Enabling Technologies for Next Generation Wireless Communications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Technology Evolution of Wireless Communications: A Survey and Look Forward
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Historical Background and Evolution of Wireless Systems
	1.3 Application Scenarios of Next Generation Wireless Systems
	1.4 Requirements of Next Generation Wireless Systems
	1.5 Need for 5G and Beyond
	1.6 Enabling Technologies of Next Generation Wireless Systems
		1.6.1 Spectrum
		1.6.2 mmWave and Terahertz Spectral Bands
		1.6.3 Visible Light Communication (VLC)
		1.6.4 Massive MIMO (Large-Scale MIMO)
		1.6.5 Ultra-Dense Small-Cell Networks
		1.6.6 Network Slicing
		1.6.7 Artificial Intelligence
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Enabling Technologies and Enabling Business Models for Next Generation Wireless Communications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Main Contributions and Related Works
	2.3 Enabling Technologies and Enabling Business Models for Wireless Communications
	2.4 Assessment of Enabling Technologies and Enabling Business Models for Previous-Generation, Current-Generation, and Emerging-Generation Wireless Communications
	2.5 Assessment of Enabling Technologies and Enabling Business Models for Next Generation Wireless Communications
	2.6 Integrated Framework for Enabling Technologies and Enabling Business Models for Next Generation Wireless Communications
	2.7 Conclusions
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3: Enabling Technologies for Internet of Everything
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Enabling Technologies for IoE
		3.2.1 Cloud Computing
		3.2.2 Fog Computing
		3.2.3 Edge Computing
		3.2.4 Machine to Machine
		3.2.5 Machine Learning
	3.3 Data Management and Security in IoE
	3.4 System Management and Protection for IoE
	3.5 Applications of IoE
		3.5.1 Healthcare
		3.5.2 Power
		3.5.3 Education System
		3.5.4 Smart Environment
	3.6 Enabling IoE in Developing Countries
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Power Allocation Techniques for Visible Light: Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Communication Systems
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Related Work
		4.2.1 Visible Light Communication
		4.2.2 Nonorthogonal Multiple Access
		4.2.3 Visible Light–Nonorthogonal Multiple Access Communication System
	4.3 Problem Formulation and Potential Contribution
	4.4 System Model for VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.5 Power Allocation Techniques with Decoding Order for VL-NOMA Communication Systems
	4.6 Conventional Power Allocation Scheme for VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.7 Inverse Power Allocation Scheme for VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.8 Adaptive Power Allocation Scheme for VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.9 Gain Ratio Power Allocation Scheme for VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.10 User Data Rate for GRPA VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.11 Joint Power Allocation for VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.12 Optimal PA Technique in VL-NOMA Communication System
	4.13 Comparison of Power Allocation Techniques
	4.14 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: Multiantenna Systems: Large-Scale MIMO and Massive MIMO
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Massive MIMO Uplink and Downlink
	5.3 Spectral Efficiency (SE)
	5.4 Area Throughput
	5.5 Precoding
		5.5.1 Single-Cell (SC) Precoding Techniques
			5.5.1.1 Matched Filter (MF)
			5.5.1.2 Zero Forcing Precoding
			5.5.1.3 Regularized Zero Forcing
			5.5.1.4 Truncated Polynomial Expansion (TPE)
			5.5.1.5 Phased Zero Forcing
		5.5.2 Precoding Techniques for the Downlink of Multicell Scenario
			5.5.2.1 Max SINR Precoding
			5.5.2.2 Multilayer Precoding
			5.5.2.3 Quantized Precoders for Massive MIMO
			5.5.2.4 Nonlinear Quantized Precoding for Massive MIMO
			5.5.2.5 Multiuser Massive MIMO with One-Bit Quantized Precoding
	5.6 Hybrid Precoding
	5.7 Massive MIMO with Linear Precoding and Detection
	5.8 Energy Efficiency (EE)
	References
Chapter 6: Channel Estimation Techniques in the MIMO-OFDM System
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Conventional MIMO
	6.3 Massive MIMO
	6.4 Channel Estimation Techniques
		6.4.1 Least Square (LS) Estimation
		6.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
		6.4.3 MMSE Channel Estimation
		6.4.4 Pilot- or Training-Based Channel Estimation
		6.4.5 Blind Channel Estimation
		6.4.6 Semi-Blind Channel Estimation
	6.5 Strengths and Limitations of Existing Estimation Techniques
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Localization Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Classification of Localization Schemes
	7.3 Range-Based Localization
	7.4 Range-Free Localization
	7.5 Anchor-Based Localization
	7.6 Anchor-Free Localization
	7.7 Directional Localization
	7.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Distributed Intelligent Networks: Convergence of 5G, AI, and IoT
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Global Impact of 5G and AIoT
	8.3 Requirements for Next Generation Distributed Intelligence Wireless Networks
	8.4 Enabling Technological Uses Cases for 5G and AIoT Systems
		8.4.1 Industry 4.0
			Use Case 1: Automated Factories and Remote Inspection
		8.4.2 Transportation and Logistics
			Use Case 1: Connected Intelligent Vehicles
		8.4.3 HealthCare 5.0
			Use Case 1: Precision Medicine
			Use Case 2: Remote Diagnosis and Surgeries
		8.4.4 Security and Safety
			Use Case 1: Intelligent Surveillance
			Use Case 2: Border/Immigration Control and Emergency Services
		8.4.5 Entertainment and Retail
			Use Case 1: 5G Cloud Gaming
			Use Case 2: Personalized Shopping Experience
		8.4.6 Smart Cities
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Antenna Design Challenges for 5G: Assessing Future Direction
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Antenna Design Flow
	9.3 Antenna Integration with Radio Transceiver ICs
		9.3.1 Antenna-in-Package (AiP)
		9.3.2 Antenna-on-Chip (AoC)
	9.4 Multiple Beam Antenna Patterns and Their Characterization
		9.4.1 Antenna Pattern Characterization
			9.4.1.1 Gain ( G)
			9.4.1.2 Directivity ( D)
			9.4.1.3 Reflection Coefficient
			9.4.1.4 Radiation Pattern
			9.4.1.5 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
			9.4.1.6 Antenna Coverage Efficiency
			9.4.1.7 Effective Beam-Scanning Efficiency
	9.5 The Antenna Design Challenges for 5G Communication
		9.5.1 High Gain Arrays
		9.5.2 Beamforming and Beamsteering
		9.5.3 Massive MIMO
		9.5.4 Multiband with Backward Compatibility
		9.5.5 Compactness
		9.5.6 Diversity Performance – MIMO
			9.5.6.1 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
			9.5.6.2 Mean Effective Gain (MEG)
			9.5.6.3 Channel Capacity
			9.5.6.4 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)
		9.5.7 Antenna Placement
		9.5.8 Antenna Environment
			9.5.8.1 Surroundings within Mobile
			9.5.8.2 Influence of User’s Hand
			9.5.8.3 Propagation Channels
	9.6 Radiation Exposure in 5G Communication
		9.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
		9.6.2 Power Density (PD)
		9.6.3 Antenna Measurement
	9.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Design and Simulation of New Beamforming: Based Cognitive Radio for 5G Networks
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Evading the Eergy Crunch: Cognitive Radio
		10.2.1 Cognitive Radio Architecture
	10.3 Introduction to Beamforming
		10.3.1 Beamforming System Approaches
		10.3.2 Beamforming Signals
		10.3.3 Types of Beamforming
		10.3.4 IEEE 802.11 ad Beamforming Protocol
	10.4 System Model
	10.5 Optimization Problem
	10.6 Framework for Optimal Solution
	10.7 Results
	10.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Image Transmission Analysis Using MIMO-OFDM Systems
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 MIMO Systems
		11.2.1 Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
		11.2.2 Beamforming
		11.2.3 Spatial Diversity (SD)
			11.2.3.1 Diversity Combining Techniques
			11.2.3.2 Selection Combining (SC)
			11.2.3.3 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
			11.2.3.4 Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
	11.3 Simulation Results
		11.3.1 Beamforming
		11.3.2 Maximal Ratio Combining
		11.3.3 Selection Combining
	11.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Physical Layer Security in Two-Way Wireless Communication System
	12.1 Introduction: Background and Motivations
	12.2 Secrecy at the Physical Layer in the TWC with a Number of Untrusted AF Relays That Harvest Energy from RF Sources and Operate in Half- Duplex Mode
		12.2.1 A System Model of TWC with a Number of Untrusted AF Relays
			12.2.1.1 Power allocation to the cognitive nodes
			12.2.1.2 Secrecy Capacity and Relay Selection
		12.2.2 SOP Formulation with Untrusted AF Relays
		12.2.3 Numerical Results Based on the SOP in Two-Way Communication with AF Relays
	12.3 Secrecy at the Physical Layer in TWC with Two Half-Duplex DF Relays in the Presence of an External Eavesdropper
		12.3.1 System Model of Two-Way Communication with DF Relays
			12.3.1.1 Signal strength
			12.3.1.2 Global secrecy capacity
		12.3.2 SOP Formulation with DF Relays and Optimality of Source Power and Fraction of Relay Power
			12.3.2.1 SOP formulation
			12.3.2.2 Optimality of source power and fraction of relay power
		12.3.3 Numerical Results Based on the SOP and Observation of Optimal Value
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Design and Simulation of Bio-Inspired Algorithm: Based Cognitive Radio for 5G Networks
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Cognitive Radio
	13.3 Introduction to Genetic Algorithm
		13.3.1 GA Nomenclature
		13.3.2 Classification of GA
		13.3.3 Algorithm Outline
		13.3.4 Fitness Value
		13.3.5 Mutation
		13.3.6 Crossover
	13.4 System Model
	13.5 Optimization Problem
	13.6 Framework for Optimal Solution
	13.7 Results and Discussions
		SCENARIO 1: P A AAA: When only one PU is in attendance and all other slots are vacant
		SCENARIO 2: P P AAA: When one PU and one secondary user (SU) are in attendance and the remaining three slots are vacant
		SCENARIO 3: P PPA A: When one PU and two SUs are in attendance, and the remaining two slots are vacant
		SCENARIO 4: P PPP A: When One PU and Three SUs are in Attendance, and the Remaining One Slot is Vacant
		SCENARIO 5: P PPP P: When All Slots are Occupied
	13.8 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Chapter 14: Evaluating the Performance of Quasi and Rotated Quasi OSTBC System with Advanced Detection Techniques for 5G and IoT Applications
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Multiplexing Gain and Its Relation with Diversity
	14.3 System Model
		14.3.1 K-Best Algorithm for Sphere Decoder
		14.3.2 Capacity of Rotated Quasi OSTBC Channels
		14.3.3 Decoding of R-QOSTBC
	14.4 Results and Discussion
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
Index
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