Enabling Women's Economic Empowerment: New Approaches to Unpaid Care Work in Developing Countries

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
	Key findings
		Promoting shared responsibility within the household
		Infrastructure
		Social protection
		Public services
	Recommendations
1 Overview
	Unpaid care work, gender inequality and the barriers to women’s economic empowerment
	The economic case for addressing gender inequality in unpaid care work
	Measuring unpaid care work
	Priority policy areas for addressing gender inequality in unpaid care work
	Policy recommendations
		Design development policies and programmes that work for women and address unpaid care work
		Increase awareness raising and advocacy for greater recognition and redistribution of unpaid care work
		Develop social protection programmes that support caretakers
		Undertake relevant programme analysis, monitoring, evaluation and data collection to better understand the impacts on women’s unpaid care work
		Engage with a diversity of actors for greater reach and more sustainable funding
		Work with the private sector to provide services and technologies and transform social norms related to paid and unpaid care for women and men
		Invest in research and data to further strengthen the development community’s understanding of what works to address unpaid care work
	References
	Notes
2 How can promoting shared responsibility within the household address women’s unpaid care work?
	An overview of shared responsibility for unpaid care work within the household
	Policy options to promote shared household responsibility for unpaid care work
		Transforming gender stereotypes and changing social norms on unpaid care work
		The role of the media and the private sector
	Evidence from Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on how to promote shared responsibility within the household to address women’s unpaid care work
		Lessons learned in Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on promoting shared responsibility for unpaid care work
	Key findings
	References
	Notes
3 How can infrastructure address women’s unpaid care work
	Connecting infrastructure and women’s unpaid care work
	Infrastructure options to address unpaid care work
		Access to safe water
		Access to electrification
		Roads and transportation
		Labour- and time-saving technologies
		Access to clean energy technology
	Evidence from Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on how infrastructure can address women’s unpaid care work
	Lessons learned in Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on addressing unpaid care work in infrastructure
	Key findings
	References
	Notes
4 How can social protection address women’s unpaid care work?
	Connecting social protection and women’s unpaid care work
	Social protection options to address unpaid care work
		Health and social insurance
		Cash transfer programmes
		Cash-for-care benefits
		Public works programmes
		Pensions
		Leave benefits
	Evidence from Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on how social protection can address women’s unpaid care work
		Lessons learned in Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on addressing unpaid care work in social protection
	Key findings
	References
	Notes
5 How can public services address women’s unpaid care work?
	Connecting public services and unpaid care work
	Public services options for unpaid care work
		Childcare provisions
			Publicly provided childcare
			Market provision of childcare
			Third sector organisations
		Long-term care for the elderly
		Services for carers
	Evidence from Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on how public services can address women’s unpaid care work
		Lessons learned in Brazil, Kenya and Nepal on addressing unpaid care work in public services
	Key findings
	References
	Notes
6 Financing options to address women’s unpaid care work
	Financing infrastructure options to address unpaid care work
	Financing social protection options to address unpaid care work
	Financing public service options to address unpaid care work
	References
		Annex A. Framework and methodology
Annex A. Framework and methodology
Annex B. Detailed research questions used for country case studies
Annex C. Programmes and policies included in analysis of Brazil, Kenya and Nepal