Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes

Cover......Page 1
Selected Tables and Figures......Page 2
Factors for Unit Converstion......Page 3
Title Page......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
About the Authors......Page 11
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 13
Notes to Instructors......Page 16
Interactive Chemical Process Principles......Page 18
Nomenclature......Page 21
Glossary......Page 25
Contents......Page 27
I. ENGINEERING PROBLEM ANALYSIS......Page 31
1 What Some Chemical Engineers Do for a Living......Page 33
2.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 37
2.1 Units and Dimensions......Page 38
2.2 Conversion of Units......Page 39
2.3 Systems of Units......Page 40
2.4 Force and Weight......Page 42
2.5 Numerical Calculations and Estimation......Page 43
2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities......Page 50
2.7 Process Data Representation and Analysis......Page 52
2.8 Summary......Page 60
Problems......Page 61
3 Processes and Process Variables......Page 72
3.1 Mass and Volume......Page 73
3.2 Flow Rate......Page 75
3.3 Chemical Composition......Page 77
3.4 Pressure......Page 84
3.5 Temperature......Page 90
3.6 Summary......Page 93
Problems......Page 95
II. MATERIAL BALANCES......Page 111
4.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 113
4.1 Process Classification......Page 114
4.2 Balances......Page 115
4.3 Material Balance Calculations......Page 119
4.4 Balances on Multiple-Unit Processes......Page 134
4.5 Recycle and Bypass......Page 140
4.6 Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry......Page 146
4.7 Balances on Reactive Processes......Page 155
4.8 Combustion Reactions......Page 172
4.9 Some Additional Considerations about Chemical Processes......Page 181
4.10 Summary......Page 183
Problems......Page 185
5 Single-Phase Systems......Page 217
5.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 218
5.1 Liquid and Solid Densities......Page 219
5.2 Ideal Gases......Page 221
5.3 Equations of State for Nonideal Gases......Page 229
5.4 The Compressibility Factor Equation of State......Page 236
5.5 Summary......Page 243
Problems......Page 244
6 Multiphase Systems......Page 267
6.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 269
6.1 Single-Component Phase Equilibrium......Page 270
6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule......Page 277
6.3 Gas-Liquid Systems: One Condensable Component......Page 279
6.4 Multicomponent Gas-Liquid Systems......Page 285
6.5 Solutions of Solids in Liquids......Page 294
6.6 Equilibrium Between Two Liquid Phases......Page 301
6.7 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces......Page 305
6.8 Summary......Page 308
Problems......Page 310
III. ENERGY BALANCES......Page 341
7 Energy and Energy Balances......Page 343
7.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 344
7.1 Forms of Energy: The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 345
7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy......Page 347
7.3 Energy Balances on Closed Systems......Page 348
7.4 Energy Balances on Open Systems at Steady State......Page 350
7.5 Tables of Thermodynamic Data......Page 355
7.6 Energy Balance Procedures......Page 359
7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances......Page 363
7.8 Summary......Page 367
Problems......Page 370
8.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 387
8.1 Elements of Energy Balance Calculations......Page 388
8.2 Changes in Pressure at Constant Temperature......Page 395
8.3 Changes in Temperature......Page 396
8.4 Phase Change Operations......Page 407
8.5 Mixing and Solution......Page 425
8.6 Summary......Page 436
Problems......Page 439
9 Balances on Reactive Processes......Page 470
9.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 471
9.1 Heats of Reaction......Page 472
9.2 Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess\'s Law......Page 475
9.3 Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation......Page 477
9.4 Heats of Combustion......Page 478
9.5 Energy Balances on Reactive Processes......Page 480
9.6 Fuels and Combustion......Page 494
9.7 Summary......Page 503
Problems......Page 505
10.1 Degree-of-Freedom Analysis Revisited......Page 534
10.2 Sequential Modular Simulation......Page 541
10.3 Equation-Based Simulation......Page 552
10.5 Final Considerations......Page 563
Problems......Page 564
11.0 Instructional Objectives......Page 573
11.1 The General Balance Equation...Again......Page 574
11.2 Material Balances......Page 578
11.3 Energy Balances on Single-Phase Nonreactive Processes......Page 584
11.4 Simultaneous Transient Balances......Page 590
11.5 Summary......Page 593
Problems......Page 594
IV. CASE STUDIES......Page 607
12 Production of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride......Page 609
PVC Chlorination Reaction Chemistry......Page 610
Process Description......Page 611
Problems......Page 614
13 Steam Reforming of Natural Gas and Subsequent Synthesis of Methanol......Page 621
Process Description......Page 622
Problems......Page 625
14 Scrubbing of Sulfur Dioxide from Power Plant Stack Gases......Page 632
Process Description......Page 633
Problems......Page 635
A.1 The Method of Least Squares......Page 637
A.2 Iterative Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Equations......Page 640
A.3 Numerical Integration......Page 652
Appendix B: Physical Property Tables......Page 657
B.1 Selected Physical Property Data......Page 658
B.2 Heat Capacities......Page 665
B.3 Vapor Pressure of Water......Page 668
B.4 Antoine Equation Constants......Page 670
B.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: Temperature Table......Page 672
B.6 Properties of Saturated Steam: Pressure Table......Page 674
B.7 Properties of Superheated Steam......Page 680
B.9 Specific Enthalpies of Selected Gases: American Engineering Units......Page 682
B.11 Integral Heats of Solution and Mixing at 25°C......Page 683
Answers to Test Yourselves......Page 685
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 695
Index......Page 699