Emerging 2D Materials and Devices for the Internet of Things: Information, Sensing and Energy Applications (Micro and Nano Technologies)

Emerging 2D Materials and Devices for the Internet of Things
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 Two-dimensional materials-based nonvolatile resistive memories and radio frequency switches
	1.1 Introduction to two-dimensional nonvolatile resistive memory
	1.2 Two-dimensional materials preparation and memory device fabrication
		1.2.1 Preparation and characterization of two-dimensional monolayers
		1.2.2 Fabrication of memory devices
			1.2.2.1 Crossbar
			1.2.2.2 Litho-free and transfer-free
			1.2.2.3 Exfoliation
	1.3 Two-dimensional nonvolatile resistive memory
		1.3.1 Nonvolatile resistive memory based on different device conditions
			1.3.1.1 Crossbar device
			1.3.1.2 Litho-free and transfer-free device (no polymer contamination)
			1.3.1.3 Single crystalline device (no grain boundary)
			1.3.1.4 Using different metal as electrodes
		1.3.2 Memory performance
			1.3.2.1 Reliability
			1.3.2.2 Pulse operation
			1.3.2.3 Flexibility
	1.4 Switching mechanics
		1.4.1 Factors influencing resistive switching
			1.4.1.1 Temperature dependence
			1.4.1.2 Device area dependence
			1.4.1.3 Compliance current dependence
			1.4.1.4 Voltage sweep rate and MoS2 layer number dependence
		1.4.2 Possible switching mechanics based on ab initio simulation
	1.5 MoS2 radio frequency switches
		1.5.1 Introduction to radio frequency switch
		1.5.2 Fabrication and measurement of MoS2 radio frequency switch
		1.5.3 MoS2 radio frequency switch performance
	1.6 Summary
	Acknowledgment
	References
2 Two-dimensional materials-based radio frequency wireless communication and sensing systems for Internet-of-things applica...
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Radio frequency performance of two-dimensional transistors
	2.3 Frequency mixers and signal modulators based on two-dimensional transistors
	2.4 Integrated wireless Internet-of-things sensors
	2.5 Radio frequency energy harvesting using two-dimensional electronic devices
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
3 Graphene electronic tattoo sensors for point-of-care personal health monitoring and human–machine interfaces
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Theoretical background
		3.2.1 Elastic membrane-skin conformability
		3.2.2 Electrical model of skin-conformal and skin-nonconformal dry sensors
	3.3 Fabrication of graphene electronic tattoo sensors
	3.4 Applications of graphene electronic tattoo sensors and effects of the thickness on performance
		3.4.1 Skin temperature sensing
		3.4.2 Skin hydration sensing
		3.4.3 Electrocardiography
		3.4.4 Electroencephalography
		3.4.5 Electromyography
		3.4.6 Electrooculography
		3.4.7 Human–machine interface
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4 Transition metal dichalcogenides as ultrasensitive and high-resolution biosensing nodes
	4.1 New opportunities for biosensing devices
	4.2 Electronic biosensors made from transition metal dichalcogenides
	4.3 Biosensors based on optical and optoelectronic properties of transition metal dichalcogenides
	4.4 Biosensors based on structural properties of transition metal dichalcogenides
	4.5 Final remarks
	References
5 Nanophotonics and optoelectronics based on two-dimensional MoS2
	5.1 MoS2-based nanoplasmonics
		5.1.1 Exciton–plasmon interactions in MoS2
		5.1.2 Plasmonic hot-electron injection
		5.1.3 Surface plasmons in highly doped MoS2
		5.1.4 Nanofabrication of plasmonic-MoS2 structures
	5.2 MoS2-based optoelectronics
		5.2.1 MoS2-based photodetectors
		5.2.2 MoS2-based solar cells
		5.2.3 MoS2-based light-emitting diodes
		5.2.4 MoS2-optical cavity systems for enhanced light-emitting performance
	5.3 Summary
	References
6 Graphene-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Lithium-ion batteries and anode materials
		6.2.1 Fundamentals of lithium-ion batteries
		6.2.2 Challenges on anode materials
	6.3 Graphene and graphene-based composites as anode materials
		6.3.1 Graphene anodes
			6.3.1.1 Porous graphene anodes
			6.3.1.2 Doped graphene anodes
		6.3.2 Graphene-based nanocomposite anodes
			6.3.2.1 Graphene/insertion-type anodes
			6.3.2.2 Graphene/alloy-type anodes
			6.3.2.3 Graphene/conversion-type anodes
	6.4 Conclusion and outlook
	References
7 Two-dimensional materials as photoelectrodes in water reduction devices for energy applications
	7.1 Basic mechanism of solar water splitting
	7.2 Design principles of photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting
	7.3 Two-dimensional materials as conducting channels
	7.4 Two-dimensional materials as charge mediator/separator
	7.5 Two-dimensional materials as cocatalysts
	7.6 Two-dimensional materials as other roles
	7.7 Summary and perspectives
	References
8 Two-dimensional Xenes and their device concepts for future micro- and nanoelectronics and energy applications
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 First-generation Xenes
		8.2.1 Silicene
		8.2.2 Germanene
		8.2.3 Stanene
		8.2.4 Plumbene
	8.3 Second-generation Xenes
		8.3.1 Borophene
		8.3.2 Gallenene
		8.3.3 Phosphorene
		8.3.4 Arsenene
		8.3.5 Antimonene
		8.3.6 Bismuthene
		8.3.7 Selenene
		8.3.8 Tellurene
	8.4 Perspectives and conclusion
	References
9 Piezoelectric one- to two-dimensional nanomaterials for vibration energy harvesting devices
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Preparation and characterization of piezoelectric 1–2D nanomaterials
		9.2.1 BZT-BCT nanofilm
		9.2.2 Piezoelectric nanofibers
	9.3 Piezoelectric 1–2D nanomaterial for energy harvesting
		9.3.1 Nanogenerator
		9.3.2 Self-charging power cell
		9.3.3 Strain sensor
		9.3.4 Dye degradation
	9.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
10 Nanocomposite materials for nano-electronic-based Internet of things sensors and energy device signaling
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanocomposite materials for chemical sensory devices and Internet of things
		10.2.1 Composite materials based on carbon nanotube/graphene and functional building blocks
			10.2.1.1 Organic polymer–functionalized carbon nanomaterials
			10.2.1.2 Metal oxide–functionalized carbon nanomaterials
			10.2.1.3 Metal-functionalized carbon nanomaterials
			10.2.1.4 Interface between carbon nanomaterials and the functionalization layer
		10.2.2 Nano-electronic-based sensory devices
			10.2.2.1 Device configuration
			10.2.2.2 Device performance: chemiresistor and field-effect transistor
		10.2.3 Chemical sensors from single-walled carbon nanotube-based composites and their applications in breath analysis
			10.2.3.1 Single-walled carbon nanotube/PAni core/shell composites for chemical sensing
			10.2.3.2 Breath analysis
		10.2.4 Perspectives and challenges of nano-electronic sensors in Internet of things technology
	10.3 Electronic sensing and signaling for sustainable energy devices
		10.3.1 Principles and methodology of nano-electronic approach for chemical signaling
		10.3.2 Application of electrical transportation spectroscopy for energy device investigations
			10.3.2.1 New insights on various energy conversion reactions
			10.3.2.2 Monitoring of anionic chemisorption and interfacial competition with reactive intermediates in oxygen reduction re...
			10.3.2.3 Application in the bioelectrochemical system
		10.3.3 Benefits and challenges of energy device signaling in Internet of things
	References
11 Prospects and challenges in low-dimensional materials and devices for Internet of things
	11.1 Flexible and wearable devices for Internet of things
		11.1.1 Substrates
		11.1.2 Two-dimensional materials as a functional layer
			11.1.2.1 Graphene
			11.1.2.2 Transition metal dichalcogenides
		11.1.3 Progress and challenges
	11.2 Human–machine interface devices for Internet of things
		11.2.1 Internet of things and human–machine interface
		11.2.2 A wearable sensor in human–machine interface system
		11.2.3 Electronic skin
			11.2.3.1 Pressure sensor for electronic skin
			11.2.3.2 Human–machine interface enabled by triboelectric nanogenerator
			11.2.3.3 Electric signal recordings for human–machine interface
			11.2.3.4 Multifunctional human–machine interface sensors
		11.2.4 Summary and prospective
	11.3 Two-dimensional multifunctional device node for Internet of things
		11.3.1 Sensor, modulator, and memory multifunction
		11.3.2 Amplitude, frequency, and phase position hybrid modulation
		11.3.3 Sensing, radio frequency, and energy collection simultaneously
		11.3.4 Prospective and challenges
	11.4 Sustainable energy devices for Internet of things
		11.4.1 Fuel cell
		11.4.2 Supercapacitors
		11.4.3 Energy harvesting systems
			11.4.3.1 Solar cells
			11.4.3.2 Thermoelectric generators
		11.4.4 Summary
	11.5 5G/6G technology engaging with Internet of things
		11.5.1 High bandwidth
		11.5.2 Low-latency, real-time data communication
		11.5.3 Artificial intelligence
		11.5.4 Outlook
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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