Emerging Physics (For the University of Pune)

Emerging Physics
	Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
History and Philosophy of Physics
	Physics Today
	Physics in the Pre-Modern Era
		Early Thought
		Ancient Indian Philosophy
		Philosophy of the Ancient Greeks
		Astronomy in the Ancient Times
		Some Aspects of the Methodology of Ancient Philosophers
		Zeno’s Paradox
		The Middle Ages and the Islamic Contribution
	The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Renaissance in Science and the Scientific Revolution
		The Copernican Revolution
		Explaining Astronomical Observations: Planetary Orbits
		Galileo Galilei
		The Method of Science
		Isaac Newton and his Contemporaries
	Post-Newtonian Classical Physics Up to the Nineteenth Century
		Heat
		Optics
		Electromagnetism
		Atomic Structure
		Mechanics
	The Wave–Particle Seesaw of Light
		Black-Body Radiation
		Further Evidence for the Particle Model of Light
	From Classical to Quantum Mechanics
		The Bohr Atom
	Development of Quantum Mechanics
		Bose and his Statistics
		Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
		Uncertainly Principle
		Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
	Some Other Major Contributions in the Twentieth Century
		Astronomy
		Sub-atomic Physics
		Solid-State Physics and Electronics
		Extraordinary Contributors
	Indian Scientists
		Jagdish Chandra Bose
		Sir Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman
		Meghnad Saha
		Satyendra Nath Bose
		Subrahmanyan Chandrashekhar
	Philosophical Aspects
		Universal Law of Gravitation
		Coulomb’s Law
		Planck’s Law
		Bohr’s Hydrogen Atom
		Special Theory of Relativity
		The Ether Hypothesis
		The Quantitative Nature of Physics
		On the Language of Physics
		The Message
Lasers and Laser Applications
	Applications of Lasers
		Medicine
		Optical Communication
		Defence
		Mechanical Industry
		Electronic Industry
		Consumer Electronic Industry
		Nuclear Energy
		Holography
		Fundamental Research
	Introduction
	Interaction of Radiation With Matter
	Einstein’s Prediction
		Important Features of Stimulated Emission
	Metastable State
		Population of Atoms
		Einstein’s Relations
		Population Inversion
		Active Medium
	Laser Pumping
		Three-level Pumping Scheme
		Four-level Pumping Scheme
	Optical Feedback
		The Stable Confi guration
	Characteristics of Lasers
	Types of Lasers
		Ruby Laser
		Helium–Neon Laser
Sensors and Transducers
	Introduction
	Electrical Transducers
	Selecting a Transducer
	Temperature Sensors
		Thermocouple
		Thermocouple Materials
		Thermistors
		Platinum Resistance Thermometers
		IC Temperature Sensors
		Quartz Thermometer
		Pyrometers
	Light Sensors
		Vacuum-Type Photocell
		Gas-Filled Photocell
		Photomultiplier Tubes
		Photoconductive Cells (LDRs)
		Photodiode
		Phototransistors
		Photothyristors
		Photovoltaic Cells
Bioelectricity
	Neuron Structure And Function
		Nervous System
		Nervous System of Humans
		Neurons
	Electricity Observed in Living Systems
		Introduction
	Origin of Bioelectricity
		Electric Properties of the Biological Membrane
	An Axon as a Cable
	Membrane Resistance and Capacitance
	Sodium and Potassium Transport
	Resting Potential And Action Potential
	Conduction Velocity
		Ionic Theory of Nerve Impulse
		Transmission of Nerve Impulse Along the Nerve Fibre
		Saltatory Conduction of Nerve Impulse
	Nernst Equation
	Applications of Bioelectricity
		Electrocardiogram
		Electroencephalogram
		Electromyogram
		Electroretinogram
		Electrooculograph
Nanomaterials
	Introduction
		A Brief History of Nanotechnology
	Nanoscience
		What is Nanoscience?
		How Do We Study Nanoscale Objects?
		Impact of Nanoscience
	Quantum Size Effect
		Quantum Confi nement
		Particle in a Box
		Quantum Dot
		Quantum Wire
		Modelling of Quantum Size Effect
	Surface and Interface Effects
	What Makes Nanoscience so Special
		Optical Properties
		Electrical Properties
		Chemical Properties
		Mechanical Properties
		Magnetic Properties
		Melting Temperature
		Structural Properties
	Preparing Nanoscale Materials
		Top-Down Approach
		Bottom-Up Approach
		Chemical Methods
		Physical Methods
	Biomimicking (Biological Nanomaterials)
		Microelectromechanical System
		Nanoelectromechanical Systems
	Carbon—A Special Material
		Nanoscale Miracles
	Nanoethics
		The Good Things About Nanotechnology
		The Bad Things About Nanotechnology
Appendix
Index