Emerging Challenges to Food Production and Security in Asia, Middle East, and Africa: Climate Risks and Resource Scarcity

Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Research Institution
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations and Acronyms
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Enhancing Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security Within a Changing Climate
	1 Introduction
	2 Food Security, Climate Change, and Resilience: Impacts and Projected Changes
		2.1 Climate Change, Food Security and Resilience: A Literature Review
		2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Major Food Crop Yields and Food Production Systems
		2.3 Impacts of Industrial Animal Farming on Climate Change, Biodiversity, and the Achievement of Food Security and Resilience
		2.4 Linkages Between Ecosystem Management and Resilience to Food Insecurity in a Changing Climate
	3 Food Security, Climate Change, and Resilience: International and Regional Perspectives
		3.1 The International Action Supporting the Achievement of Climate-Resilient Agriculture
		3.2 Regional Perspectives
	4 Pathways to Ensuring Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security in a Changing Climate
		4.1 Empowering Women to Ensure Household Food Security in a Changing Climate
		4.2 Science-Based Public Policy Thrusts to Strengthen Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches and Outcomes: The Case of Climate-Resilient Agriculture
		4.3 Overcoming Gaps in Knowledge About Responses and Adaptation Patterns of Crops and Related Biodiversity to Changes in Micro-Climate
		4.4 Global Community-Based Adaptation Initiatives to Climate Proof Agriculture
	5 Conclusion
	References
2 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Sector of Pakistan: Status, Consequences, and Adoption Options
	1 Role of Agriculture in Pakistan’s Economy
		1.1 The Diverse Climate and Agroecological Zones—A Blessing for Agriculture in Pakistan
		1.2 The Climate in Pakistan
	2 Climate Change Intensity and Impact on Pakistan’s Agricultural Sector
		2.1 Climate Change and Its Intensity in Pakistan
		2.2 Climate Change Impacts on Pakistan’s Agricultural Sector
	3 Climate Related Disasters in Pakistan
		3.1 Glacier Melting
		3.2 Floods Due to Climate Change
		3.3 Frequent and Prolonged Droughts
		3.4 Land Slides
		3.5 Agricultural Land Value
	4 Latitudinal Redistribution of Precipitation in Pakistan
	5 Shift in Cropping Pattern Due to Rainfall
	6 Role of Agriculture Under Climate Change and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
	7 Concluding Remarks: Various Adaptability and Compatibility Strategies in Relation to Climate Change
	References
3 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security in Tunisia: Challenges, Existing Policies, and Way Forward
	1 Introduction
	2 Tunisia’s Context Analysis
		2.1 Biophysical Features
		2.2 Socio-economic Characteristics
		2.3 Food Security
	3 Climate Change and Its Impacts on Food Security in Tunisia
		3.1 Climate and Climate Change
		3.2 Impacts of Climate Change
	4 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
		4.1 Water Resources and Cropping
		4.2 Agricultural Sector and Food Security
	5 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
4 Food Security in the MENA Region: Does Agriculture Performance Matter?
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Brief Overview of Food Security in MENA Region
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Data Description
		4.2 Model Specification
	5 Model Estimation and Obtained Results
		5.1 Model Estimation Results
		5.2 Robustness Checks
	6 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
	References
5 Emerging Threats to Food Security in Nigeria: Way Forward
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The MDG Agenda on Food Security in the World
		1.2 Review of Previous Studies on Food Security in Nigeria and Selected African Countries
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Sampling and Analytical Techniques
		2.3 Food Security Assessment
		2.4 Binary Logistic Regression Model
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Results
		3.2 Discussions
		3.3 Implications of the Findings on MDGs Accomplishments
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
6 Food Security in Morocco: Risk Factors and Governance
	1 Introduction
	2 Risk Factors Threatening Food Security in Morocco
		2.1 Drought and Water Scarcity
		2.2 Biodiversity Degradation
		2.3 Climate Change
		2.4 Energy Prices
		2.5 Issues Hindering Food Governance Systems
	3 Food Security: Procedure and Governance Strategies
		3.1 Green Morocco Plan
		3.2 The Green Generation 2020–2030
		3.3 Land and Soil Management
		3.4 Strategies for Natural Resources Management: Water and Forests
		3.5 The Halieutis Plan
		3.6 The National Initiative for Human Development (NIDH)
	4 Analysis and Future Perspectives
		4.1 Capacity Building
		4.2 Strengthening the Climate Resilience of Agriculture
		4.3 Ecological Transition
		4.4 Evaluating, Monitoring, and Coordinating Strategies
		4.5 Nutrition Education
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 Climate Change, Agricultural Policy and Food Security in Morocco
	1 Introduction
	2 Climate Change and Natural Resources in Morocco
		2.1 Effects of Climate Change on Temperatures and Precipitation
		2.2 Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resources
	3 Agricultural Policies and Food Security in the Context of Climate Change
		3.1 Green Morocco Plan (GMP) and Intensive Practices
		3.2 GMP and Retraining Policy
		3.3 GMP and Agricultural Trade
	4 Conclusions
	References
8 Impacts of Climate Change on Livestock and Related Food Security Implications—Overview of the Situation in Pakistan and Policy Recommendations
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of Agricultural Resources in Pakistan
	3 Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture
	4 Effects of Climate Change on Livestock Productivity and Food Security
		4.1 The Current State of Food Security in Pakistan
	5 Effects of Climate Change Adaptation Practices on Livestock
	6 Initiatives and Strategies by the Government of Pakistan to Safeguard Livestock and Food Security
	7 Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Agriculture Sector in Pakistan
	8 Climate Change Predictions and Impacts on Rangeland Management and Livestock in Pakistan
	9 Discussion
	10 Recommendations
	11 Conclusion
	References
9 Water Scarcity Threats to National Food Security of Pakistan—Issues, Implications, and Way Forward
	1 Introduction
	2 Agriculture Sector of Pakistan—An Overview of Production and Water Availability Status in Pakistan
	3 National Food Security in Pakistan
	4 Water Scarcity and Its Impact on Agricultural Food Production
		4.1 Water Scarcity Indicators
		4.2 The Water Storage Situation
		4.3 Virtual Water
	5 Causes of Water Shortage
	6 Climate Change and Future Water Scenario of Pakistan
	7 Dryland Agriculture
	8 Implementation of the 2018 National Water Policy
	9 Conclusions and Way Forward
	References
10 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Food Security in Egypt and Possible Adaptive Measures
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Impacts of Climate Change
		2.1 Impacts on Global Water Resources
		2.2 Impacts on Global Agriculture
		2.3 Impacts on Global Food Security
	3 Impacts of Climate Change on Egypt
		3.1 Physical Setting of Egypt
		3.2 Water Resources in Egypt
		3.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Egypt
		3.4 Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
	4 Conclusions
	References
11 The Combined Impact of Climate Change and the Use of Solar Energy on the Water Consumption in Agriculture: A Case Study from Souss Massa Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Data Collection
	3 The Integrated Model Approach
	4 Dynamic Development of the Model
	5 Comparison of Different Pumping Systems in the Sous-Massa Area
	6 Impact of Solar Energy Use and Climate Change on Water Resources
		6.1 The Expected Changes of Economic Indicators and Agricultural Areas
	7 Conclusion
	References
12 A Mathematical Model for Control of Drainage in an Irrigation System
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model
	3 Solution of the Mathematic Model
	4 Statistical Approach
	5 Conclusion
	References
13 Readiness of Entrepreneurs Towards Group Performance Development of OTOP Product: A Case Study in Northeastern Thailand
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology: Study Area, Data Collection and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Demographic Characteristics of OTOP Entrepreneurs
		3.2 Level of Readiness of OTOP Entrepreneurs Towards Group Performance Development of Rice Production
		3.3 OTOP Entrepreneurs’ Constraints from This Study
	4 Conclusion
	References
Postface