Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Toxic Metals from Wastewater

Front cover
Half title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction of adsorption techniques for heavy metals remediation
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Adsorption: A viable physicochemical method for removing toxic heavy metals
	1.3 Microbes as adsorbents
		1.3.1 Fungi
		1.3.2 Bacteria
		1.3.3 Algae
	1.4 Lignocellulosic material as adsorbent
	1.5 Industrial wastes as adsorbents
	1.6 Natural waste adsorbents
		1.6.1 Clay
		1.6.2 Zeolite
		1.6.3 Chitosan
		1.6.4 Peat
		1.6.5 Siliceous material
	1.7 Derived and hybrid adsorbents
	1.8 Nanomaterial absorbents
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Electrical and mechanical properties of electroconductive membranes
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Electrical property
	2.3 Mechanical property
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 Amberlite XAD resins for separation and preconcentration of metal ions
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Use of chelating resin for metal ions extraction
	3.3 Mechanism of chelation
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Plant leaves waste for removal of metal ions
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Plant leaves as adsorbents
		4.2.1 Pure plant leaves as adsorbents
		4.2.2 Functionalized plant leaves based adsorbents
		4.2.3 Other treatment methods for the plant leaves adsorbents
		4.2.4 Carbonaceous forms of plant leaves as adsorbents
	4.3 Adsorption mechanism
	4.4 Adsorption kinetics and isotherms
	4.5 Recovery and regeneration
	4.6 Conclusive remarks and future perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 5 Fruit stones as green materials for wastewater remediation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Removal of heavy metals from wastewater
	5.3 Removal of some heavy metals by fruit stones and fruit seeds as biosorbents
		5.3.1 Lead
(II) removal by neat fruit stones and seeds
		5.3.2 Removal of lead
(II) by modified seeds and stones
		5.3.3 Removal of mercury from aqueous solution by fruit stones
	5.4 Core-shell nanocomposites for heavy metal remediation
	5.5 Future perspectives
	References
Chapter 6 Carbon-based nanocomposites for the remediation of metal from wastewater
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Health effect of the toxic heavy metals
	6.3 Synthesis and metal adsorption process of carbon-based nanocomposites
		6.3.1 Graphene oxide nanocomposite
		6.3.2 Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites
	6.4 Factor control the metal absorption capacity of the nanocomposites
		6.4.1 Effect of pH
	6.5 Desorption and regeneration of the adsorbent
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7 Activated carbon as potential material for heavy metals removal from wastewater
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Materials for activated carbon synthesis
		7.2.1 Conventional wastes for activated carbon synthesis
		7.2.2 Nonconventional wastes for activated carbon synthesis
	7.3 Preparation and activation of activated carbon
		7.3.1 Physical activation
		7.3.2 Chemical activation
	7.4 Different forms of AC
	7.5 Heavy metal adsorption mechanism of AC
	7.6 Future challenges and limitation
	7.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Fruit peels as effective materials for heavy metal remediation from the aqueous environment
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Neat fruit peels for wastewater remediation
		8.1.2 Neat vegetable peels for heavy metal removal
		8.1.3 Modified plant peels as biosorbents
	8.2 Activated carbon from different peels
	8.3 Future perspectives
	References
Chapter 9 Application of agro-based adsorbent for removal of heavy metals
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Textile industry and water pollution
	9.3 Heavy metals contamination
		9.3.1 Chromium
(Cr)
		9.3.2 Copper
(Cu)
		9.3.3 Zinc
(Zn)
		9.3.4 Nickel
(Ni)
		9.3.5 Lead
(Pb)
		9.3.6 Cadmium
(Cd)
		9.3.7 Mercury
(Hg)
	9.4 Conventional treatment techniques for heavy metals removal
	9.5 Adsorption
		9.5.1 Factors effecting adsorption
	9.6 Adsorbents and their application for heavy metal removal
		9.6.1 Sugarcane bagasse
		9.6.2 Potato peels
		9.6.3 Moringa oleifera seeds
		9.6.4 Sawdust
		9.6.5 Rice husk
		9.6.6 Orange and banana peels
		9.6.7 Activated carbon
		9.6.8 Tea waste
		9.6.9 Eggshells
	9.7 Conclusion
	Recommendations
	References
Chapter 10 Application of metal-based nanoparticles for metal removal for treatments of wastewater -- a review
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Metals-based nanoparticles
		10.2.1 Iron-based nanoparticles
		10.2.2 Manganese oxide-based nanoparticles
		10.2.3 Aluminum oxide nanoparticles
		10.2.4 Titanium oxide nanoparticles
		10.2.5 Zinc oxides-based nanomaterials
		10.2.6 Cerium oxides nanoparticles
		10.2.7 Zirconium oxides nanoparticles
		10.2.8 Silver
(Ag) nanoparticles
	10.3 Adsorption mechanism of heavy metals by nanometal/oxides
		10.3.1 Adsorption mechanism of Fe3O4 nanoadsorbent
		10.3.2 Mechanisms of removal of heavy metals by TiO2
		10.3.3 Removal mechanism of MnO2
		10.3.4 Adsorption mechanism in cerium oxide
		10.3.5 Adsorption mechanism and photoreduction of metals on Zr/ZrO2 nanoparticle
		10.3.6 Heavy metal ions removal mechanisms by ZnO particles
		10.3.7 Mechanism and behavior of silver nanoparticles in heavy metals as adsorbent
	10.4 Factors influencing adsorption capacity of metal-based nanometals
	10.5 Conclusion and perspectives
	10.6 Declaration of competing interest
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11 Graphene oxide-based nanofiltration membranes for separation of heavy metals
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 HMs and their toxicity in water bodies
	11.3 Types of filtration membranes
		11.3.1 Nanomaterials and nanofiltration membranes
		11.3.2 GO-based mixed matrix polymer composite flat sheet membranes
	11.4 Graphene family and graphene oxide
	11.5 GO-based nanofiltration membranes
(GO-NFMs)
		11.5.1 Fabrication methods of GO-based membranes
		11.5.2 Large area GO-NFMs for commercial purpose
	11.6 Characterization of GO nanosheets and GO-NFMs
	11.7 GO-NFMs for removal of HMs from water
		11.7.1 Surface modified GO-NFMS
		11.7.2 Rejection mechanisms of GO-NFMs
		11.7.3 Performance Criteria of GO-NFMs
		11.7.4 Operating parameters for efficient removal of HMs from wastewater
		11.7.5 Advantages and drawbacks of GO-NFMs
	11.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
	Future challenges
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 12 The use of PVDF membrane for wastewater treatment
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Wastewater treatment
		12.2.1 Polymeric membrane as wastewater treatment
		12.2.2 Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) modification
	12.3 Pollutant removal using PVDF membranes
		12.3.1 Removal of heavy metal
		12.3.2 Removal of dyes
		12.3.3 Removal of CECs
		12.3.4 Removal of oil
	12.4 Conclusions and future prospects
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 13 Polyethersulfone
(PES) nanofiltration membrane for treatment of toxic metal contaminated water
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Strategies for PES membranes modification
		13.2.1 Surface modification
		13.2.2 Additional surface modification strategies
		13.2.3 Bulk modification
	13.3 Characterization of performance of modified PES membrane
		13.3.1 Hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity
		13.3.2 Permeability and selectivity
		13.3.3 Antifouling properties
		13.3.4 Anticoagulation and additional biological properties
	13.4 Nanofiltration membrane for metal removal/rejection
	13.5 Future perspective
	13.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Conflicts of interest
	References
Chapter 14 Potential use of ultrafiltration
(UF) membrane for remediation of metal contaminants
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Principles of membrane fouling
		14.2.1 Basic mechanisms for membrane filtration
		14.2.2 Fouling of membrane
	14.3 The UF benefits and limitations in oil-based water treatment
	14.4 Modification methods for UF
	14.5 Removal of metal ions
		14.5.1 Role of complexing agents in ultrafiltration
	14.6 UF membrane problems associated with water treatment
		14.6.1 Permeability and selectivity trade-off
		14.6.2 Fouling of organic matter
	14.7 Conclusion, challenges, and future perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 15 Application and fabrication of nanofiltration membrane for separation of metal ions from wastewater
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Fundamentals of nanofiltration
		15.2.1 Separation mechanisms
		15.2.2 Characterization of nanofiltration membranes
	15.3 Nanofiltration membrane preparation and modification
		15.3.1 Interfacial polymerization
(IP)
		15.3.2 Grafting polymerization
	15.4 Nanomaterial based nanofiltration membranes
		15.4.1 Metal and metal oxide nanomaterial nanofiltration membranes
		15.4.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials nanofiltration membranes
		15.4.3 Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs)-based nanofiltration
membranes
	15.4 Application of nanofiltration membrane for separation of metal ions from wastewater
	15.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	Conflicts of interest
	References
Chapter 16 Photocatalytic reduction of highly toxic lead and cadmium from aqueous solution
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Heavy metals in wastewater
	16.3 Wastewater treatment technologies
	16.4 Nanotechnology for wastewater treatment
	16.5 Advanced oxidation processes
		16.5.1 Ozonation
		16.5.2 Ozone plus oxidant treatment
		16.5.3 O3 plus UV treatment
(photolytic ozonation)
		16.5.4 O3 plus catalyst treatment
		16.5.5 H2O2 plus UV treatment
		16.5.6 Combination of all
(O3/H2O2/UV)
	16.6 Photocatalysis
		16.6.1 Homogenous photocatalysis
		16.6.2 Heterogeneous photocatalysis
		16.6.3 Mechanism
	16.7 Photocatalyst and their application for heavy metal removal
		16.7.1 Tin oxide
		16.7.2 Copper oxide
		16.7.3 Nanocomposite of tin oxide/copper oxide
	16.8 Lead toxicity and removal
		16.8.1 Detection mechanism
		16.8.2 Removal of lead through photocatalysis
	16.9 Cadmium toxicity and removal
		16.9.1 Sources of cadmium
		16.9.2 Photocatalytic removal of cadmium
	16.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17 Polymers-based nanocomposites for decontamination of water matrices
	17.1 Wastewater contaminants
	17.2 Methods available to overcome wastewater contaminants
	17.3 Biopolymers as efficient sorbents
	17.4 Biopolymers based nanobiosorbents
	17.5 Nanobiosorbents for cations removal from wastewater
	17.6 Nanosorbents for dyes removal from wastewater
	17.7 Nanosorbents for other contaminants removal from wastewater
	17.8 Conclusion and future prospects
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of interest
	References
Chapter 18 Metal-organic frameworks for reduction of heavy metals
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Methods for the removal of heavy metals
	18.3 Sorption using various sorbents
	18.4 Structural features and properties of MOFs and MOF-based adsorbents
	18.5 MOFs as efficient sorbents
		18.5.1 Sorption on the surface of pristine MOFs
		18.5.2 Sorption heavy metals on the surface of modified MOFs
		18.5.3 Sorption of heavy metals MOFs composites
	18.6 The mechanism for sorption of HMs
	18.7 Conclusion and future prospects
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of interests
	References
Chapter 19 Use of Carbon based photocatalyst for metal removal
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Various heavy metal in water and its ill effects on health
		19.2.1 Arsenic
		19.2.2 Chromium
		19.2.3 Cadmium
		19.2.4 Copper
		19.2.5 Lead
		19.2.6 Nickel
		19.2.7 Mercury
	19.3 Various methods to remove metals from wastewater
		19.3.1 Adsorption on new adsorbents
		19.3.2 Electrodialysis
		19.3.3 Membrane filtration
		19.3.4 Ion exchange
	19.4 Advantages of photocatalyst over other techniques
		19.4.1 Photocatalysis and its type
		19.4.2 Factor affecting the efficiency of photocatalytic process
	19.5 Principle of photocatalysis
	19.6 Conclusion and future prospect
	References
Chapter 20 Photocatalytic treatment of wastewater using nanoporous aerogels: Opportunities and challenges
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Aerogels
	20.3 Principles of aerogel synthesis
		20.3.1 Sol-gel process
		20.3.2 Redox process
		20.3.3 Hydrothermal process
		20.3.4 Other methods
	20.4 Classification of photocatalytic aerogels
		20.4.1 Carbon-based aerogels
		20.4.2 Polymeric aerogels
		20.4.3 Bio-based aerogels
		20.4.4 Metal-based aerogels
	20.5 Aerogel-photocatalytic cleaning of wastewater
		20.5.1 Principle of photocatalysis
		20.5.2 Photocatalytic pollutant removal
	20.6 Challenges and future perspectives
	20.7 Conclusions and outlooks
	References
Chapter 21 Nanofiltration membrane use for separation of heavy metals from wastewater
	21.1 What is pollution?
		21.1.1 History of pollution
		21.1.2 Types of pollutions
	21.2 Water pollution and wastewater
		21.2.1 Wastewater
	21.3 Heavy metal pollutants and treatments
	21.4 Separation technology and processes
	21.5 Membrane technology and productive methods
	21.6 Nanofiltration techniques
	21.7 Role nanofiltration membrane with heavy metal in wastewater treatment
	21.8 Synthesis and development of nanofiltration membrane
	21.9 Current challenges and future research
	21.10 Commercial aspects of nanofiltration research
	21.11 Conclusions
	References
Index
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