Emerging Energy Materials (Series in Materials Science and Engineering)

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Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Section I: Energy Storage Devices and Energy Conversion Devices
	Chapter 1: Basics and Design of the Supercapattery: An Energy Storage Device
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 What Is a Supercapattery?
		1.3 Building Blocks of a Supercapattery
			1.3.1 Battery (Li-ion Battery)
				1.3.1.1 Electrode Material for Batteries
			1.3.2 Types of Supercapacitors
				1.3.2.1 EDLC
					1.3.2.1.1 Electrode Materials for EDLCs
				1.3.2.2 Pseudocapacitor
					1.3.2.2.1 Electrode Materials for Pseudocapacitators
				1.3.2.3 Hybrid Capacitor
		1.4 Preparation of the Electrode Materials
			1.4.1 Hydrothermal Method
			1.4.2 Electrodeposition Method
			1.4.3 Chemical Bath Deposition
		1.5 Fabrication of Supercapattery
			1.5.1 Types of Combination
			1.5.2 General Procedure of Design-in Process
		1.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Rare-Earth Doped Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Historical Background
		2.3 Types of Fuel Cells
		2.4 Operating Principle of SOFC
		2.5 Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC)
		2.6 Components of SOFC
			2.6.1 Anode
			2.6.2 Cathode
			2.6.3 Electrolyte
			2.6.4 Interconnects
			2.6.5 Sealants
		2.7 Development of Cathodes for SOFC
			2.7.1 Perovskite Cathode Materials
			2.7.2 K 2 NiF 4 -Type Cathode Materials
		2.8 Future Challenges and Work
		2.9 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Future Materials for Thermoelectric and Hydrogen Energy
		3.1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources
		3.2 Thermoelectric Energy
			3.2.1 Thermoelectric Materials
			3.2.2 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Film Systems for Thermoelectric Energy
			3.2.3 Future Challenges and Future Needs for Thermoelectric Energy
				3.2.3.1 Improvement in the Efficiency of Thermoelectric Devices
				3.2.3.2 Development of New Materials
				3.2.3.3 Scale-Up and Commercialization
				3.2.3.4 Integration with Other Energy Systems
				3.2.3.5 Improving the Durability and Reliability of Thermoelectric Devices
		3.3 Hydrogen Energy
			3.3.1 Materials for Hydrogen Production
			3.3.2 Hydrogen Storage
				3.3.2.1 Metal Hydride
				3.3.2.2 Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials
				3.3.2.3 Sorbent Materials
			3.3.3 Materials for Hydrogen Detection
			3.3.4 Future Challenges and Future Needs for Hydrogen Energy
				3.3.4.1 Cost Reduction
				3.3.4.2 Infrastructure Development
				3.3.4.3 Safety
				3.3.4.4 Durability and Stability
				3.3.4.5 Scalability
				3.3.4.6 Integration with Renewable
			3.3.5 Conclusion
		References
Section II: Phosphors and Luminescent Materials
	Chapter 4: Quantum Cutting in Photoluminescence Downconversion Phosphors
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Synthesis Techniques for Quantum-Cutting Phosphors
			4.2.1 Solid-State Reaction Method
			4.2.2 Wet Chemical Method
				4.2.2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis
				4.2.2.2 Main Wet Chemical Method
				4.2.2.3 Co-Precipitation Method
			4.2.3 Combustion Synthesis
				4.2.3.1 Simple Combustion Method
				4.2.3.2 Solution Combustion Method
		4.3 Single Ion Activated Phosphors
			4.3.1 Er3+ Activated Phosphors
			4.3.2 Tm3+ Activated Phosphors
			4.3.3 Gd3+ Activated Phosphors
			4.3.4 Pr3+Activated Phosphors
		4.4 Dual Ion Co-Activated Phosphors
			4.4.1 Gd3+-Eu3+ Co-Activated Phosphors
			4.4.2 Tb3+-Yb3+ Co-Activated Phosphors
			4.4.3 Pr3+-Er3+ Co-Activated Phosphors
		4.5 Near-Infrared Quantum-Cutting Phosphors
			4.5.1 YBO3: Ce3+ Yb3+
			4.5.2 Lu2GeO5:Bi3+, Yb3+
			4.5.3 NaBaPO4: Bi3+, Er3+
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Recent Developments in Rare-ŁEarth Doped Phosphors for Eco-Friendly and Energy-Saving Lighting Applications
		5.1 Energy-Saving Lighting Systems
			5.1.1 History of Lighting
		5.2 Phosphor-Converted White Light Emitting Diodes (pc-WLEDs)
		5.3 Rare-Earth Doped Phosphors
		5.4 Fundamental Aspects of pc-WLEDs
			5.4.1 Low-Cost Synthesis
			5.4.2 Color Rendering Index (CRI)
			5.4.3 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
			5.4.4 Thermal and Chemical Stability
			5.4.5 Quantum Yield (QY)
			5.4.6 Lumen Depreciation
			5.4.7 Lifetime
		5.5 Literature Survey of pc-WLEDs Phosphors
			5.5.1 Spectral Tuning by Host Substitution
			5.5.2 Spectral Tuning by Energy transfer
			5.5.3 Some Other Rare-Earth Doped Phosphors
		5.6 Challenges and Future Advances
		5.7 Summary
		References
	Chapter 6: Spectroscopic Properties of Rare-Earth Activated Energy-Saving LED Phosphors
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Fundamental and Electronic Structure of Rare-Earth Ions
		6.3 Principle of Selection Rules
		6.4 Basic Aspect of Light Emission by Rare-Earth Activated Phosphors
			6.4.1 Light Emission by 4f-4f Transition
			6.4.2 Light Emission by 4f-5d Transition
			6.4.3 Concentration Quenching
		6.5 Rare-Earth Activated Phosphors
			6.5.1 SrAl12O19:Dy3+ Phosphor
			6.5.2 LiBaB9O15:Eu3+ Phosphor
			6.5.3 Y2O2S:Eu3+ Phosphor
			6.5.4 Gd2O2SO4:Tb3+ Phosphor
		6.6 Energy Transfer from Different Rare-Earth Ions in Eco-Friendly LED Phosphors
			6.6.1 Ca8ZnGd (PO4)7: Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphor
			6.6.2 Ca6Y2Na2(PO4)6F2:Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphor
			6.6.3 Ca9Mg(PO4)6F2:Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphor
			6.6.4 Sr3NaSc(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Tb3+ Phosphor
		6.7 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Effect of Singly, Doubly and Triply Ionized Ions on Photoluminescent Energy Materials
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Spectral Tuning in Photoluminescence (PL)
		7.3 Fundamental Aspects of Rare-Earth Activated Materials
			7.3.1 5d-4f Emission
			7.3.2 4f-4f Emission
		7.4 Effect of Singly, Doubly, and Triply Ionized Ions
			7.4.1 Eu3+ Doped Na2Sr2Al2PO4Cl9 Phosphor
			7.4.2 x mol% Eu(III)-Doped Ca3(1-x-z)Mz(PO4)2Ax
		7.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
Section III: Photovoltaics and Energy-Harvesting Materials
	Chapter 8: Highly Stable Inorganic Hole Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Device Architecture and Working Principles
		8.3 Hole-Transporting Materials
		8.4 Inorganic HTMs
			8.4.1 Copper Derivatives in HTMs
				8.4.1.1 CuI-HTM
				8.4.1.2 Copper Oxide
				8.4.1.3 Copper Sulphide
				8.4.1.4 Copper Thiocyanate (CuSCN)
			8.4.2 Nickel Oxide Hole Transporting Materials
		8.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 9: Metal-Halide Perovskites: Opportunities and Challenges
		9.1 Introduction
			9.1.1 Crystal Structure of Perovskite Materials
			9.1.2 All Inorganic and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid MHPs
			9.1.3 Perovskite-Related Structures
		9.2 Synthesis
			9.2.1 Hot Injection
			9.2.2 Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation (LARP)
			9.2.3 Emulsion LARP
			9.2.4 Reverse Microemulsion
			9.2.5 Polar Solvent-Controlled Ionization
		9.3 Applications
			9.3.1 Perovskite Solar Cells
			9.3.2 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes
			9.3.3 Lasers
			9.3.4 Photodetectors
		9.4 Challenges
		9.5 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 10: Solar Cells with Recent Improvements and Energy-Saving Strategies for the Future World
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Solar Energy: A Major Opportunity for Society
		10.3 Fundamental Aspects of Solar Cells
			10.3.1 Construction and Working Principle
			10.3.2 Basic Terms Related to Solar Cells
				10.3.2.1 Short Circuit Current (Jsc)
				10.3.2.2 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)
				10.3.2.3 Solar Cell Fill Factor (FF)
				10.3.2.4 Solar Cell Efficiency
				10.3.2.5 External and Internal Quantum Efficiency
		10.4 Types of Solar Cells
			10.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
			10.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
			10.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
		10.5 Emerging Materials for Solar Cells
		10.6 Research Advances and Future Plans
		10.7 Summary
		References
Section IV: Sensors and Detectors
	Chapter 11: Energy-Saving Materials for Self-Powered Photodetection
		11.1 Introduction
			11.1.1 Types of Photodetectors
			11.1.2 Performance Parameters
			11.1.3 Photo-Sensing and Self-Powering Mechanism(s)
		11.2 Multifarious Effects as Energy-Saving Boosters
			11.2.1 Piezoelectric Effect
			11.2.2 Pyroelectric Effect
			11.2.3 Triboelectric Effect
		11.3 Energy-Saving Materials for Self-Powered Photodetectors
			11.3.1 Non-2D Materials
			11.3.2 2D Materials
		11.4 Conclusion
		References
Index