
Negative Effects of Work on Family Life......Page 2302
Positive Effects of Work on Family Life......Page 2303
Negative Effects of Family on Work Life......Page 2304
Positive Effects of Family on Work Life......Page 2305
Organizational Actions to Help Individuals Manage Work-Family Relationships......Page 2306
Flexible Work Arrangements......Page 2307
Individual Actions to Manage Work-Family Relationships......Page 2308
Further Reading......Page 2309
Introduction......Page 2310
A Historical Perspective on Working Environments......Page 2311
Some Recent Studies on Office Environments......Page 2313
General Models Describing Environment-Behavior Relations in the Workplace......Page 2314
Further Reading......Page 2317
Needs......Page 2319
Values......Page 2320
Job Satisfaction......Page 2321
Further Reading......Page 2322
Work Values......Page 2324
Validity......Page 2325
Further Reading......Page 2326
Glossary......Page 2327
Individual-Level Perspective......Page 2328
Intervention Approaches......Page 2329
Intervention Approaches......Page 2330
Intervention Approaches......Page 2331
Further Reading......Page 2332
Introduction......Page 2333
Team Composition......Page 2334
Team Development......Page 2336
Team Processes and Performance......Page 2337
Conclusion......Page 2339
Further Reading......Page 2340
Glossary......Page 2341
Related Processes and Developmental Stages......Page 2342
Primary School Grades......Page 2343
Upper Elementary School Grades......Page 2345
Role of Teacher Knowledge......Page 2346
Further Reading......Page 2347
The Context of Youth Employment......Page 2349
Negative Effects of Youth Employment......Page 2350
Further Reading......Page 2351