Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers: Insight into Fabrication Techniques and Biomedical Applications

Preface
Contents
Recent Developments in Electrospinning Spinneret and Collector Assembly for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Principle of Electrospinning Technique
	3 Advances in Electrospinning Technique
	4 Modification of Spinneret in Electrospinning Process
		4.1 Multi-needle Electrospinning
		4.2 Nozzle Free Electrospinning
	5 Modification of Collector in Electrospinning Process
	6 Conclusion
	7 Future Trends
	References
Fabrication of Multiscale Polymeric Fibres for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Fabrication Techniques of Nano/Micro Size Electrospun Nanofibres
		2.1 Coaxial, Emulsion and Co-electrospinning
		2.2 Edge Electrospinning
		2.3 Gap Electrospinning
		2.4 3D Jet Writing
		2.5 Caged Collector Electrospinning and Moving Spinneret
	3 Applications of Multiscale Fibrous Scaffolds
		3.1 Bone Tissue Engineering
		3.2 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
		3.3 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering
		3.4 Liver Tissue Engineering
		3.5 Neural Tissue Engineering
		3.6 Skin Tissue Engineering
		3.7 Tendon Tissue Engineering
	4 Conclusion
	References
Techniques to Fabricate Electrospun Nanofibers for Controlled Release of Drugs and Biomolecules
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrospun Fiber Fabrication Techniques and Mechanism of Biomolecule Delivery
		2.1 Electrospinning Process
			2.1.1 Physical Adsorption
			2.1.2 Covalent Immobilization
			2.1.3 Blend Electrospinning
			2.1.4 Coaxial Electrospinning
			2.1.5 Emulsion Electrospinning
			2.1.6 High Throughput Electrospinning
	3 Application of Electrospun Nanofibers for Therapeutic Delivery
		3.1 Transdermal and Wound Dressing
		3.2 Drug Delivery Systems
		3.3 Growth Factor Delivery System
		3.4 Gene Therapy
	References
New Prospects in Melt Electrospinning: From Fundamentals to Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Melt Electrospinning Configurations
		2.1 Multi-Temperature Control Melt Electrospinning
		2.2 Laser Melt Electrospinning
			2.2.1 Spot Laser Beam Melt Electrospinning
			2.2.2 Line Laser Beam Melt Electrospinning
		2.3 Melt Coaxial Electrospinning
		2.4 Needleless Melt Electrospinning
		2.5 Gas-Assist Melt Electrospinning
		2.6 Melt Electrospinning Writing
	3 Biomedical Applications
		3.1 Biosensors
		3.2 Drug Delivery
		3.3 Tissue Engineering
	4 Conclusions
	References
Centrifugal Spun Nanofibers and Its Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Fiber-Forming Systems
	3 Principle of Centrifugal Spinning
	4 Material and Machine Parameters Influencing the Fiber Formation
	5 Application of Centrifugal Spun Nanofibers in Various Biomedical Applications
		5.1 Tissue Engineering Applications of Centrifugal Spun Fibers
		5.2 Drug Delivery Applications of Centrifugal Spun Fibers
		5.3 Wound Dressing Applications of Centrifugal Spun Fibers
	6 Advances in Centrifugal Spinning Process
	7 Conclusion
	8 Future Trends
	References
Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofibrous Polymeric Yarns
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Yarns Depending on Nanofiber Alignment
	3 Electrospinning Strategies and Collector Designs for Nanofibrous Yarn Development
		3.1 Disc-Shaped Collector
			3.1.1 Electrospinning Towards the Center of the Disc
			3.1.2 Electrospinning Towards the Edge of the Disc
		3.2 Ring-Shaped Collector
		3.3 Filament-Shaped Collector
		3.4 Tube Collector
		3.5 Cylindrical Static Collector
		3.6 Glass Rod Collector
		3.7 Friction Double Cylinder
		3.8 Metal Frame
		3.9 Liquid Bath as Collector System
		3.10 Funnel-Shaped Collector
		3.11 Hemispherical-Shaped Collector
	4 Yarn Fabrication by Twisting Electrospun Membrane
	5 Collector-Less Yarning Process
	6 AC Electrospinning
	7 Recent Advances in the Applications of Nanofibrous Yarns in Biomedicine
	8 Conclusion
	References
Fabrication of Textile-Based Scaffolds Using Electrospun Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 ELS NFs BMA
		2.1 Wound Healing (WH) Properties
	3 Musculoskeletal Complications
	4 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
	5 Nephrology
	6 Drug Delivery
	7 Bone Regeneration (BR)
	8 Gynaecology
	9 Cancer Biology (CB)
	10 Snakebite (SKB)
	11 Neurology
	12 Diabetes (DT)
	13 Conclusion
	References
Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Piezoelectric Nanofibrous Scaffolds
	1 Introduction
	2 Significance of Piezoelectric Polymers
		2.1 Tissue Engineering Applications of Electrospun Piezoelectric Polymers
		2.2 Piezoelectric Polymers-Based Self-Powered Implantable Biomaterials
	3 Conclusion
	References
Surface Modified Polymeric Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
	1 Introduction
	2 Surface Modification of Polymeric Nanofibers
		2.1 Hydrogel Coating
		2.2 Chemical Treatment
		2.3 Plasma Treatment
	3 Conclusions and Future Outlook
	References
Polymer/Ceramic Nanocomposite Fibers in Bone Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Polymer/Ceramic Composite Nanofibers in Bone Tissue Engineering
		2.1 Silica-Based Ceramics
			2.1.1 Bioactive Glass
			2.1.2 Wollastonite (CaSiO3)
		2.2 Calcium Phosphate (CaP)-Based Ceramics
			2.2.1 Hydroxyapatite
			2.2.2 Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) (TCP; Ca3(PO4)2)
			2.2.3 Tetracalcium Phosphate (Ca4(PO4)2O; TTCP)
			2.2.4 Octacalcium Phosphate (OCP: Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)45H2O)
		2.3 Magnesium-Based Ceramics
			2.3.1 Magnesium Silicate or Forsterite (Mg2SiO4)
			2.3.2 Whitlockite (WH) (Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12)
			2.3.3 Akermanite [AK] (Ca2MgSi2O7])
		2.4 Carbon Nitride-Based Materials (C3N4)
		2.5 Calcium Sulfate (CS)
		2.6 Alumina (Al2O3)
	3 Conclusion
	References
Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Bioactive Nanoparticles Incorporated Nanofibers
	3 Growth Factors/Cytokines Incorporated Nanofibers
	4 Conductive Nanofibers
	5 Conclusion
	References
Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Neural Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of Electrospinning
	3 An Initiation to Tissue- Engineered Nerves
	4 Electrospun Scaffolds for Neural Tissue Engineering
		4.1 Natural Polymers
			4.1.1 Collagen
			4.1.2 Gelatin
			4.1.3 Alginate
			4.1.4 Chitosan
			4.1.5 Silk
			4.1.6 Miscellaneous
				Keratin
				Hyaluronic Acid
		4.2 Synthetic Polymers
			4.2.1 PVA
			4.2.2 PLGA
			4.2.3 PPy
			4.2.4 PCL
			4.2.5 PGS
			4.2.6 Miscellaneous
				PLA
				PGA
				PEDOT
			4.2.7 Carbon-Based Polymers
				Graphene
				CNTs
	5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
External Stimuli Responsive Nanofibers in Biomedical Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 External-Responsive Nanofibers
		2.1 Thermo-Responsive Nanofibers
		2.2 Magnetic-Responsive Nanofibers
		2.3 pH-Responsive Nanofibers
		2.4 Electrically-Responsive Nanofibers
		2.5 Biomolecule-Responsive Nanofibers
		2.6 Multi-responsive Nanofibers
	3 Biomedical Applications of External-Responsive Nanofibers
		3.1 Wound Dressings
		3.2 Drug Delivery
		3.3 Diagnosis
		3.4 Scaffolds for Cell Culture and Delivery
	4 Conclusions
	References
Electrospun Antimicrobial Polymeric Nanofibers in Wound Dressings
	1 Introduction
	2 Antibacterial Constituent
		2.1 Antibiotics
		2.2 Nanofibers Loaded with Metal Nanoparticles
		2.3 Plant Extracts
		2.4 Biomacromolecules
	3 Summary and Prospective
	References
Application of Electrospun Polymeric Fibrous Membranes as Patches for Atopic Skin Treatments
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges in Skin Treatment
		1.2 Electrospinning
	2 Electrospun Patches
		2.1 Patches from Biodegradable Polymers
			2.1.1 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)
			2.1.2 PHBV Fibers Blend with Evening Primrose Oil
			2.1.3 Polycaprolactone
		2.2 Patches from Non-biodegradable Polymers
			2.2.1 PVB Membranes and Urea
			2.2.2 PS and PA6 Composite Membranes
			2.2.3 PI Membranes
			2.2.4 PI Membranes with Chlorine
	3 Summary
	References
Nanofibrous Scaffolds for the Management of Periodontal Diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Brief Overview of the Periodontium
	3 Periodontal Diseases
	4 Treatment Strategies
		4.1 Traditional Treatment Strategies
		4.2 Regenerative Strategies
	5 Periodontal Regeneration and Nanofibrous Biomaterials
		5.1 Nanofibrous-Occlusive Membranes
			5.1.1 Drug Carrier Occlusive Membranes
			5.1.2 Bioactive Nanoparticles-Containing Occlusive Membranes
			5.1.3 Bilayered/Multilayered Occlusive Membranes
		5.2 Nanofibrous Scaffolds (Grafting Nanofibrous Biomaterials)
			5.2.1 Composite Nanofibrous Scaffold
			5.2.2 Delivery Vehicle Nanofibrous Scaffolds
				Drugs
				Genetic Materials
				Bioactive Factors
			5.2.3 Injectable Nanofibrous Scaffolds
			5.2.4 Multiphasic Nanofibrous Scaffolds
	6 Implant-Related Nanofibrous Biomaterials
	7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Recent Advances in Brain Tumour Therapy Using Electrospun Nanofibres
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Electrospun Nanofibres in the Brain Tumour Research
	3 Nanofibre as a Chemotherapeutic Delivery Platform
		3.1 Carmustine or BCNU
		3.2 Temozolomide (TMZ)
		3.3 Paclitaxel (PTX)
		3.4 Delivery of Other Therapeutics
	4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
Layered Fibrous Scaffolds/Membranes in Wound Healing
	1 Introduction
	2 Skin Structure, Function and Wound Healing Process
		2.1 Acute Wound Healing
		2.2 Chronic Wounds (Longer Than 12 Weeks)
	3 Polymers as Wound-Healing Materials
		3.1 Natural Polymers
			3.1.1 Alginate
			3.1.2 Chitosan
			3.1.3 Collagen
			3.1.4 Gelatin
			3.1.5 Hyaluronic Acid
			3.1.6 Silk Fibroin
		3.2 Synthetic Polymers
			3.2.1 Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) (PLGA)
			3.2.2 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
			3.2.3 Polyurethane (PU)
			3.2.4 Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
			3.2.5 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
	4 Cutaneous Scaffolds with Added Therapeutic Agents for Wound Treatment
		4.1 Growth Factors (GFs)
		4.2 Antibiotics
		4.3 Natural Substances
		4.4 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP)
		4.5 Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs)
		4.6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
	5 The Conceptual of Design of Layered Scaffolds/Membranes for Wound Healing
	6 Processing Techniques for Fibrous/Layered Wound Dressings
		6.1 Multi-layered Electrospun Membranes
		6.2 Combination of Three-Dimensional (3D) Porous Scaffolds with Nanofibers for Preparation of Layered/Fibrous Wound Dressings
		6.3 Combination of Hydrogel Scaffolds with Nanofibers for Preparation of Layered/Fibrous Wound Dressings
		6.4 Combination of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Scaffolds with Nanofibers for Preparation of Layered/Fibrous Wound Dressings
	7 Summary
	References