Empiricism : a Graphic Guide.

Title Page
Copyright
Contents
What is Empiricism?
Knowledge and Belief
Inside and Outside
Originals and Copies
Questions Lead to Uncertainty
To Begin at the Beginning
Aristotle and Observation
Medieval Scholasticism
New Ways of Thinking
Rationalists and Empiricists
Logic and a Deeper Reality?
Francis Bacon
Empiricist Ants and Rationalist Spiders
Scientific Bees and Induction
Bacon, Scientism and Thomas Hobbes
Hobbes’s Leviathan
Hobbes the Empiricist
Locke and Empiricist Theory
Innate Ideas on Blank Sheets
The Empiricist Account
Direct Realism
Differences of Property and Experience
Appearances Are All We Have
Responding to Scepticism
Representative Realism
Mental Images
Simple Ideas
Mental Jamjars
Complex Ideas
Problems of Reflection
Primary and Secondary Qualities
The Philosophy of Corpuscles
Secondary Qualities
Subjective Objects of Sense
Substances Underlying Qualities
The Word “Idea” and Concepts
Concepts as Images
Looking and Thinking
Language as Ideational
Abstract Ideas
Nominal and Real Essences
Identity in Time
Personal Identity
Locke’s Politics
The Legacy of Locke’s Empiricism
Was He Right?
The Prodigy
Berkeley’s Aims
Ending in Scepticism
Berkeley’s Idealism
Esse est Percipi
A New Theory of Vision
Abstract Ideas
Shape and Colour
Triangles
Images of Particulars
Language
How It All Works
Dr Johnson’s Refutation
Berkeley’s Monist Argument
Imagination and Truth
Purely Mental Existence
The Argument from God
The Existence of the Self
Science Depends on God
Space and Numbers
God and Minds
Is Berkeley Irrefutable?
Are the Arguments Convincing?
Begging the Question
God’s Intervention
The Counter-argument from Evolution
David Hume
Hume’s Philosophy of Scepticism
Ideas and Impressions
Impressions and Truth
The Criteria of Force and Vivacity
The External World
Philosophy and Everyday Life
Hume’s Fork
Science, Theology and Proof
The Problem of Cause and Effect
What is Cause?
The Appearance of Constant Conjunction
What is Necessity?
Cause is Psychological and not Logical
Hume Explains “Why”
Induction and Deduction
Rules of Deductive Logic
The Uses of Induction
Solutions to the Problem
The Response of Pragmatism
What About Identity?
Looking Within
Hume on Free Will
Religion, Proof and Design
Ethics, Moral Language and Fact
Meta-Ethics
Conclusions on Hume
Kant’s Criticism of Hume
J.S. Mill’s Empirical Philosophy
The Permanent Possibility of Sensation
Possible Sensations
Why Do We Believe in Objects?
Problems with Mill’s Position
Mathematics
Mill’s Logic
Induction
Mill’s Treatment of Cause
What are Minds?
Mill’s Ethics and Politics
Higher Pleasures
Mill’s Politics
Bertrand Russell
Relative Perception
Sense Data
Russell’s Theory of Knowledge
Logical Atomism
Meaning and Atomic Facts
Mathematics and Logic
A.J. Ayer and the Vienna Circle
Meaning and Logical Positivism
Language Bewitchment
The Isness of Is
Ayer’s Phenomenalism
The A Priori Tautologies
Is This Correct?
Analytic Philosophy
What of Religion?
And Ethics?
Problems with Verificationism
Ayer’s Theory of Meaning
Meaning as Use
The Doctrine Examined
Knowledge Claims
The Foundations of Empiricism
Images as Sense Knowledge
The Knowledge Building
What Does Science Tell Us?
The Person Inside the Head
The Argument from Observer Relativity
Questions of Reliability
A Private World of Representations
How Real Are Sense Data?
The Adverbial Solution
Perceptions as Beliefs
Immediacy
Looking and Seeing
Logical and Psychological Processes
What Do We See?
The Private Language Argument
Public Language
Wittgenstein’s Criticism
The Outside Within Experience
Knowledge in the World
The Power of Knowledge
Kant on Perception
The Kantian Categories
Conceptual Frameworks
Language and Experience
Making Our World
Empiricism Denied
British and European Philosophy
The Unknowable Mind
A Future for Empiricism?
Further Reading
About the Author
Acknowledgements
Index