Elemental Speciation Human Risk: Environmental Health Criteria Series No. 234 (Environmental Health Criteria Series)

TITLE......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 2
CONTENTS......Page 3
NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS......Page 8
PREAMBLE......Page 9
WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR ELEMENTAL SPECIATION IN HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 14
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS......Page 17
1.3 Structural aspects of speciation......Page 19
1.4 Analytical techniques and methodology......Page 20
1.5 Bioaccessibility and bioavailability......Page 21
1.6.1 Toxicokinetics......Page 22
1.6.2 Biomonitoring......Page 23
1.7 Molecular and cellular mechanisms of metal toxicity......Page 24
1.8 Health effects......Page 25
2. DEFINITIONS OF SPECIES AND SPECIATION......Page 26
3.1 Isotopic composition......Page 29
3.2 Electronic and oxidation states......Page 30
3.3 Inorganic and organic compounds and complexes......Page 33
3.4 Organometallic species......Page 36
3.5 Macromolecular compounds and complexes......Page 39
4.1 Introduction......Page 40
4.2 Sample collection and storage......Page 42
4.3.1 Preliminary treatment of biological fluids......Page 46
4.3.2 Preliminary treatment of tissues and plants......Page 48
4.3.4 Desalting......Page 50
4.3.6 Extraction procedures......Page 51
4.3.8 Derivatization......Page 52
4.4.1 Liquid chromatography......Page 53
4.4.2 Gas chromatography......Page 54
4.4.4 Gel electrophoresis......Page 55
4.5 Sequential extraction schemes for the fractionation of sediments, soils, aerosols, and fly ash......Page 56
4.6.1 Atomic absorption spectrometry......Page 57
4.6.4 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry......Page 59
4.6.6 Glow discharge plasmas as tunable sources for elemental speciation......Page 60
4.6.8 Electrochemical methods......Page 61
4.7 Calibration in elemental speciation analysis......Page 62
4.9 Direct speciation analysis of elements and particles......Page 63
4.10 State of the art......Page 64
5.2.1 Factors affecting the mobility and accessibility of elements in terrestrial (soil) environments......Page 66
5.2.2 Factors affecting the mobility and accessibility of elements in sediment environments......Page 68
5.3 Determinants of bioavailability......Page 70
5.3.1 Uptake by carriers......Page 73
5.3.2 Uptake and physical form......Page 77
5.3.3 Uptake and complexation......Page 78
5.3.4 Selective uptake according to charge and size......Page 80
5.3.6 Selective uptake involving kinetic binding traps, with or without accompanying redox reactions......Page 81
5.3.8 Exposure concentration and uptake......Page 83
5.3.9 Competition in the uptake and toxicity of non-nutrient elements......Page 84
5.4 Incorporation of bioaccessibility and bioavailability considerations in risk assessment......Page 85
5.4.2 The biotic ligand model......Page 86
6.1 Introduction......Page 88
6.2 Absorption......Page 90
6.2.1 Chromium......Page 91
6.2.2 Manganese......Page 92
6.2.4 Cobalt......Page 94
6.2.5 Nickel......Page 95
6.2.7 Arsenic......Page 96
6.2.8 Selenium......Page 98
6.2.10 Mercury......Page 99
6.2.11 Lead......Page 101
6.3 Disposition, excretion, and protein binding......Page 103
6.3.1 Chromium......Page 104
6.3.2 Manganese......Page 106
6.3.3 Copper......Page 107
6.3.5 Arsenic......Page 108
6.3.7 Silver......Page 109
6.3.8 Cadmium......Page 110
6.3.9 Mercury......Page 111
6.3.10 Lead......Page 114
6.4 Biotransformation......Page 115
6.4.3 Arsenic......Page 116
6.4.5 Mercury......Page 120
6.5.1 Exposure assessment......Page 122
6.5.2 Speciation in biological monitoring......Page 123
7.2 Mechanisms of DNA damage and repair......Page 129
7.3 Metal–protein interactions......Page 132
7.4 Generation of reactive oxygen species......Page 137
7.5.1 Mechanisms of sensitization......Page 138
7.5.2 Immunosuppression......Page 139
8.2.1 Chromium......Page 140
8.2.2 Nickel......Page 141
8.2.3 Arsenic......Page 142
8.2.4 Tin......Page 144
8.2.5 Barium......Page 145
8.2.6 Mercury......Page 146
8.2.7 Lead......Page 147
8.3 Sensitization and irritation......Page 148
8.3.1 Chromium......Page 149
8.3.3 Palladium......Page 150
8.3.4 Platinum......Page 151
8.4.1 Cobalt......Page 152
8.5.1 Manganese......Page 154
8.5.2 Tin......Page 155
8.5.3 Mercury......Page 156
8.5.4 Thallium......Page 159
8.5.5 Lead......Page 160
8.6.1 Cadmium......Page 162
8.7.1 Nickel......Page 163
8.7.2 Mercury......Page 164
8.8.1 Chromium......Page 166
8.8.2 Cobalt......Page 168
8.9.1 Chromium......Page 171
8.9.2 Cobalt......Page 172
8.9.3 Nickel......Page 174
8.9.4 Arsenic......Page 176
9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 182
RESUME......Page 238
RESUMEN......Page 246
INDEX OF ELEMENTS......Page 254