Electronics for Physicists: An Introduction

Preface
Contents
1 The Basics
	Voltage and Current
	Simple Devices
	Kirchhoff’s Laws
	Resistors in Series
	Resistors in Parallel
	Effective Resistance
		Resistors in Parallel–Notation
	Solving Circuits with Circuit Reduction
	Solving Circuits with Algebra
		Branch and Mesh Currents
		Example—Using Kirchhoff’s Laws
		Nodal Analysis
	The Ideal Current Source
	The Ground and Common Connections
	Multiple Sources—The Superposition Theorem
	Electrical Power
	Additional Application—The Kelvin-Varley Divider
	Problems
2 Additional Theorems
	Thevenin and Norton Equivalents
		Determining the Thevenin and/or Norton Parameters
		How Is This Used for Circuit Reduction?
		Equivalent for an Infinite Array of Resistors
	The Wheatstone Bridge
		Wheatstone Bridge “Hieroglyphics”
	The Reciprocity Theorem
		Example—R-2R Ladder with Sources
	Delta-Y Conversion
	The Kelvin Bridge
		Additional Application—Resistivity of Lamellae
	Problems
	References
3 Complex Impedances
	What Is a Linear Device?
	Some Vocabulary
	Passive Linear Circuit Elements with Two Leads
	Idealized Sources
	RC and L/R Time Constants
		RC Time Constant Example
	Capacitors and Inductors with Sinusoidal Sources
	Superposition and Complex Impedances
	Series and Parallel Capacitors and Inductors
	Comments About Complex Arithmetic
	Solving Circuits Using Complex Impedances
	A.C. Power
	Condenser Microphones
	Problems
4 More on Capacitors and Inductors
	Real Capacitors and Inductors
	Measuring Capacitors and Inductors
	Capacitive Position Sensors
	A Simple Circuit for Measuring Inductors
	Switched Capacitor Methods
	Charging a Capacitor Efficiently
	Mutual Inductance and Transformers
	The Dot Convention for Transformers
	Inductive Position Sensors
	RLC Circuits
	Cable Models
		Cable Impedance
		Signal Speed in a Cable
		Impedance of Finite Cables
	Capacitor and Inductor Labels
	Duality
	Problems
	References
5 The Laplace Transform
	The Transform
	Laplace Transform Example 1
		Method I
		Method II
	Laplace Transform Example 2
	Laplace Transform Example 3
	Comment on Partial Fractions
	Poles and Zeros
	Problems
6 Diodes
	Semiconductor Diodes
	Diode Models
		Piece-Wise Linear Diode Models
		An Analytic Model for the Semiconductor Diode
	Solving Circuits with Diodes
		The Ideal Diode
			Half-Wave Rectifier
			Diode Limiter
			Diode Clamp and Voltage Doubler
			Full-Wave Rectifier
		Graphical Solutions
			Example Graphical Solution
	Diode Ratings
	Diode Capacitance and Response Time
	Specialty and Other Diodes
	Problems
7 FETs
	Junction Field Effect Transistors
	Circuit Analysis with a JFET
		Example 1—Determine Circuit Components
		Example 2—Determine Operating Point
	The FET A.C. Model
	FET Amplifier Configurations
	The Ohmic Region
	MOSFETs
	Additional Application—Dynamic Memory
	Problems
8 Bipolar Junction Transistors
	BJT D.C. Model
	BJT A.C. Model
	BJT Large Signal Example
		Graphical Solutions
		Single Supply Operation
		Solutions from Parameters
	BJT Amplifiers
		Common Emitter Amplifier Example
		Common Collector Amplifier Example
	Using the Saturation Region
	Problems
9 More on Amplifiers
	Miller’s Theorem
	Two-Transistor Configurations
		The Cascode Configuration
		The Darlington Pair
		Complementary Symmetry Amplifier (“Push-Pull”)
		Differential Amplifier
		Current Mirror
		Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) and Triacs
	Connecting Amplifiers
		Impedance Matching
	Problems
10 The Ideal Op-Amp
	Ideal Op-Amp Properties
	Linear Op-Amp Circuits
		Example 1—Buffer
		Example 2—Inverting Amplifier
		Example 3—Non-inverting Amplifier
		Example 4—Difference Amplifier
		Example 5—Summing Amplifier
		Example 6—Integrator
		Example 7—Low-Pass Filter
		Example 8—Instrumentation Amplifier
		Example 9—A Capacitive Sensor for Smaller Values of Capacitance
		Example 10—Negative Resistor
		Example 11—Constant Current Source
	Other Op-Amp Circuits
		Example 12—Non-linear Element in Feedback
		Example 13—Ideal Diode
		Example 14—Peak Follower
		Example 15—Log Amplifier
		Example 16—Absolute Value Circuit
	More Power
	Less Than Ideal Difference Amplifiers
		Finite Input Resistance and Gain
		Finite Frequency Range
		Small Signals and Drift
	Oscillations
	The Transconductance Amplifier
	Problems
	References
11 Non-linear Uses of Op-Amps
	Limited Output Range
	The Op-Amp Comparator
		Example 1—Low-Level Warning
		Example 2—Pulse Generator
		Example 3—Simple Oscillator
		Example 4—A Voting Circuit
		Example 5—Sine to Pulse Train Converter
		Example 6—Zero Crossing Detector
		Example 7—Pulse Conditioner/Lengthener
	Using the Comparator for Feedback
		Automatic Gain Control Amplifier
	Putting Pieces Together
		Simple Phase Sensitive Detector
	Problems
12 Digital I
	Boolean Algebra
	Useful Rules and Theorems for Boolean Algebra
	Digital Logic Circuits
	Combinations of Digital Logic Gates
		Example 1—Solving with Boolean Algebra
		Example 2—Solving with a Truth Table
		Example 3—Solving Both Ways
	Equivalent Circuits
	Gates Versus Logic Functions
	Decoders and Encoders
	Multiplexing
	Flip-Flop Circuits
	Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops
	A Directional Electric Eye
	Combinations of Flip-Flops
		Shift Register
		Binary Counter
	Other Non-logical Applications
		Very Short Pulse Generator
		Oscillators
	Problems
13 Digital II
	Binary and BCD Numbers
		Binary Numbers
		BCD Numbers
		Hexadecimal and Octal Notation
	Other Weighted Binary Codes
		The 4221 Code
		2 of 5 Codes
	Non-weighted Codes
		Gray Code
		The ASCII Code
	Bar Codes
		Interleaved 2 of 5
		UPC Codes
	Some Numeric Code Conversions
		Binary to Gray Code
		Gray Code to Base-2 Binary
		Decimal to Gray Code
		BCD to Binary Conversion
		Binary to BCD Conversion
	Digital to Analog Conversion
		The 1-Bit D/A
		A Summing D/A
	Analog to Digital Conversion
		Voltage to Frequency Conversion
		Timing Schemes
		Search Schemes
		Analog to Gray Code Conversion
	Quantization Noise
	Problems
	Reference
14 Calculators and Computers
	Adding Base-2 Numbers
	Two’s Complement Arithmetic
	A Simple Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
	Base-2 Multiplication
	Some Recursive Computations
		Compute 1/x
		Compute (1/x)½
		Compute x½
		Compute tan(x)
		Compute K(k)
	Communications
	Tri-state Outputs
	Simplified CPU
	Other Uses for Tri-state Devices
		Measuring a Small Capacitance
		Charlieplexing
	Problems
	References
Appendix
SI Units
Common Unit Prefixes
Fourier Series
	Outline placeholder
		The Basics
		How a Fourier Transform Works
Complex Numbers—A Review
	Outline placeholder
		The Basics
		Some Complex Identities
Index