Emerging Battery Technologies to Boost the Clean Energy Transition: Cost, Sustainability, and Performance Analysis (The Materials Research Society Series)

Editors´ Foreword
Overview of the Book
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
PartPart10005743241
	Preface
	Chapter 1: Mobility and Future Trends
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Toward the Electrification of Mobility
		1.3 E-Mobility and Future Trends
		1.4 Electromobility Charging Infrastructure
		1.5 5G Application in Mobility
		1.6 Future Trends
		References
	Chapter 2: Principles of a Circular Economy for Batteries
		2.1 Definition of Circular Economy
		2.2 R-Imperatives of the Circular Economy
		2.3 Battery Material Flows
		2.4 Battery Design for Circularity
		2.5 Circular Economy in the EU Battery Regulation
		2.6 Outlook
		References
PartPart20005743242
	Preface
	Chapter 3: Projected Global Demand for Energy Storage
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Methodology
		3.3 Development of Demand for Battery Energy Storage
			3.3.1 Electricity Sector
				3.3.1.1 Development of Stationary Battery Energy Storage
			3.3.2 Transport Sector
				3.3.2.1 Deployment of Battery Electric Vehicles
		3.4 Drivers of Demand for Battery Energy Storage
			3.4.1 Electricity Sector
				3.4.1.1 Rising Electricity System Flexibility Needs
				3.4.1.2 Contribution to System Adequacy
				3.4.1.3 Falling Costs
				3.4.1.4 Policy Frameworks and Regulation
			3.4.2 Transport Sector
				3.4.2.1 Improving Economics of Electric Vehicles
				3.4.2.2 Subsidies and Infrastructure Build-Out
				3.4.2.3 Standards and Targets
		3.5 Resource Demand for Batteries
			3.5.1 Dominant Lithium-Ion Battery Chemistries
			3.5.2 Mineral Resource Requirements for the Production of Batteries
		3.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Overview of Energy Storage Technologies Besides Batteries
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Mechanical Energy Storage: Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
			4.2.1 Operating Principle
			4.2.2 Ecological Footprint
		4.3 Mechanical Energy Storage: Compressed Air Energy Storage
			4.3.1 Operating Principle
			4.3.2 Ecological Footprint
		4.4 Mechanical Energy Storage: Flywheel Storage
			4.4.1 Operating Principle
			4.4.2 Ecological Footprint
		4.5 Electrochemical Energy Storage: Redox-Flow Batteries
			4.5.1 Operating Principle
			4.5.2 Ecological Footprint
		4.6 Thermal Energy Storage: Power-to-Heat
			4.6.1 Operating Principle
			4.6.2 Ecological Footprint
		4.7 Chemical Energy Storage: Power-to-Gas
			4.7.1 Operating Principle
			4.7.2 Ecological Footprint
		4.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Batteries: Advantages and Importance in the Energy Transition
		5.1 Battery Energy Storage Systems Composition
		5.2 BESS Application as Grid Integration
		5.3 BESS Integration in Transport Sector
		5.4 Electric Vehicle and Infrastructure Interaction
		5.5 BESS Lifetime
		5.6 BESS Dismission and Second Life
		References
PartPart30005743243
	Preface
	Chapter 6: Battery Market Segmentation
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Stationary
		6.3 Mobile
		6.4 Portable
		References
	Chapter 7: Future Battery Market
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Market Outlook
		7.3 Market Entry of New Battery Technologies
		7.4 Overview of Target KPIs for Batteries
		7.5 KPI Trends in Relation to Both Battery Market Segments and Technologies
		7.6 Current Research Trends and Conclusions for Future Market Developments
		7.7 Lithium-Ion Batteries
		7.8 Innovative Cell Chemistries
		7.9 Cell Design and Manufacturing Processes
		7.10 Battery Systems and End Use
		7.11 Raw Materials, Recycling, and Sustainability
		7.12 Conclusions for Future Market Developments
		References
PartPart40005743244
	Preface
	Chapter 8: Performance and Cost
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Lead-Acid Batteries
		8.3 Li-Ion Technology
		8.4 Post-Li-Ion Battery Technologies
			8.4.1 Lithium All-Solid-State Battery Technologies
			8.4.2 Li-S Batteries
			8.4.3 Lithium-Air Battery Technologies
			8.4.4 Sodium Ion Room-Temperature Technology
		8.5 Nickel-Based Batteries
			8.5.1 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
			8.5.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries (NiMH)
		8.6 Sodium-Based Batteries
			8.6.1 High-Temperature Sodium Batteries
				8.6.1.1 Sodium-Nickel-Chloride Batteries
				8.6.1.2 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
		8.7 Redox Flow Batteries
		8.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: Raw Materials and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Battery Contents
			9.2.1 Battery Families and Their Cathode Chemistries
			9.2.2 Whole Battery Pack
		9.3 Battery Cathode Materials and the Associated Supply Risks
			9.3.1 Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel
			9.3.2 Manganese
			9.3.3 Other Materials
		9.4 Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
			9.4.1 Available Recycling Processes
			9.4.2 Yield for the Different Recycling Processes
			9.4.3 Opportunities from Recycling
			9.4.4 Limitations of Recycling
			9.4.5 Battery Recycling Legislation
		9.5 Current Safety Concerns of End-of-Life Batteries
			9.5.1 End-of-Life Management and Recycling
			9.5.2 Reducing Waste Fires
		9.6 Conclusions
		References
PartPart50005743245
	Preface
	Chapter 10: Closed Battery Systems
		10.1 Lithium Metal Batteries
			10.1.1 Mechanism of the Electrochemical Lithium Stripping/Deposition in Liquid Electrolytes
			10.1.2 SEI Modulation via In Situ Formation
			10.1.3 Ex Situ Deposition of Artificial SEI
			10.1.4 3D Engineering of the Electrode Morphology
		10.2 All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries
			10.2.1 Classification of Solid Electrolytes
			10.2.2 Ion Conduction Mechanisms of Solid Electrolytes
			10.2.3 Development of Inorganic Solid Electrolytes
			10.2.4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes
		10.3 Sodium and Sodium Ion Batteries
			10.3.1 Battery Technologies Based on Na Metal
			10.3.2 Toward Sodium Ion Batteries: Cathode Materials
			10.3.3 Toward Sodium Ion Batteries: Anode Materials
			10.3.4 Liquid Electrolytes and SEI Formation in NIBs
			10.3.5 Next-Generation Sodium Batteries
		10.4 Battery Technologies Based on Alkaline Earth Metals
			10.4.1 Rechargeable Magnesium Ion Batteries
				10.4.1.1 Negative Electrode Materials for MIBs
				10.4.1.2 Positive Electrode Materials for MIBs
				10.4.1.3 Electrolytes for MIBs
			10.4.2 Calcium Batteries
				10.4.2.1 The Benefits of Calcium Batteries
				10.4.2.2 Challenges in Developing Calcium Batteries
		10.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Open Battery Systems
		11.1 Redox Flow Batteries
			11.1.1 Organic-Based Chemistries
		11.2 Metal-Air Batteries
			11.2.1 Steady Metal-Air Batteries
			11.2.2 Flow Metal-Air Batteries
		11.3 Conclusions
		References
PartPart60005743246
	Preface
	Chapter 12: Methodological Challenges of Prospective Assessments
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Data Availability and Quality
		12.3 Scaling Issues and Modelling Choices
			12.3.1 Upscaling at the Product Level (Cells and Packs)
			12.3.2 Upscaling at the Unit Process Level
		12.4 Uncertainty Management
		12.5 Comparability
			12.5.1 Aim of the Study
			12.5.2 Functionality
			12.5.3 System Boundary
			12.5.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
		12.6 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	Chapter 13: Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Battery Systems
		13.1 Closed Battery Systems
			13.1.1 Solid-State Lithium Batteries
			13.1.2 Metal Anode-Based Lithium Batteries
			13.1.3 Non-lithium Chemistries
		13.2 Open Battery Systems
			13.2.1 Inorganic Flow Batteries
			13.2.2 Organic Flow Batteries
			13.2.3 Metal-Air Batteries
		References
	Chapter 14: Techno-economics Analysis on Sodium-Ion Batteries: Overview and Prospective
		14.1 Sodium-Ion Battery Basic Raw Materials
		14.2 Sodium-Ion Battery Cost Analysis
		References
	Chapter 15: Techno-economics of Open Battery Systems
		15.1 Bottom-Up Approach in Techno-economics
			15.1.1 Electrochemical Characteristics of Flow Batteries
			15.1.2 Component Costs of Flow Batteries
			15.1.3 System Costs of Flow Batteries
		15.2 Data Basis and Quality in Techno-economics
			15.2.1 Input Data
			15.2.2 Data Quality
		15.3 Target Figures in Techno-economics
			15.3.1 Capital Costs
			15.3.2 Total Cost of Storage
		15.4 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 16: Social Implications
		16.1 Battery Industry Vulnerabilities
		16.2 Acceptance Issues
			16.2.1 E-Mobility and the Range Anxiety Phenomenon
			16.2.2 Social Aspects of Grid Storage
			16.2.3 Social Innovation and Neighbourhood Batteries
		16.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 17: Social Life Cycle Assessment of Batteries
		17.1 Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment
			17.1.1 The Reference Scale Approach
			17.1.2 The Impact Pathway Approach
		17.2 Experiences in the s-LCA of Batteries
		17.3 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 18: Multicriteria Decision Analysis for Sustainability Assessment for Emerging Batteries
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 MCDA for Sustainability Assessment
			18.2.1 Stakeholder Integration
			18.2.2 Sustainability Criteria and Indicators
			18.2.3 Selection of MCDA Method
			18.2.4 Classification of MCDA Methods
			18.2.5 WSM
			18.2.6 TOPSIS
			18.2.7 PROMETHEE
		18.3 Properties of MCDA Methods for Sustainability Assessment
		18.4 MCDA Software
			18.4.1 MCDA KIT Tool
		18.5 MCDA for Sustainability Assessment in the Field of Batteries
		18.6 Use Case MCDA Sustainability Assessment for Early-Stage Cathode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries
			18.6.1 Stakeholder Integration
			18.6.2 Problem Definition
			18.6.3 Selection of Criteria
			18.6.4 Definition of Alternatives
			18.6.5 Preference Modeling
			18.6.6 Weighting
			18.6.7 Preference Function and Parameters
			18.6.8 Results
			18.6.9 Comparison and Evaluation of Alternatives (Ranking)
			18.6.10 Sensitivity Analysis
		18.7 Discussion
			18.7.1 Meaning of Results
			18.7.2 MCDA Procedure
		18.8 Conclusion
		References
Index