Electrophysiology Measurements for Studying Neural Interfaces

Electrophysiology Measurements for Studying Neural Interfaces
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
1. Bioelectricity and excitable membranes
	1.1 Introduction
		1.2.1 Neuron cell
		1.2.2 Signaling in nerve cells
		1.2.3 Retinal structure
	1.3 Cell structure
		1.3.1 Cell body
		1.3.2 Excitable membranes
		1.3.3 Equilibrium potentials and the Nernst equation
		1.3.4 Current-voltage relations of channels
	1.4 Superfamily of voltage-gated ion channels
		1.4.1 Voltage-gated sodium channels
		1.4.2 Voltage-gated calcium ion channels
		1.4.3 Voltage-gated potassium channels
		1.4.4 Inward transient voltage-gated potassium channels
		1.4.5 TRPV channels
	1.5 Hodgkin-Huxley model
	1.6 The Hodgkin-Huxley model predicts action potential shape
	1.7 Ionic currents and action potential shape
	1.8 Summary
	References
2. Principle of whole-cell patch-clamp and its applications in neural interface studies
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Electrophysiology setup
	2.3 Capillary glass electrodes
	2.4 Measurement principle
	2.5 Charge transfer mechanism
		2.5.1 Faradaic and capacitive charge transfer
	2.6 General protocol to patch cells
	2.7 Voltage clamp
	2.8 Current clamp
	2.9 Whole-cell recordings
	2.10 Extraction of H-H model parameters
		2.10.1 Time response of ionic currents (voltage clamp)
		2.10.2 Time response of membrane potential (current clamp)
		2.10.3 Membrane capacitance and resistance calculations
	2.11 Faradaic stimulation of neurons
	2.12 Capacitive stimulation of neurons
		2.12.1 Silicon capacitors for capacitive stimulation
	2.13 Anode break excitation
	2.14 Photocapacitive stimulation of cells by photoswitch (Ziapin2)
	2.15 Photovoltaic stimulation
		2.15.1 Quantum dots
		2.15.2 Organic semiconducting photocapacitors
		2.15.3 Perovskite
	2.16 Photothermal stimulation
		2.16.1 Thermocapacitive stimulation
		2.16.2 Organic polymers
	2.17 Conclusion
	References
3. Electrophysiological characteristics of neuron-like cancer cells and their applications for studying neural interfaces
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 PC12 cells and differentiation to neuronal-like cells
		3.2.1 Voltage-clamp and current-clamp measurement
		3.2.2 Differentiation protocol for PC12 cells
	3.3 NG108-15 cells
		3.3.1 Voltage-clamp and current-clamp experiments
		3.3.2 Sodium current and differentiation
		3.3.3 Protocol for NG108 differentiation
		3.3.4 Mathematical model for the shape of action potential analysis
		3.3.5 Photoelectrical stimulation of neuronal cells by an organic semiconductor-electrolyte interface
	3.4 SHSY-5Y cells
		3.4.1 Differentiation protocol for SHSY-5Y cells
		3.4.2 Nanoparticle-based plasmonic transduction for modulation of electrically excitable cells
	3.5 Neuro-2a
		3.5.1 Differentiation protocol for Neuro-2a cells
		3.5.2 Excitability of Neuro-2a cells
		3.5.3 Photoelectrical stimulation of neuronal cells by an organic semiconductor-electrolyte interface
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4. In vivo electrophysiology
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Spike sorting
		4.2.1 Current spike-sorting strategies
		4.2.2 Filtering
		4.2.3 Detection
		4.2.4 Feature extraction
		4.2.5 Clustering
	4.3 Animal studies
		4.3.1 In vivo study of retinal prosthesis (closed-loop photoelectrical stimulation)
		4.3.2 In vivo study of retinal prosthesis (photocapacitive stimulation)
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5. Calcium imaging and optical electrophysiology
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Neuronal calcium imaging
		5.2.1 Voltage-gated calcium channels
		5.2.2 N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptors
		5.2.3 Calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors
		5.2.4 Metabotropic glutamate receptors
		5.2.5 Calcium release and uptake from internal stores
	5.3 Fluorescent imaging
		5.3.1 Excitation
		5.3.2 Excited state lifetime
	5.4 Calcium indicators
		5.4.1 Synthetic calcium indicators
		5.4.2 Genetically encoded sensors
	5.5 Dye-loading approaches
	5.6 Analysis of calcium images and videos
		5.6.1 Principles for extracting cellular signals
	5.7 Optogenetics
		5.7.1 Tools of optogenetics—opsins
		5.7.2 Opsin and sensor compatibility
		5.7.3 Illumination sources
		5.7.4 Optical filtering
	5.8 Optical electrophysiology (Optopatch)
	5.9 Two-photon manipulation and imaging
	5.10 Calcium imaging in neuron cell death
	5.11 Conclusion
	References
6. Electronic circuits in patch-clamp system
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Power supply
	6.3 Signal generators
	6.4 Head stage
	6.5 Bioamplifier
	6.6 Voltage-clamp mode circuit
	6.7 Current-clamp mode circuit
	6.8 Capacitance compensation circuit
	6.9 Output nulling circuit
	6.10 Analog to digital convertor unit
	6.11 Model cell
	6.12 Calibration and operation tests
	6.13 Extracellular amplifier circuit
	6.14 Conclusion
	Appendix 1: Operational amplifier circuits
		A1.1 Op-amps
		A1.2 Inverting and noninverting amplifiers
		A1.3 Adder circuit
		A1.4 Negative capacitance circuit
	References
Index
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