Elements of Philosophy: A Compendium for Philosophers and Theologians

ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface..................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................ 3
§1. Introduction to Philosophy: 1 notion, 2 as science, 3 unity, 4 branches, 5 speculative, 6 practical, 7 new disciplines, 8 Christian philosophy, 9 scholastic philosophy, 10 philosophy and science, 11 philosophical pluralism, 12 division, 13 pre-theology requirements.
PART I. SYSTEMATIC PHILOSOPHY: BASIC DISCIPLINES
Chapter 2. Logic .................................................................. 13
§2. Aristotelian Logic: 1 as an art, 2 as a science, 3 three acts of mind, 4 formal, material.
Formal Logic........................................................................... 14
§3. Simple Apprehension: 1 notion, 2 concept, 3 term,
4 sign, 5 comprehension, 6 definition, 7 nominal, real,
8 division. §4. Judgment: 1 judgment, 2 subject, predicate, 3 existence. 4 truth, falsity, 5 proposition, 6 its modifications,
7 compound propositions, 8 square of opposition. §5. Reasoning: 1 reasoning, 2 consequence, 3 argumentation, 4 inductive, deductive, 5 syllogism, 6 categorical, 7 principles,
8 Jaws, 9 variations, 10 hypothetical, 11 induction,
12 fallacies.
Material Logic ....................................................................... 23
§6. Material Logic: notion. $7. Universalst 1 notion, 2 kinds,
3 ontological status, 4 abstraction, 5 phantasm, 6 intelligibles. §8. Predicables: 1 notion, 2 kinds, 3 definitions, 4 order.
§9. Categories: 1 notion, 2 modes of being and knowing,
3 kinds, 4 substance, 5 quantity, 6 quality, 7 relation,
8 action and passion, 9 time, 10 location, situation, vestition. §10. Kinds of Distinction: 1 notion, 2 formal, material, 3 real,
4 absolute, modal, 5 separability, 6 rational, 7 reason reasoning, 8 reason reasoned about. §11. First Principles: 1 second act of mind, 2 first principles, 3 proper, 4 common, 5 comparison, 6 other distinctions. §12. Demonstration: 1 third act of mind, 2 demonstration, 3 kinds, 4 propter quid, 5 quia. §13. Science: 1 notion, 2 kinds, 3 speculative, 4 orders of abstraction, 5 mixed, 6 practical. §14. Nature of Logic: 1 as an art, 2 as a science, 3 as an instrument.
Chapter 3. Natural Philosophy............................................... 41
§15. Philosophy of Nature: 1 notion, 2 subject, 3 procedure. § 16. Matter and Form: 1 change, 2 kinds, 3 matter, 4 form, 5 privation, 6 final cause, nature, 7 principles, causes.
§17. Nature: 1 notion, 2 matter as nature, 3 form as nature, 4 nature and end, 5 chance, 6 violence, 7 mathematics,
8 demonstrations, 9 properties. §18. Motion: 1 notion,
2 kinds, 3 local motion, 4 alteration, 5 augmentation, 6 action, passion, 7 continuum, 8 infinity. §19. Place and Time:
1 measures, 2 place, 3 space, 4 time, 5 the instant, 6 individuation. §20. The First Unmoved Mover: 1 the problem,
2 motor causality principle, 3 conditions for motion, 4 existence of the first cause, 5 its nature, 6 prelude to metaphysics.
Chapter 4. Psychology........... ................................................ 59
§21. Philosophical Psychology: notion. §22. Li/e and Soul:
1 life, 2 soul, 3 first actuality, 4 organized body, 5 formal effects, 6 kinds, 7 powers, 8 power parts. §23. Cognition:
1 knowledge, 2 cognition, 3 immateriality, 4 intentionality,
5 intentional species, 6 types. §24. Sensation and Perception:
1 sensation, 2 knowledge of object, 3 senses, 4 external,
5 sensibles, 6 internal, 7 central, 8 imagination, 9 cogitative,
10 memory, 11 perception, 12 unified knowledge. §25. Intellection: 1 intellect, 2 abstractive process, 3 concept formation
4 object, 5 immateriality, 6 reflection. §26. Appetition. 1 appetite, 2 kinds, 3 elicited, 4 sense and will. §27. Sensitive Appetites: 1 notion, 2 kinds, 3 emotions. §28. Volition: 1 will, 2 free will, 3 its object, 4 as related to other powers, 5 its acts, 6 other influences. §29. Man: 1 philosophical anthropology, 2 man, 3 human soul, 4 its immortality, 5 its origin, 6 person, 7 subsistence, 8 individual differences.
Chapter 5. Metaphysics.................................................. 85
§30. Metaphysics: 1 notion, 2 subject, 3 being in general. §31. Being: 1 common, 2 real, 3 categories, 4 without a genus, 5 analogy, 6 kinds. §32. Transcendentals: 1 notion, 2 extension, 3 properties of being, 4 unity, truth, goodness, 5 beauty, thing, otherness, 6 first principles. §33. Principles of Being: 1 notion, 2 potency and act, 3 real distinction,
4 priority and limitation, 5 essence and existence, 6 really distinct. §34. Substance and Subsistence: 1 substance,
2 finite substance, 3 accident, 4 subsistence, 5 nature, sup- posit, existence, 6 mode. §35. Causality: 1 notion, 2 kinds,
3 condition, 4 occasion, 5 form, 6 formal causality, 7 material, 8 efficient, 9 instrumental, 10 final, 11 exemplary,
12 participation. §36. Wisdom: 1 wisdom, 2 understanding.
Chapter 6. Epistemology......................................................109
§37. Epistemology: 1 notion, 2 reflection, 3 four questions. §38. Knowledge: 1 notion, subject and object, 2 inferiority and exteriority, 3 consciousness, 4 kinds of knowledge.
§39. Truth and Falsity: 1 truth, 2 material truth, 3 formal truth, 4 validity of judgment, 5 falsity, 6 other theories of truth. §40. Evidence and Certitude: 1 evidence, 2 kinds,
3 certitude, 4 doubt, wonder, aporia.
Chapter 7. Natural Theology..............................................121
§41. Natural Theology: 1 notion, 2 relation to metaphysics,
3 non-philosophical assumptions, 4 other positions. §42. Participation and the Act of Being: 1 common being, 2 being and participation, 3 proper proportionality, 4 intrinsic attribution
§43. Proofs of God’s Existence: 1 argument from esse, 2 naming God, 3 the five ways, 4 modern proofs, 5 confirmatory arguments. §44. God’s Essence and Attributes:
1 ways of knowing God, 2 negation, 3 eminence, 4 divine attributes, 5 rationally distinct, 6 divine essence, 7 aseity. §45. Entitative Attributes: 1 simplicity, immutability, 2 unicity, 3 infinity, perfection, 4 eternity, immensity. §46. Operative Attributes: 1 intelligence, 2 thought thinking itself,
3 possibles, future contingents. 4 will of God, 5 objects of divine will, 6 divine freedom, 7 providence, 8 omnipotence. §47. Divine Causality: 1 divine causality, 2 creation, 3 creation and revelation, 4 conservation, 5 creatures as causes,
6 primary and secondary causes, 7 premotion, concurrence. §48. The Problem of Evil: 1 problem of evil, 2 notion of evil, 3 kinds, 4 subject, 5 physical evil, 6 moral evil, 7 cause of moral evil, 8 providence and evil, 9 mystery.
Chanter 8. Ethics........... .......................................................149
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§49. Moral Philosophy: 1 ethics, 2 subject, 3 order as normative, 4 Christian ethics, 5 division. §50. The Human Act:
1 human act, 2 its principles, 3 habit, 4 virtue and vice, 5 cardinal virtues, 6 freedom of choice, 7 exercise, specification,
8 components, 9 motion of will. §51. The Ends of Human Action: 1 end, 2 end in ethics, 3 kinds, 4 end of man, 5 ultimate end. §52. Voluntarity. and Involuntarily : 1 voluntarity,
2 explained, 3 involuntarity, force, fear, emotion, 4 non- voluntarity, ignorance, kinds. §53. Morality and Responsibility: 1 morality, 2 kinds, 3 determinants, 4 rule, 5 consequences, double effect, 6 indifferent act, 7 responsibility, imputability, 8 co-operation. §54. Law and Right Reason:
1 common good, 2 law, civil law, 3 natural law, 4 eternal law, 5 synderesis, 6 first principles, 7 prudence, 8 conscience. §55. The Li/e of Virtue: 1 virtue, 2 subject, how acquired,
3 temperance, 4 fortitude, 5 the mean and right reason,
6 right appetite. §56. Justice and Rights: 1 justice, 2 positive law, epikeia, 3 commutative, legal, distributive justice,
4 right, 5 natural rights, 6 hierarchy of rights.
PART II. SYSTEMATIC PHILOSOPHY: SPECIAL DISCIPLINES
Chapter 9. Philosophy of the Humanities............................179
§57. Philosophy of Language: 1 language, linguistics,
2 semantics, 3 linguistic analysis, 4 hermeneutics. §58. Philosophy of Art: 1 art, 2 poetics, 3 aesthetics, 4 beauty.
§59. Philosophy of History: 1 history, historicity, 2 philosophy of history, metahistory, 3 positions. §60. Philosophy of Religion: 1 religion, 2 myth, 3 symbol, 4 philosophy of religion. §61. Philosophy of Education: 1 philosophy of education, 2 theories, 3 liberal arts. §62. Philosophy of Value: 1 philosophy of value, 2 value, kinds of good.
Chapter 10. Philosophy of Mathematics..............................191
§63. Philosophy of Mathematics: 1 mathematics, 2 its philosophy, 3 science of quantity, 4 logicism, formalism, intui- tionism, 5 pure mathematics, 6 applied mathematics. §64. Number and the Continuum: 1 number, 2 prior notions,
3 nature and reality, 4 continuum, 5 extension, contiguity, 6 indivisibles, 7 continuity of the discrete. §65. Symbolic Logic: 1 symbolic logic, 2 variables, constant, function,
3 functors, arguments, kinds of logic, 4 propositional logic, 5 material implication.
Chapter 11. Philosophy of the Natural Sciences................201
§66. Philosophy of Science: 1 modern science, 2 philosophy of science, 3 scientific revolutions, 4 truth, objectivity.
§67. Methodological Concepts: 1 hypothetico-deductive method, 2 fact, 3 measurement, 4 law, 5 problem of induction, 6 theory, 7 models, analogies. §68. Physical Sciences:
1 force, mass, energy, 2 laws of motion, 3 laws of thermodynamics, 4 quantum theory, 5 relativity, 6 structure of matter, 7 the universe. §69. Life Sciences: 1 biology, 2 biological mechanism, 3 biogenesis, 4 evolution, 5 dynamic order, designer, 6 genetics. §70. Technology: 1 technology,
2 philosophy of technology, 3 assessment.
Chapter 12. Philosophy of the Behavioral Sciences...............219
§71. Anthropology: 1 physical anthropology, 2 human evolution, 3 cultural anthropology, 4 cultural evolution, 5 archeology, ethnology. §72. Modem Psychology: 1 science of psychology, 2 methodology, 3 measurement, 4 psychometrics, 5 experiment, 6 comparative psychology, 7 other branches. §73. Systems andTheories of Psychology: 1 systems and theories, 2 structuralism, 3 functionalism, 4 behaviorism, 5 Gestalt psychology, 6 psychoanalysis, 7 theories,
8 learning, perception, personality, 9 normality, abnormality. §74. Philosophy of the Behavioral Sciences: notion.
Chapter 13. Social Philosophy ...............................................231
§75. Social Philosophy and Social Science: 1 social philosophy, 2 social science, 3 models, methodology, 4 sociology, economics, social work. §76. Society: 1 notion, 2 ontological basis, 3 unity of order, 4 function, reality, 5 structure,
6 moral person, 7 kinds of society. §77. Authority: 1 notion, its necessity, 2 function, 3 source. §78. Marriage: 1 notion, 2 kinds, 3 motive behind, 4 ends, primary and secondary,
5 properties, unity and indissolubility, 6 abuses. §79. The Family: 1 notion, 2 functions, 3 objectives, 4 children.
§80. Social Justice: 1 notion, 2 right to work, 3 private property, 4 principle of solidarity, 5 principle of subsidiarity.
Chapter 14. Political Philosophy ...........................................251
§81. Political Philosophy and Political Science: 1 political philosophy, 2 classical, 3 medieval, 4 modern, 5 political science. §82. The State: 1 notion, 2 elements of, 3 society and, 4 nation and, 5 international law, 6 just war. §83. Government: 1 notion, 2 power, 3 checks and balances, 4 separation of powers, 5 forms of government, 6 communism, socialism. §84. Philosophy of Law: 1 notion, jurisprudence,
2 positivism, natural law, 3 basic problem, 4 natural vs. civil.
5 civil law, 6 misunderstandings, 7 goal of civil law.
PART III. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
Chapter 15. History of Philosophy......................................267
§85. Philosophy and History: 1 philosophy, 2 history, 3 history of philosophy, 4 philosophy and philosophies. §86. Philosophical Systems: 1 systems, 2 being, 3 truth, 4 knowledge, 5 God, 6 ethics. §87. Historiography of Philosophy: 1 methodology, 2 divisions, various bases, 3 metahistory of philosophy.
Chapter 16. Ancient Philosophy..........................................277
§88. Early Thought: 1 ancient philosophy, 2 Greek philosophy, 3 Chinese, Indian philosophy, 4 pre-Socratics, nature, 5 Heraclitus, Parmenides, being, 6 elements, atomism. §89. Classical Greek Period: 1 Sophists, Socrates, 2 Plato,
3 Aristotle. §90. Post-Aristotelian Developments: 1 Cynics, Stoics, Epicureans, 2 Jewish, Roman philosophy, 3 Platonism, Neoplatonism, 4 end of an era.
Chapter 17. Medieval Philosophy.........................................285
§91. Patristic Philosophy: 1 medieval, patristic, scholastic philosophy, 2 Greek apologists, 3 Origenism, Hellenism,
4 Greek Fathers, Cappadocians, 5 Latin Fathers, Augustine, 6 Boethius. §92. Scholasticism and Its Prelude: 1 Carolingiens, Erigena, 2 dialectics, early scholasticism, 3 School of Chartres, 4 new learning, translations, ArabAristotelianism. §93. High Scholasticism: 1 Grosseteste, Augustinianism,
2 Albert, Aquinas, Thomism, 3 Latin Averroism, 4 correc- toria, Scotus, Scotism. §94. Late Scholasticism: 1 Ockham, Ockhiamism, 2 nominalist logic, science, 3 scholastic systems,
4 humanism, the Reformation.
Chapter 18. Modern Philosophy...........................................297
§95. Renaissance Philosophy: I modern philosophy, 2 Renaissance philosophy, Cusa, 3 Platonism, Aristotelianism,
4 Stoicism, skepticism, 5 politics, nature, 6 second scholasticism, 7 the Jesuits, Suarez, Suarezianism. §96. Mechanical
Philosophy and Empiricism: 1 mechanical philosophers, Bacon, Galileo, Newton, 2 Hobhes, Descartes, 3 empiricists, Locke, Berkeley, Hume. $97. Rationalism and Other Movements: 1 rationalists, Spinoza, Malebranche, Leibniz,
2 Cambridge Platonists, common sense, enlightenment,
3 Kant, Wolff. §98. Philosophical Reconstruction: 1 romanticism, 2 idealists, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, 3 Kierkegaard, Feuerbach, Marx, Engels, 4 positivism, Comte, Mill, 5 life and will, Schopenhauer, Diarwin, Nietzsche, 6 traditionalism, ontologism, neo-Kantianism.
Chapter 19. Contemporary Philosophy ................................309
§99. Life, Idea, and Spirit: 1 contemporary philosophy,
2 life philosophies, Bergson, Dilthey, 3 idealism, Bradley, 4 Royce, personalism, 5 Croce, Gentile, actualism, 6 philosophy of spirit, Blondel. §100. American Philosophy: 1 Peirce, James, pragmatism, 2 naturalism, Santayana, Dewey, 3 process philosophy, Whitehead, 4 Hartshorne, 5 realism. §101. Logic and Analysis: 1 logical positivism, Ayer, 2 analytical philosophy, Moore, Russell, 3 linguistic analysis, Wittgenstein, 4 religious and ethical language, metaethics. §102. Phenomenology and Existentialism: 1 Husserl, 2 Scheler, Merleau-Ponty, 3 phenomenology, intentionality, objectivity, reductions, 4 idealist elements, Lebenswelt, 5 existentialism, 6 Heidegger, Sartre, Marcel, Jaspers, 7 Bultmiann, Til- ich. §103. Recent French and German Philosophy:
1 French philosophy, 2 Lévi-Strauss, 3 Ricoeur, 4 German philosophy, 5 Gadamer, 6 Frankfurt School, 7 Catholic existentialists. §104. Thomism: Existential and Transcendental: 1 Thomistic revival, 2 Maritain, 3 Gilson, 4 transcendental Thomism, Maréchal, 5 Rahner, Lonergan, 6 pre- conceptual knowledge, 7 transcendental method, 8 knowing God, 9 implicit intuition, Schillebeeckx.
Index 333