Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, 2nd Ed., 3 vols.

Advisory Board......Page 2
Editorial and Production Staff......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Chronology of American Foreign Policy, 1607-2001......Page 16
Vol.1: A-D......Page 1
Race, Impressments, And Maritime Issues......Page 36
Slavery And Abolition......Page 37
Civil War And Recognition Of Black Countries......Page 38
Jim Crow And The Cold War......Page 39
The Italo-ethiopian War......Page 40
The United Nations Petition......Page 41
Racial Reform And Cold War Ideology......Page 42
African Americans And The Diplomatic Corps......Page 43
The Vietnam War......Page 44
Bibliography......Page 45
The Traditional View......Page 47
Revolutionary Diplomacy: The Necessary Alliance......Page 48
Jeffersonian Realism......Page 50
In England’s Wake: The Nineteenth Century......Page 51
The Trauma Of World War I......Page 52
The Rude Awakening: World War Ii......Page 54
The American Alliance System: An Unamerican Tradition......Page 56
The System Changes......Page 58
The 1970s And After......Page 59
Bibliography......Page 61
Ambassadors......Page 62
Executive Agents......Page 67
Early Examples......Page 68
Purposes and Functions......Page 69
Presidential Foreign Policy Staff......Page 73
Multilateral Organizations......Page 74
Special Representatives......Page 75
Conflict Mediation And Migration......Page 76
Bibliography......Page 79
Anti-Imperialism......Page 81
The Roots Of American Anti-imperialism......Page 82
The New Empire And Its Discontents......Page 84
Mark Twain And The Imperial Apologists......Page 86
Challenging A New World Order......Page 87
Fighting For America’s Soul......Page 89
Bibliography......Page 92
Historical Background Of The Arbitration Concept......Page 93
Jay’s Treaty And The Treaty Of Ghent......Page 94
Anglo-american Relations And The Geneva Tribunal......Page 95
The Hague Peace Conferences......Page 96
The League Of Nations And The World Court......Page 101
Bibliography......Page 102
Armed Neutralities......Page 105
International Maritime Law In The Eighteenth Century......Page 106
League Of The Armed Neutrality......Page 107
The Second League......Page 108
Bibliography......Page 109
Defining Arms Control And Disarmament Techniques......Page 111
Arms Control And Disarmament To World War Ii......Page 112
Hague Conferences......Page 113
The Washington Naval System......Page 114
The League of Nations and Disarmament......Page 116
Evaluating Interwar Experiences......Page 117
The United Nations, United States, and Disarmament......Page 118
Limited Test Ban......Page 119
Comprehensive Test Ban......Page 120
SALT I and II Negotiations......Page 121
Arms Control And Compliance......Page 122
INF Proposals......Page 123
START I and II Negotiations......Page 124
Conventional And Other Arms Control Agreements......Page 125
Banning Land Mines......Page 126
Banning Chemical and Biological Weapons......Page 127
Protocols Aimed At Preventing Accidental War......Page 128
Evaluating The Cold War Experiences......Page 129
Conclusion......Page 131
Bibliography......Page 133
Arms Transfers And Trade......Page 136
From The Revolution To World War I......Page 137
The Interwar Period And World War Ii......Page 138
The Cold War......Page 140
The Vietnam War And The Nixon Doctrine......Page 141
Carter And Reagan......Page 143
The Gulf War And Beyond......Page 145
Bibliography......Page 147
The Evolution Of Asylum......Page 148
Diplomatic Asylum......Page 149
International Extradition And Interstate Rendition......Page 150
Pre–World War II Barriers To Asylum And Refuge......Page 151
The Post–World War II Years......Page 152
The Un Asylum And Refugee Regime......Page 154
The Development Of Contemporary Asylum Law And Policy......Page 155
U.s. Asylum And Refugee Practice: Cuba And Haiti......Page 156
Elian Gonzalez......Page 157
Conclusion......Page 158
Bibliography......Page 159
The Eighteenth Century......Page 161
The Nineteenth Century......Page 162
1914–1945......Page 164
Balance Of Power Since 1945......Page 166
Bibliography......Page 169
Some Purposes Of Historical Research......Page 171
Types Of Knowledge And Related Methods......Page 172
Existential Knowledge and Data-Generating Methods......Page 173
Correlational Knowledge and Data Analysis Methods.......Page 174
Explanatory Knowledge and Causal Inference......Page 176
Some Behavioral Concepts......Page 177
“the Next Assignment”......Page 178
Conclusion......Page 180
Bibliography......Page 182
Bipartisanship......Page 184
Federalists And Republicans In The Early Republic......Page 185
Jacksonian Democracy And Continental Expansion......Page 187
The Age Of Imperialism......Page 188
Interwar Isolationism......Page 189
World War Ii And Its Aftermath......Page 190
The Cold War......Page 191
Vietnam: Conflict At Home And Abroad......Page 193
J. William Fulbright......Page 194
Development Of The Law......Page 195
A Warless Era......Page 199
World War I And After......Page 202
Kennedy And The Cuban Missile Crisis......Page 206
Conclusion......Page 207
Bibliography......Page 208
Lobbying Efforts From The 1920s Through World War Ii......Page 209
Cold War And The “two Chinas”......Page 211
Recognition Of The Beijing Government And Demise Of The China Lobby......Page 214
Bibliography......Page 215
Civil War Diplomacy......Page 216
Seward And Early Union Policy......Page 217
“Some Thoughts For The President’s Consideration”......Page 218
Confederate Agents In Washington And Europe......Page 219
Latin American Developments......Page 221
Pressure And Counterpressure On Britain And France......Page 222
Affair And Its Aftermath......Page 223
Cotton Diplomacy......Page 224
Declining Confederate Prospects......Page 225
The Slavery Issue And The End Of Confederate Diplomacy......Page 226
Conclusion......Page 227
Bibliography......Page 228
Ideological Divide......Page 230
National Expansion......Page 231
American Financial Hegemony......Page 232
Militarization......Page 233
Korea And Nsc 68......Page 234
The Failed Quest For “liberation”......Page 235
Kennedy And Crises......Page 236
The Third World......Page 237
The Vietnam War......Page 238
Dйtente......Page 239
Reagan’s Cold War......Page 240
The Gorbachev Phenomenon......Page 241
The End Of The Cold War......Page 242
Interpreting The Cold War......Page 243
Bibliography......Page 244
Cold War Origins......Page 246
Genealogy Of The Term......Page 247
The Soviet Way......Page 249
The American Way......Page 251
Conclusion......Page 260
Bibliography......Page 261
Cold Warriors......Page 263
Joseph Stalin......Page 264
Dean Acheson......Page 267
Konrad Adenauer......Page 270
Mao Zedong......Page 271
Ronald Reagan......Page 275
Bibliography......Page 278
Cold War Termination......Page 279
Revitalized Cold War......Page 281
The Reagan Doctrine, Freedom Fighters, And Central America......Page 282
The Reagan Reversal?......Page 284
Reagan And Arms Control......Page 285
Summit Diplomacy: Geneva, November 1985......Page 286
Reykjavik Summit: October 1986......Page 287
Star Wars: The Strategic Defense Initiative......Page 288
End Of The Cold War: 1988......Page 289
Bush, Baker, And The Revolution Of 1989......Page 290
Conclusion......Page 291
Bibliography......Page 292
Early History......Page 294
World War I And The League Of Nations......Page 295
The 1930s And The Failure Of The League Of Nations......Page 296
The United Nations And The Cold War......Page 297
The Decline Of Collective Security......Page 298
A New Form Of Interventionism......Page 300
Dilemmas Of Collective Security......Page 302
Bibliography......Page 304
Colonialism And Imperialism......Page 305
Expansionism And Manifest Destiny......Page 306
Asia And The Pacific......Page 307
Historical Perspectives On U.s. Colonialism......Page 309
Bibliography......Page 311
Legislative Power In A Revolutionary Era......Page 313
Implementing The Constitutional Structure......Page 314
The U.s. Senate And Foreign Policy......Page 316
Congress And The New Century......Page 317
The Versailles Era......Page 318
The Cold War......Page 320
Domestic Politics And Congressional Power......Page 321
New Means Of Congressional Power......Page 323
The Vietnam War......Page 324
Congressional Dissent Beyond Vietnam......Page 325
Conservatives And Congressional Power......Page 326
Congress And The End Of The Cold War......Page 328
Bibliography......Page 330
The First China Consortium......Page 332
The Second China Consortium......Page 336
The International Committee Of Bankers On Mexico......Page 339
Bibliography......Page 340
Constitutional Text......Page 342
Constitutional Convention......Page 344
The War Power......Page 347
The Commander In Chief Clause......Page 349
The War Power In Practice......Page 350
The Rise Of Presidential Power......Page 351
The Continuing War Powers Controversy......Page 352
The Treaty Power......Page 355
Executive Agreements......Page 357
Reception Of Ambassadors......Page 359
Bibliography......Page 361
Kennan’s Public Statement Of Containment......Page 363
The Background Of The Mr. “X” Essay......Page 364
The Truman Doctrine......Page 367
Critiques Of Mr. X’s Doctrine......Page 368
Reflections On Kennan’s Original Meaning......Page 370
The Suppleness Of Containment......Page 371
Disputes Over The Application Of Containment: Nato, The H-bomb, And Nsc 68......Page 373
The Korean War: From Containment To Liberation To Containment......Page 375
Later Applications Of Containment: Eisenhower To Reagan......Page 376
The Waning Relevance Of Containment And New Challenges......Page 379
Bibliography......Page 380
The American Revolution And Its Aftermath......Page 383
Louisiana......Page 386
Texas And The Mexican War......Page 388
The Gadsden Purchase......Page 392
Alaska......Page 393
Bibliography......Page 394
The Continental System......Page 395
Napoleon And Britain Inaugurate Wartime Measures......Page 396
The United States Confronts Economic Warfare......Page 398
War In Disguise......Page 399
The Continental System Undermined......Page 402
Bibliography......Page 403
Covert Operations......Page 404
Evolution Of Covert Operations......Page 405
Problems Of Covert Operations......Page 412
Bibliography......Page 413
Three Trends Of Cultural Transfer......Page 414
The Emergence Of A Cultural Imperialism Critique......Page 417
Four Discourses On Cultural Imperialism......Page 418
Critics Of Cultural Imperialism Theory......Page 420
The Future Of Cultural Transfer Studies......Page 423
Bibliography......Page 424
Cultural Relations And Policies......Page 426
The Early Republic To The Civil War: Defining An “american” Culture......Page 427
Expansion And The Age Of Imperialism......Page 429
Late Nineteenth-century Encounters: Art, Religion, And Everyday Life......Page 432
Twentieth Century Through World War Ii: Americanization And Reaction......Page 435
Globalization And The Cold War......Page 438
Intercultural Relations Since The 1970s......Page 439
Bibliography......Page 440
A Word About the Explanandum......Page 443
Individual Psychology and Cognition......Page 444
Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics......Page 445
Domestic Politics......Page 446
Culture and Ideational Social Construction......Page 447
Decision Making And Cuba......Page 448
Structural And Systemic Factors......Page 449
Events Data......Page 450
Conclusion......Page 451
Bibliography......Page 452
Department Of Defense......Page 454
Early Experiences......Page 455
The Marshall-lovett Era......Page 456
Foreign Affairs During The Eisenhower Years......Page 457
The Mcnamara Era......Page 458
From Cold War To Post–cold War......Page 461
Caspar Weinberger On Military Power......Page 462
Bibliography......Page 464
Department Of State......Page 466
The Caliber Of Leadership......Page 467
Management Efficiency......Page 468
A Tale Of Two Speeches......Page 471
Leadership Or Management?......Page 472
Bibliography......Page 476
The Theory Of Deterrence......Page 477
Strategic Bombing......Page 478
The Worse The Better......Page 481
Deterrence Reduces Costs......Page 483
Massive Retaliation Questioned......Page 485
Mutual Assured Destruction (mad)......Page 486
After The Cold War......Page 488
Bibliography......Page 489
Progress Becomes Modernization......Page 491
A Tool For Managing Decolonization......Page 492
Import Substitution......Page 494
Development And The Social Sciences......Page 495
The Rostovian Revolution......Page 496
The Development Decade......Page 499
The Decline Of Modernization Theory......Page 502
Bibliography......Page 505
The Nineteenth Century......Page 506
The Great War And The Bolshevik Revolution......Page 508
World War Ii And The Cold War......Page 510
The Impact Of The Vietnam War......Page 513
Bibliography......Page 515
Dissent In Wars......Page 517
The Revolutionary War......Page 518
The Quasi-war And The War Of 1812......Page 520
The Mexican War......Page 521
The Civil War......Page 523
The Spanish-american War And The Filipino Insurrection......Page 525
The World Wars......Page 526
The Korean And Vietnam Wars......Page 527
The Gulf War And After......Page 529
Bibliography......Page 531
The Monroe Doctrine......Page 533
The Hoover-stimson Doctrine......Page 536
The Truman Doctrine......Page 538
The Eisenhower Doctrine......Page 541
The Brezhnev Doctrine......Page 542
The Nixon Doctrine......Page 543
The Carter Doctrine......Page 545
The Reagan Doctrine......Page 547
Conclusion......Page 550
Bibliography......Page 552
Dollar Diplomacy......Page 554
Bibliography......Page 559
The Domino Theory......Page 561
The Theory Extends To Asia......Page 562
The Eisenhower Administration......Page 563
The 1960s: High Tide Of The Domino Theory......Page 566
Future Presidents Speak......Page 567
The 1970s And After......Page 568
Bibliography......Page 569
Vol.2: E-N......Page 570
CONTENTS......Page 574
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES......Page 576
Economic Policy And Theory......Page 580
International Trade......Page 581
John Maynard Keynes And Bretton Woods......Page 582
International Trade Theory: From Trailblazers To TwentiethCentury Professionals......Page 583
Implications of The General Theory......Page 585
Heckscher-Ohlin, Factor-Price Equalization, and Real Free Trade Patterns......Page 586
Lingering Theoretical Challenges......Page 587
International Monetary Policy......Page 589
Bretton Woods and the Triffin Dilemma......Page 590
Floats, “Dirty Floats,” and the Tobin Tax......Page 591
Development And Growth Theory......Page 592
Bibliography......Page 594
Elitism......Page 596
Classical And New Elite Theory......Page 597
From Imperialism To Revisionism......Page 598
From Mccarthyism To The New Left......Page 601
From Geopolitics To Trilateralism......Page 603
Kissinger’s “wise Men” (and Women)......Page 604
From Reaganism To Clintonism And Back To Bushism......Page 605
The Future Of American Foreign Policy: Elitism Versus Pluralism......Page 607
Bibliography......Page 608
The Revolutionary War Era......Page 611
The Early Republic......Page 613
The Early Twentieth Century Through The Interwar Years......Page 615
On Sanctions......Page 617
World War Ii......Page 619
Cold War Sanctions......Page 620
Post–cold War Sanctions......Page 623
Bibliography......Page 625
The United States–canada Bilateral Relationship......Page 627
Early Multilateral Conventions......Page 632
Remington Kellogg......Page 633
Global Conventions......Page 634
Bibliography......Page 639
What Is Exceptionalism?......Page 641
The Belief In American Exceptionalism......Page 642
The Roots Of Exceptionalism......Page 644
The Influence Of Exceptionalist Beliefs On Foreign Affairs......Page 645
The Imperialism Debate And Exceptionalism......Page 646
Expressions Of Exceptionalism......Page 647
The Beginning Of The Twentieth Century......Page 648
Isolationism And World War Ii......Page 649
The Leader Of The Free World......Page 650
Exceptionalism And The Legacy Of Vietnam......Page 653
The Vietnam Syndrome And American Exceptionalism......Page 654
Conclusion......Page 656
Bibliography......Page 657
Origins Of Extraterritoriality......Page 659
Morocco......Page 660
Turkey......Page 662
China......Page 663
Japan......Page 666
Panama......Page 667
Twenty-first Century Extraterritoriality......Page 668
Bibliography......Page 669
Foreign Aid......Page 671
The Origins Of Foreign Aid......Page 672
The Cold War Foreign Aid Program, 1947–1953......Page 673
The Eisenhower Administration And Expansion Of Foreign Aid......Page 674
The Peak Of Prestige: Foreign Aid Under Kennedy......Page 676
John F. Kennedy’s Special Message To The Congress On Foreign Aid......Page 677
Foreign Aid In Crisis: The Vietnam Effect And “new Directions”......Page 678
The Carter And Reagan Administrations: From Human Rights To Market Reforms......Page 679
The Post–cold War World......Page 681
Globalization’s Impact On Foreign Aid......Page 682
Foreign Aid’s Critics......Page 683
Conclusion......Page 685
Bibliography......Page 686
Origins Of The Concept Of Freedom Of The Seas......Page 688
Affirming Freedom Of The Seas In The Early National Period......Page 689
Reversing Course In The Civil War......Page 692
World War I: A Critical Turning Point......Page 693
Freedom Of The Seas In The American Century......Page 696
Law Of The Sea Treaty: Definitions......Page 697
Bibliography......Page 698
Women And Gender: Different Approaches......Page 700
Finding Women In Foreign Policy......Page 701
Seeing Gender In Foreign Policy......Page 704
Gender: Voices From The Documents......Page 705
Gender And The Historiography Of American Foreign Policy......Page 708
Bibliography......Page 710
Definition And Conceptualization......Page 712
First Era Of Modern Globalization: To 1914......Page 714
Disrupted Globalization: 1914–1939......Page 716
A World Divided: 1940–1950......Page 717
Globalization Undercurrents: 1951–1972......Page 719
The Fab Four As Global Phenoms......Page 720
Decentralization Accelerates: 1973–1989......Page 721
American-led Globalization: 1990–2001......Page 722
Bibliography......Page 726
Humanitarian Intervention And Relief......Page 728
Early History Of American Foreign Relief......Page 729
The Civil War And The Origins Of The American Red Cross......Page 730
Humanitarian Relief And Intervention In The Age Of Imperialism......Page 732
The Progressive Era......Page 733
World War I......Page 735
Armistice And Rehabilitation......Page 736
The Interwar Period......Page 737
World War Ii......Page 738
Reconstruction......Page 739
The Cold War......Page 740
Humanitarian Intervention During The Cold War......Page 742
The Post–cold War Era......Page 743
Humanitarianism And Sensationalism......Page 744
Conclusion......Page 747
Bibliography......Page 748
Human Rights......Page 750
Woodrow Wilson......Page 751
Franklin D. Roosevelt And The Atlantic Charter......Page 752
The Un Declaration Of Human Rights And President Harry Truman......Page 753
Brown v. Board of Education & the Eisenhower Administration......Page 754
Congressional Activism......Page 755
President James Earl Carter......Page 756
Presidents Ronald Reagan And George H. W. Bush......Page 757
Extradition, National Leaders, And Human Rights......Page 759
America’s Record At Home......Page 760
Bibliography......Page 761
What Is Ideology?......Page 763
Antecedents......Page 764
How Does Ideology Cause Policy?......Page 766
Ideology And American Foreign Policy......Page 767
The Cold War......Page 770
Conclusion......Page 776
Bibliography......Page 777
Immigration......Page 779
The Immigration Act Of 1965......Page 786
The Cold War And Beyond......Page 789
Legal Immigration To The U.s. By Decade, 1951–1998......Page 791
Bibliography......Page 792
Continental Expansion......Page 793
Post–civil War Period......Page 794
The Era Of Global Imperialism......Page 795
The Advent Of Informal Empire......Page 796
The Roosevelt Corollary......Page 797
The Cold War And Its Aftermath......Page 798
Bibliography......Page 800
The Intelligence Cycle......Page 801
A World Of Secrets......Page 802
National Intelligence Estimates......Page 804
Other Current Intelligence Publications......Page 805
Agents......Page 806
Combat Intelligence......Page 807
Communications Intelligence......Page 808
Photographic Intelligence......Page 809
Counterintelligence......Page 810
Evolution Of U.S. Intelligence......Page 811
Bibliography......Page 815
The Early Years......Page 817
Arbitration And Legalism......Page 818
Organization For World Government......Page 821
World War I......Page 822
Wilson’s League Of Nations......Page 823
Interwar Isolationism And Internationalism......Page 824
Manchuria And Collective Security......Page 827
War In Europe And The United Nations......Page 828
Cold War......Page 829
Internationalist Inconsistency......Page 830
Retreat......Page 831
Cultural Internationalism......Page 832
Bibliography......Page 833
Constraints On U.S. Foreign Policy......Page 835
Law And U.s. Foreign Policy Approaches......Page 836
Exceptionalism......Page 838
Legalism......Page 840
Liberalism......Page 843
Legal Rules For U.S. Policy......Page 845
Pragmatism......Page 847
Conclusion......Page 854
Bibliography......Page 855
International Monetary Fund And World Bank......Page 858
The IMF Bretton Woods Monetary System......Page 859
A Rough Start For Bretton Woods And The Imf......Page 861
The Flaws Of The Imf Bretton Woods System......Page 863
The IMF After The Collapse Of Bretton Woods......Page 866
Capital Mobility......Page 867
The World Bank And Its Offshoots......Page 868
Executive Personality And The World Bank......Page 869
World Bank Critics On The Right And Left......Page 870
Bibliography......Page 871
International Organization......Page 874
What Are International Organizations?......Page 875
Development Of Ios And The Role Of The United States......Page 876
American Ambiguity Toward Ios......Page 877
Sovereignty And Autonomy......Page 878
The Role Of Domestic Jurisdiction......Page 879
Democratic Constitutionalism Versus International Commitments......Page 881
Ios In The Cold War And The Post–cold War World......Page 883
Bibliography......Page 887
The Policy Doctrines......Page 889
Definition and General Rules......Page 892
Application Problems......Page 895
The Practice Of Intervention......Page 896
The Imperial Period......Page 898
The Collective Security Phase......Page 900
The Post–Cold War Decades......Page 903
President Clinton’s Farewell Address, 19 January 2001......Page 905
Bibliography......Page 908
The Scholarly Literature......Page 910
The Myth Of The Founders......Page 911
America’s Foreign Policy In The Nineteenth Century......Page 913
Trying The Role Of World Power......Page 914
Interventionism And Isolationism......Page 915
The Swanson Resolution (1926)......Page 917
Isolationism At High Tide......Page 918
Isolationism In Retreat......Page 919
The End Of America’s Isolationism......Page 920
Isolationism Reconfigured?......Page 921
Bibliography......Page 922
Judicial Review And Political Questions......Page 925
War And The Courts......Page 926
UNITED STATES V. CURTISS-WRIGHT EXPORT CORPORATION......Page 927
The War Powers Resolution......Page 929
The Courts And Foreign Policy......Page 931
Federalism And Foreign Policy......Page 933
Conclusion......Page 935
Bibliography......Page 936
Caribbean Protectorates......Page 937
The Roosevelt Corollary Of The Monroe Doctrine......Page 938
The Dominican Receivership......Page 939
Dollar Diplomacy In Nicaragua......Page 940
Haiti......Page 941
Economic Foreign Policy During The Interwar Period......Page 942
World War I Foreign Debt Commission Rates......Page 943
The Reparations Problem......Page 944
Making The Connection......Page 945
Hitler Repudiates The Versailles Treaty And Reparations......Page 946
Unilateral Foreign Assistance: Aid, Grants, And Loans......Page 947
Multilateral Foreign Loans......Page 948
The International Debt Crises......Page 949
Conclusion......Page 950
Bibliography......Page 951
League Of Nations Mandates......Page 953
United Nations Trusteeships......Page 955
Conclusion......Page 956
Micronesia: The Road To Self-governance......Page 957
Bibliography......Page 958
Militarism......Page 959
The Eighteenth Century......Page 960
The Nineteenth Century......Page 961
The Twentieth Century......Page 964
The Interwar Period......Page 966
World War Ii......Page 967
The Cold War And After......Page 968
NSC 68......Page 969
Conclusion......Page 972
Bibliography......Page 973
The Military-industrial Complex......Page 975
Forces Behind The MilitaryIndustrial Complex......Page 976
The Impact Of A Permanent Military Industry......Page 978
Top Ten Defense Contractors, 1999......Page 979
A Military-industrial Complex International......Page 980
Control Of The Complex......Page 983
Conclusion......Page 984
Bibliography......Page 985
MFN Treatment In Practice, 1776–1887: Conditional Mfn Within Protectionism......Page 988
MFN Treatment In Practice, 1887–1933: Conditional And Unconditional Mfn Within Protectionism And Export Expansionism......Page 990
Nelson W. Aldrich: Ardent Trade Protectionist......Page 991
MFN Treatment In Practice, 1934–1974: Unconditional Mfn As One Instrument Of Trade Liberalization......Page 994
MFN Treatment In Practice, 1974–2000: Unconditional Mfn Under Siege But Preserved......Page 996
Bibliography......Page 998
Multinational Corporations......Page 1000
Early Multinational Corporations......Page 1001
Expansion: 1925–1930......Page 1002
The Great Depression......Page 1003
World War Ii......Page 1004
Federal Power Versus The Power Of The Multinationals: The Oil Dilemma......Page 1005
Postwar Investment: 1945–1955......Page 1006
The International Monetary Fund And World Bank......Page 1007
Multinational Corporations, 1955–1990......Page 1008
A Global Economy: The 1990s......Page 1010
Conclusion......Page 1011
Bibliography......Page 1012
The Road To Munich......Page 1014
America Has A Stake In Appeasement......Page 1015
The Munich Legacy......Page 1016
America’s Munich Generation......Page 1017
The Korean War......Page 1018
An American Diplomat Remembers......Page 1019
The Geneva Conference......Page 1020
The Cuban Missile Crisis......Page 1021
The Vietnam War......Page 1022
Reagan, Bush, And The Gulf War......Page 1023
Bibliography......Page 1024
Narcotics Policy......Page 1026
Drugs In The United States......Page 1027
The Troubled 1920s And 1930s......Page 1029
Origins Of The Drug-security Nexus......Page 1034
The Limits Of Drug Control......Page 1037
Continuing Challenges......Page 1042
Bibliography......Page 1043
What Washington And Jefferson (eventually) Agreed On......Page 1044
Expansionists All......Page 1045
A Democratic Empire?......Page 1046
A Sigh For Versailles......Page 1047
Wilson Without The Preaching......Page 1048
The Intellectual—and Lightning Rod—of The Isolationists......Page 1049
Enter Ideology......Page 1050
No More Vietnams......Page 1051
Lonely At The Top......Page 1052
Bibliography......Page 1054
Defining “American” Nationalism......Page 1055
Constructing An American Identity......Page 1057
Continental Expansion And The “young America” Spirit......Page 1059
The American Mission Abroad: Imperialism And Empire......Page 1062
Nativism And “americanization”......Page 1064
Americanizing The World......Page 1065
Bibliography......Page 1066
Origins......Page 1068
The Truman And Eisenhower Years......Page 1069
The Kennedy And Johnson Years......Page 1072
The Nixon, Ford, And Carter Years......Page 1073
Dialogue With Mao......Page 1074
The Reagan, Bush, And Clinton Years......Page 1076
Bibliography......Page 1078
Nativism......Page 1080
Early Forms Of Nativism......Page 1081
The Mid-nineteenth Century......Page 1083
Immigration Legislation And More Newcomers......Page 1086
A New Century Of Immigrants......Page 1088
World War I And The 1920s......Page 1089
World War Ii And The Effects On Nativism......Page 1093
Nativism’s Death Knell?......Page 1094
Bibliography......Page 1095
The Mediterranean......Page 1097
Asia......Page 1098
The Second Period: 1890–1945......Page 1099
Spanish-American War to the 1920s......Page 1100
The 1920s......Page 1101
The 1930s......Page 1102
1945–1975......Page 1103
1975–2000......Page 1107
Bibliography......Page 1108
Neutralism......Page 1110
Defining Cold War Neutralism......Page 1111
U.s. Policy And Western European Neutralism......Page 1113
The Eisenhower Administration And Neutralism......Page 1114
Finland......Page 1115
Economic and Military Assistance......Page 1116
The Kennedy Years......Page 1117
Neutralism Beyond Western Europe......Page 1118
The Third World......Page 1119
The United Nations, Vietnam, And Dйtente......Page 1122
Bibliography......Page 1124
Neutrality......Page 1126
The Eighteenth Century......Page 1127
The Nineteenth Century......Page 1129
The Twentieth Century......Page 1132
Bibliography......Page 1137
North Atlantic Treaty Organization......Page 1139
Creation Of Nato......Page 1140
Nato Construction And Rearmament......Page 1144
Consolidation......Page 1147
Nato And Dйtente......Page 1149
Tension, Dйtente, And The End Of The Cold War......Page 1152
Nato And The Post–cold War World......Page 1154
Bibliography......Page 1158
Nuclear Strategy And Diplomacy......Page 1160
Hiroshima: A Military Target......Page 1161
A Strategy Of Overkill......Page 1165
Massive Retaliation......Page 1166
Flexible Response......Page 1167
A Mad, Mad World......Page 1170
A Cooperative Balance Of Terror......Page 1172
The Limits Of Dйtente......Page 1173
Taming The Evil Empire......Page 1174
The Evil Empire......Page 1175
Loose Nukes, Successor States, Rogues, And Friends......Page 1176
Yielding To The New Order......Page 1182
Conclusion......Page 1183
Bibliography......Page 1184
Vol.3: O-W......Page 1188
CONTENTS......Page 1192
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES......Page 1194
Oil And World Power......Page 1198
The Seven Sisters......Page 1199
The Origins Of U.s. Foreign Oil Policy......Page 1203
Oil And The American Way Of Life......Page 1206
Coping With Change......Page 1207
The Political Economy Of Foreign Oil Policy......Page 1213
Bibliography......Page 1215
Open Door Interpretation......Page 1218
William Appleman Williams......Page 1222
Open Door Policy......Page 1226
The Origins Of The Policy......Page 1227
Laying Down The Policy......Page 1229
An Excerpt From The First Open Door Note......Page 1231
Three Approaches To The Open Door......Page 1233
The End Of The Open Door......Page 1236
The Policy And The Interpretation......Page 1239
Bibliography......Page 1240
The Early Labor Movement And International Labor Organizing......Page 1242
Early International Policies Of The American Federation Of Labor......Page 1243
World War I......Page 1245
Working-class Subcultures And Labor Internationalism......Page 1247
The Interwar Years......Page 1248
World War Ii And The World Federation Of Trade Unions......Page 1250
Cold War In The International Labor Movement......Page 1251
Labor And The Global Economy In The Late Twentieth Century......Page 1254
Bibliography......Page 1255
The Freedom Of Space Doctrine......Page 1258
Launching Nasa......Page 1259
The Lunar Landing Program......Page 1260
Toward A Trajectory For Cooperative Efforts In The 1970s......Page 1261
Impediments To International Cooperation In Space......Page 1263
The International Space Station......Page 1264
Twenty-first-century Issues In Space Cooperation......Page 1267
Bibliography......Page 1268
The Origins Of Modern Pacifism......Page 1270
Coalition Politics......Page 1272
Nonviolent Direct Action......Page 1274
Framing Policy Issues With Pacifist Perspectives......Page 1275
Bibliography......Page 1278
The Roots Of Pan-americanism......Page 1280
Pan-americanism To 1850......Page 1281
Pan-americanism, 1850–1900......Page 1284
International Conferences Of American States......Page 1286
Pan-americanism Since 1945......Page 1289
Bibliography......Page 1293
Party Politics......Page 1295
A Curious Neglect......Page 1296
The First Decades......Page 1298
The Early Cold War......Page 1299
Vietnam......Page 1301
The Late Cold War And Beyond......Page 1303
Every Vote Counts......Page 1304
Conclusion......Page 1305
Bibliography......Page 1306
The Study Of Peacemaking......Page 1308
Attitudes Toward Peacemaking......Page 1309
Formal Peace Agreements......Page 1310
War Endings Without Formal Settlements......Page 1311
Peacemaking Without Peace: The Indian Wars......Page 1312
Treaty Making Versus Peacemaking......Page 1315
Gender And Peacemaking......Page 1317
Peacemaking And The Perils Of “victory”......Page 1318
On The Road To Peace: Peace Processes Since World War Ii......Page 1319
Bibliography......Page 1321
Peace Movements......Page 1323
The Interwar Years......Page 1326
From The Kellogg-briand Pact (1928)......Page 1330
Bibliography......Page 1333
Philanthropy......Page 1335
Limited Government......Page 1336
Growing Influence......Page 1338
George Soros And The Capitalist Threat......Page 1342
Conclusion: The Critics......Page 1343
Bibliography......Page 1345
Preserving American Global Hegemony......Page 1346
Fostering Globalization......Page 1348
Promoting Democracy......Page 1350
Undertaking Humanitarian Interventions......Page 1352
Isolating And Punishing “rogue” States......Page 1355
Rogue States And States Of Concern......Page 1356
Defending The American Homeland......Page 1357
Bibliography......Page 1360
America’s Power Problem......Page 1362
Power In Practice......Page 1363
Expansion And Power......Page 1364
America As A World Power......Page 1365
Politics And Power......Page 1366
America’s Rise To Globalism......Page 1367
The Burdens And Limits Of Power......Page 1368
The Diffusion Of Power......Page 1369
Bibliography......Page 1370
Presidential Advisers......Page 1371
The Founders......Page 1372
The Nineteenth-century Experience......Page 1373
Wilson And Colonel House......Page 1374
Creation Of The National Security Council......Page 1376
The Eisenhower And Kennedy Years......Page 1377
Johnson And The Tuesday Lunch......Page 1378
The Kissinger Years......Page 1379
Dissension Under Carter......Page 1380
Success And Failure Under Reagan......Page 1381
Bush In Command......Page 1382
Clinton: Learning On The Job......Page 1383
Bibliography......Page 1384
Constitutional Sources......Page 1386
The Quasi-war And After......Page 1388
The Mexican And Civil Wars......Page 1391
The Stewardship Theory......Page 1393
The War Power As Prerogative......Page 1396
Three Views On Presidential Power......Page 1398
Cold War Interventionism......Page 1399
Presidential War In Vietnam......Page 1402
Revival Of The Strong Presidency Cult......Page 1404
The Indispensable Nation And President?......Page 1407
Bibliography......Page 1410
Diversity And Ethnocentrism......Page 1412
The Press’s Many Roles......Page 1413
Reporters And Officials: Conflicting Goals, Frequent Tensions......Page 1415
The Press And Foreign Policy To 1941: Some Highlights......Page 1417
“the Law Of The Lusitania Case”......Page 1419
The Press And Global America Since 1941: An Overview......Page 1420
The Press And Foreign Policy Crises......Page 1424
Bibliography......Page 1427
Propaganda......Page 1429
Types Of Propaganda......Page 1430
Revolution, War, And Propaganda To 1917......Page 1431
Total War, 1917–1945......Page 1433
Cold War......Page 1435
The Politics Of Propaganda......Page 1436
Propaganda, Diplomacy, And International Public Opinion......Page 1442
Bibliography......Page 1443
The Prosecution’s Case......Page 1445
American Pressure: Official And Unofficial......Page 1446
The Road To A New Trial......Page 1447
Legal Foundations......Page 1448
Extraterritoriality......Page 1449
Sanctions And Military Force......Page 1450
The Consular Service......Page 1451
The Range Of Contemporary Consular Services......Page 1452
Bibliography......Page 1453
U.S. Protectorates Prior To World War Ii......Page 1454
Spheres Of Influence Prior To World War Ii......Page 1457
U.s. Protectorates Since World War Ii......Page 1460
Bibliography......Page 1462
Public Opinion......Page 1464
The Public As Goal Setter......Page 1466
Presidential Powers......Page 1467
Nixon And The Vietnam War......Page 1470
Who Is The Public?......Page 1472
Sources Of The Public’s Opinions......Page 1474
Conclusion......Page 1476
Bibliography......Page 1477
Origin Of Ethnic Politics In Diplomacy......Page 1478
Immigration Act Of 1965 And Ethnic Politics......Page 1479
Ethnic Group Influence Prior To The Twentieth Century......Page 1480
Wilsonian Diplomacy......Page 1481
Jewish Americans And The Campaign For Israel......Page 1482
Division Among Jewish Americans......Page 1483
An Arab-american Challenge......Page 1484
Cuban Americans And Fidel Castro......Page 1485
Mexican Americans: Tomorrow’s Leviathan?......Page 1486
Race And Foreign Policy......Page 1488
Race And The New World Order......Page 1489
Emerging Political Identity Of Asian Americans......Page 1490
Three Balancing Factors......Page 1492
Multiculturalism And Foreign Policy......Page 1493
Electoral Politics And The Birth Of Israel......Page 1494
Ethnic Politics And Sound Policymaking......Page 1495
Bibliography......Page 1497
Conflicting Perceptions......Page 1500
The Revolutionary Era......Page 1501
The Early National Period......Page 1503
Latin America And Greece......Page 1505
The Monroe Doctrine......Page 1506
War And Doctrines......Page 1507
Kossuth And Hungary......Page 1508
War With Spain......Page 1509
Wilsonian Diplomacy......Page 1511
Isolationism, Internationalism, And World War Ii......Page 1512
The Cold War......Page 1513
The Post–cold War Era......Page 1515
Bibliography......Page 1516
Reciprocity......Page 1518
1776–1830......Page 1519
1860–1922......Page 1524
1922–1975......Page 1527
1974–2001......Page 1530
Bibliography......Page 1533
Definitions Of “Recognition”......Page 1534
U.S. Policy In The Recognition Of States......Page 1535
Multinational Recognition......Page 1538
Belligerent Recognition......Page 1540
Conclusion......Page 1543
Bibliography......Page 1544
The New Republic......Page 1545
Carl Schurz (1829–1906)......Page 1547
A Modified Refugee Policy......Page 1548
Albert Einstein (1879–1955)......Page 1549
Post–cold War Refugees And Policy......Page 1553
Conclusion......Page 1555
Bibliography......Page 1556
From European Settlement To Manifest Destiny......Page 1558
From The Civil War To World War I......Page 1564
“the Prince Of Peace”......Page 1570
The Cold War And The Fifth Great Awakening......Page 1573
Conclusion......Page 1576
Bibliography......Page 1577
Reparations......Page 1579
The Versailles Settlement......Page 1580
From Dawes To Default......Page 1582
The Treaty Of Versailles, 28 June 1919......Page 1584
Complications Of Cold War Compensation......Page 1585
Reparations And Group Remediation......Page 1588
Bibliography......Page 1589
Revisionism......Page 1592
World War I Revisionism......Page 1594
Right Revisionism......Page 1598
Left Revisionism......Page 1600
Vietnam And National Security Revisionism......Page 1603
Bibliography......Page 1606
A Diplomatic Revolution Before The Break With Britain......Page 1609
Independence And Revolution Abroad......Page 1610
Revolutionary Realism......Page 1611
Land Acquisition And Hegemony In The Western Hemisphere......Page 1612
1848 And “young America”......Page 1613
The “new Empire”......Page 1615
The Early Twentieth Century......Page 1616
Wilsonianism......Page 1617
America, Russia, And Revolution In 1917......Page 1618
Liberal Developmentalism......Page 1619
Fascism And The “american Way Of War”......Page 1620
Reconstruction And Containment......Page 1621
Dйtente And Its Critics......Page 1622
The American Revolution Enters The Twenty-first Century......Page 1623
Bibliography......Page 1624
The Early Republic......Page 1627
The Second Industrial Revolution And The Progressive Era......Page 1629
On The Need To Sustain International Science And Technology......Page 1630
World War Ii And The Early Cold War......Page 1632
On Scientific Intelligence......Page 1635
The Anticolonial Revolution, And Science As An Ideological Weapon......Page 1636
The End Of The Twentieth Century......Page 1640
Bibliography......Page 1642
The American Revolution......Page 1644
Civil War And Imperialism......Page 1645
The Wilsonian Response: Principles And Practice......Page 1648
The Interwar Years And World War Ii......Page 1650
The Cold War......Page 1652
Perspectives On Self-determination......Page 1653
Vietnam......Page 1654
Self-determination In South Asia And Chile......Page 1655
U.s. Policy In Africa......Page 1656
Human Rights As A Criterion For Self-determination......Page 1657
Ronald Reagan: A Cold Warrior Pursues Dйtente......Page 1658
George Bush And The End Of The Cold War......Page 1659
Post–cold War Conflicts......Page 1660
On The Verge Of The Twenty-first Century......Page 1662
Bibliography......Page 1663
Special-Interest Lobbies......Page 1665
Economic Lobbies In The Mid-twentieth Century......Page 1666
Ideological Lobbies In The Mid-twentieth Century......Page 1668
Ideological Lobbies Of The Late Twentieth Century......Page 1670
Economic Lobbies Of The Late Twentieth Century......Page 1673
Ethnic Lobbies......Page 1675
Foreign Government Lobbies......Page 1678
Conclusion......Page 1680
Bibliography......Page 1681
Summit Conferences......Page 1683
Characteristics Of A Summit Conference......Page 1684
Wilson At Versailles......Page 1685
Roosevelt’s Summits......Page 1686
Harry S. Truman......Page 1688
Dwight D. Eisenhower......Page 1689
Richard Nixon......Page 1690
The Brokered And Economic Summits......Page 1691
Conclusion......Page 1692
Bibliography......Page 1693
Superpower Diplomacy......Page 1694
The Unexpected New World, 1945–1947......Page 1695
The Onset Of The Cold War And Decline Of Diplomacy, 1947–1953......Page 1697
The Advent Of Superpower Diplomacy, 1953–1958......Page 1698
The Superpower Crises And Their Resolutions, 1958–1963......Page 1700
Alliances And Superpower Dominance, 1964–1968......Page 1701
The Golden Age Of Superpower Diplomacy, 1969–1975......Page 1702
The High Point Of Superpower Diplomacy......Page 1703
“competitive Decadence,” 1975–1980......Page 1705
The “second Cold War,” 1980–1985......Page 1706
The End Of The Soviet Superpower, 1985–1991......Page 1707
The United States As The Only Superpower?......Page 1708
Bibliography......Page 1709
Trade Independence......Page 1712
Development And Discrimination......Page 1713
Liberalization Or Protectionism?......Page 1714
Golden Age Of Trade......Page 1716
Tariff Reciprocity......Page 1717
Presidential Reform......Page 1718
Fits Of Liberalism......Page 1720
Protectionist Backsliding......Page 1721
Hull’s Revolution......Page 1722
GATT And The Cold War......Page 1724
Lemons And Diplomacy......Page 1725
Television......Page 1727
TV News And The Early Cold War......Page 1728
The First Television War......Page 1729
Friendly Persuasion: Lbj, Tv News, And The Dominican Republic......Page 1730
The Iranian Hostage Crisis......Page 1733
Central America And The Legacies Of Vietnam......Page 1734
The Great Communicator On The World Stage......Page 1735
The Persian Gulf War......Page 1737
The Cnn Effect......Page 1738
The Twenty-first Century......Page 1739
Bibliography......Page 1740
The Emergence Of International Terrorism......Page 1742
The Targeting Of America......Page 1743
Crime Or Warfare?......Page 1744
The Development Of Counterterrorist Policy......Page 1745
Kidnapped......Page 1746
Questionable Alternatives......Page 1747
Bibliography......Page 1748
Definitions......Page 1750
Creating A Framework For Making Treaties......Page 1752
To Enter Treaties Or Not To Enter Treaties?......Page 1753
Treaties And Native Americans......Page 1754
Nineteenth-century Commercial Treaties......Page 1755
Collective Treaties At The Turn Of The Twentieth Century......Page 1756
Treaties Acquiring Overseas Territory......Page 1757
The Treaty Of Versailles......Page 1758
Unilateralism Or Multilateralism?......Page 1759
World War Ii And Security Agreements......Page 1760
On Treaties......Page 1761
Nuclear Arms Limitation Treaties......Page 1764
Human Rights Treaties......Page 1766
Environmental Treaties......Page 1768
Post–world War Ii Collective Trade Agreements......Page 1770
Conclusion......Page 1772
Bibliography......Page 1773
The Vietnam War And Its Impact......Page 1775
The Lessons Of 1954......Page 1776
Americanizing The War......Page 1777
The Tet Offensive......Page 1778
Bombing Halt......Page 1779
Nixon’s Peace With Honor......Page 1780
The Peace Agreement......Page 1781
Tapes, Blackmail, And Peace Talks......Page 1782
Vietnamese Veterans......Page 1784
Refugees And “boat People”......Page 1785
Vietnam And The United States......Page 1787
American Veterans......Page 1789
The Pow And Mia Crusade......Page 1790
Different Shapes, Different Languages......Page 1791
Political Lessons......Page 1792
Bibliography......Page 1793
Wilsonianism......Page 1795
Expanding The Definition Of Wilsonianism......Page 1797
Why Wilsonianism?......Page 1798
Whither Wilsonianism?......Page 1802
Bibliography......Page 1804
Wilson’s Initial Policy For Latin America......Page 1805
Intervention In Mexico......Page 1806
President Wilson’s Address At Mobile, Alabama, 27 October 1913......Page 1807
Intervention In Nicaragua......Page 1808
Intervention In The Dominican Republic......Page 1809
Intervention In Haiti......Page 1810
Missionary Diplomacy: Negatives And Positives......Page 1811
Scholarly Views On Missionary Diplomacy......Page 1812
Bibliography......Page 1813
Editors And Advisers......Page 1815
Contributors......Page 1817