Emerging Contaminants and Plants: Interactions, Adaptations and Remediation Technologies

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: An Insight Into the Consequences of Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Water and Plant Responses
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
	1.3 Nanomaterials
	1.4 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products
	1.5 Micro- and Nanoplastics
	1.6 Agrochemicals
	1.7 Interaction Between Emerging Contaminants and Plants
	1.8 Future Scope of Study on Emerging Contaminant
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Impact of Emerging Metal-Based NPs on Plants and Their Influence on the Phytotoxicity of Other Pollutants
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Nanoparticles and the Plant’s Environment
	2.3 Positive Effects of Metal-Based NPs on Plants
	2.4 Negative Effects of Metal-Based NPs in Plants
	2.5 Nanoparticle Interactions with Co-existing Contaminants
	2.6 Mechanisms Underlying the Influence of NP-Contaminant Interaction on the Joint Toxicity
	2.7 Effects of Combined Exposure to NPs and Co-existing Contaminants on Their Accumulation and Toxicity to Plants
		2.7.1 The Interaction Between NPs and Metal/Metalloid
		2.7.2 The Interaction Between Different NPs
		2.7.3 The Interaction Between NPs and Organic Compounds
	2.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Potential Toxic Effects of Metal or Metallic Nanoparticles in Plants and Their Detoxification Mechanisms
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Toxic Effects of Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Plants
	3.3 Factors Influencing the Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles
		3.3.1 Form and Composition of NPs
		3.3.2 Difference in Seed Size or Quality and Plant Growth Stages
		3.3.3 Mode of NP Application and Applied Dose
		3.3.4 Coating Material
		3.3.5 Application Media
	3.4 Detoxification Mechanisms of Metal-Based Nanoparticles
		3.4.1 Antioxidants as ROS Scavenger
		3.4.2 Modification of Adsorption Surfaces
		3.4.3 Phytohormones or Signaling Molecules
		3.4.4 Omics Approaches
	3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 4: Non-standard Physiological Endpoints to Evaluate the Toxicity of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Plants: A Case Study on the Exposure of Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. to Dimethyl Phthalate (DMP)
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Experimental Approach
	4.3 Results and Discussion
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Pesticides: Impacts on Agriculture Productivity, Environment, and Management Strategies
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 History of Pesticide Use
	5.3 Classification of Pesticides
	5.4 Impact of Pesticide Use in Agriculture
		5.4.1 Target Effects of Pesticide on Organism
		5.4.2 Resistance in Pests to Pesticides
		5.4.3 Pest Resurgence
	5.5 Non-target Effects of Pesticide on Organism
		5.5.1 Earthworms
		5.5.2 Pollinators
	5.6 Pesticide Pollution
		5.6.1 Effects of Pesticides on Humans
			5.6.1.1 Pesticides and Their Consequences
		5.6.2 Environmental Effect of Pesticides
		5.6.3 Illness That Lasts a Long Time
	5.7 Pesticide Exposure
	5.8 Pesticides and the Loss of Biodiversity
	5.9 Pesticide Impact on Soil Environment
	5.10 Weed Flora and Pesticides
	5.11 Pesticide Management Strategies
		5.11.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
		5.11.2 Cultural Management
		5.11.3 Physical and Mechanical Control
		5.11.4 Use of Nanotechnology
		5.11.5 Allelochemicals Are Used to Control Pests
		5.11.6 Chemical Management
	5.12 When Should Pesticides Be Applied?
	5.13 Pesticide Dosage
	5.14 Pesticide Placement
	5.15 Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 6: Occurrence, Distribution, and Fate of Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Environment
	6.1 Introduction
		6.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
		6.1.2 Common Properties of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
		6.1.3 Classification of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
		6.1.4 Types of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
			6.1.4.1 Intentionally Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
				Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)
				Industrial Chemicals
					Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
					Brominated Compounds
			6.1.4.2 Unintentionally Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
				Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
				Dioxins and Furans
		6.1.5 Occurrence of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
		6.1.6 Distribution and Environmental Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
	References
Chapter 7: Phyco-remediation: Role of Microalgae in Remediation of Emerging Contaminants
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Types of Emerging Contaminants
		7.2.1 Wastewater Contaminants
			7.2.1.1 Degradation Challenges of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Treatment
			7.2.1.2 Ecological Fate of Emerging Contaminants
			7.2.1.3 Eco-toxicological Risks of Emerging Contaminants
		7.2.2 Pesticides
		7.2.3 Endocrine Disruptors
		7.2.4 Pharmaceutical Products
		7.2.5 Personal Care Products
		7.2.6 Surfactants
		7.2.7 Antibiotics
		7.2.8 Persistent Organic Compounds
	7.3 Bioremediation
		7.3.1 Phyco-remediation
		7.3.2 Limiting Factors of Phyco-remediation
		7.3.3 Bio-adsorption of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) by Microalgae
		7.3.4 Phyco-accumulation of Emerging Contaminants
		7.3.5 Extracellular Degradation of ECs
	7.4 New Tactics for Phyco-remediation of Emerging Contaminants
	7.5 Application of Algae in Advanced Oxidation Processes
	7.6 Application of Algae in Phyco-Energy Cells/Batteries
	7.7 Application of Genetically Modified Algae in Remediation Potential
	References
Chapter 8: Contamination of Sewage Water with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: An Emerging Threat to Food Products and Human Health
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Emergence of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Contaminated Water and Solid Waste
			8.1.1.1 Types of Different Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
			8.1.1.2 Sources of Production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
		8.1.2 Factors Affecting Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
	8.2 The Fate of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
		8.2.1 Soil Interactions
		8.2.2 Environmental Transformation
		8.2.3 Microbial Transformation
		8.2.4 Leaching
	8.3 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Toxicological Profile
		8.3.1 Soil Biota
		8.3.2 Aquaculture
		8.3.3 Plants
	8.4 Strategies for Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: Prospects and Challenges
	References
Chapter 9: Physiological and Molecular Mechanism of Nanoparticles Induced Tolerance in Plants
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Fate and Behavior of Nanoparticles in Soils
	9.3 Translocation, and Deposition of Nanoparticles in Plants
	9.4 Effects of Nanoparticles
		9.4.1 Plant Physiological Activities Under Stresses
		9.4.2 Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidant Activities Under Stress
		9.4.3 On Growth and Overall Performance of Plants Under Stresses
	9.5 Molecular Mechanism
	9.6 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Chapter 10: Arsenic and Cadmium Toxicity in Plants: Mitigation and Remediation Strategies
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Uptake and Translocation Mechanism of Arsenic and Cadmium in Plants—Similarities and Differences
		10.2.1 Arsenic Uptake and Translocation
		10.2.2 Cadmium Uptake and Translocation
	10.3 Agro-ecotoxicological Effects of Arsenic and Cadmium
		10.3.1 Seed Germination
		10.3.2 Plant Growth and Development
		10.3.3 Photosynthetic System
		10.3.4 Oxidative Damage
		10.3.5 Nutrient Uptake and Water Relation
	10.4 Detoxification Strategies of Plants to Fight Arsenic and Cadmium Stress
		10.4.1 Cell Wall Deposition of Cd and As
		10.4.2 Cytoplasmic Chelation
		10.4.3 Vacuolar Sequestration
		10.4.4 Metallothionein-Based Detoxification
		10.4.5 Plant Defensins
		10.4.6 Cd and As Efflux
	10.5 Bioremediation Techniques to Alleviate Arsenic and Cadmium Stress
		10.5.1 Soil Composition Changes
			10.5.1.1 Biochar and Nutrient Management
		10.5.2 Application of Nanotechnology
		10.5.3 Genetic Engineering Approach
	10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives for Metal-Free Agriculture
	References
Chapter 11: Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants Using Advanced Techniques
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Remediation Techniques for POP Pollution
	11.3 Chemical Treatment Methods
	11.4 Adsorption
	11.5 Membrane Technology
	11.6 Advanced Oxidation Processes
	11.7 Bioremediation
	11.8 Rhizoremediation
	11.9 Case Study: Reduction of Phenanthrene in Trifolium repens L. by Diaphorobacter sp. Phe15
	11.10 Fungal Degradation
	11.11 Phytoremediation
	11.12 Techniques of Phytoremediation
	11.13 Aquatic Macrophytes
	11.14 Advantages of Bioremediation
	11.15 Disadvantages of Bioremediation
	11.16 Comparison of Conventional and Advanced Techniques
	11.17 Future Prospect
	11.18 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Multiple Adaptation Strategies of Plants to Mitigate the Phytotoxic Effects of Diverse Pesticides and Herbicides
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 History of Pesticide and Herbicide Usage
	12.3 Classification of Pesticides
	12.4 Pesticide- and Herbicide-Mediated Phytotoxicity
		12.4.1 Impacts of Pesticide and Herbicide Compounds on Plant Growth and Development
		12.4.2 Physiological Impacts of Pesticides and Herbicides
		12.4.3 Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Different Pesticides
		12.4.4 Herbicides and Pesticides Affect Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
		12.4.5 Herbicides and Pesticides Severely Affect Ecosystem and Plant Communities
		12.4.6 Plant Adaptations to the Adverse Effects of Pesticides and Herbicides
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Carbon-Based Hybrid Materials for Remediation Technology
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Synthesis of CNMs
	13.3 CNMs for the Removal of ECs
		13.3.1 Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds
		13.3.2 Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Compound
		13.3.3 Removal of Personal Care Product
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
Index