Electronics: a systems approach

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Content......Page 8
Preface......Page 13
Guided Tour of the Book......Page 17
List of Videos......Page 19
 0 An introduction to video tutorials......Page 14
  1.8 Kirchhoff’s laws......Page 31
  1.12 Resistive potential dividers......Page 34
  Key points......Page 38
  2.2 Sine waves......Page 42
  2.4 Measuring voltages and currents......Page 50
  Key points......Page 59
  3.7 Kirchhoff’s laws......Page 67
  3.10 Nodal analysis......Page 77
  3.11 Mesh analysis......Page 80
  Key points......Page 84
  4.6 Capacitors in series and in parallel......Page 96
  Further study......Page 101
  5.12 Transformers ......Page 117
  Further study......Page 120
  6.2 Relationship between voltage and current......Page 125
  Key points......Page 142
  7.5 Power in circuits with resistance and reactance......Page 148
  Key points......Page 155
  8.10 Bode diagrams......Page 173
  Key points......Page 186
  9.4 Generalised response of first-order systems......Page 196
  Further study......Page 203
  Key points......Page 219
  11.3 Systems......Page 225
  Further study......Page 230
 12A Optical position sensors......Page 241
  Key points......Page 250
  13.3 Light actuators......Page 254
  Exercises......Page 261
  14.4 Equivalent circuit of an amplifier......Page 268
  14.6 Power gain......Page 275
  14.8 Differential amplifiers......Page 277
  Key points......Page 280
  15.4 Feedback systems......Page 287
  15.5 Negative feedback......Page 289
  Further study......Page 296
  16.3 Some basic operational amplifier circuits......Page 302
  16.4 Some other useful circuits......Page 307
 16C Frequency response of op-amp circuits......Page 322
 16D Input and output resistance of op-amp circuits......Page 323
  Further study......Page 325
  17.8 Diode circuits......Page 349
 17B A signal rectifier......Page 352
  Key points......Page 355
  18.6 FET amplifiers......Page 372
 18B Small signal equivalent circuit of an FET amplifier......Page 373
 18C A negative feedback amplifier based on a DE MOSFET......Page 384
  Further study......Page 403
  19.4 A simple amplifier......Page 413
  19.6 Bipolar amplifier circuits......Page 423
 19C Analysis of a feedback amplifier based on a bipolar transistor......Page 431
 19D A common collector amplifier......Page 452
  Key points......Page 467
 20A Push–pull amplifiers......Page 474
  20.3 Classes of amplifier......Page 476
  20.4 Power amplifiers......Page 479
  Key points......Page 495
  21.2 Bipolar operational amplifiers......Page 499
  21.3 CMOS operational amplifiers......Page 504
  Exercises......Page 509
  22.2 Noise sources......Page 512
  22.9 Electromagnetic compatibility......Page 519
  Key points......Page 533
  23.2 Oscillators......Page 535
 23B Digital oscillators......Page 540
  Key points......Page 547
  24.2 Binary quantities and variables......Page 549
  24.3 Logic gates......Page 553
  24.5 Combinational logic......Page 559
  24.7 Algebraic simplification......Page 567
  24.8 Karnaugh maps......Page 569
 24F Binary arithmetic......Page 584
  24.12 Numeric and alphabetic codes......Page 590
  Further study......Page 602
  25.1 Introduction......Page 607
  25.7 Shift registers......Page 624
  25.8 Counters......Page 627
  Further study......Page 646
 26A Transistors as switches......Page 655
  26.3 Logic families......Page 659
  26.4 TTL......Page 669
  26.5 CMOS......Page 680
 26E Implementing complex gates in CMOS......Page 688
  26.6 Interfacing TTL and CMOS or logic using different supply voltages......Page 694
  26.7 Power dissipation in digital systems......Page 696
  Key points......Page 704
  27.1 Introduction......Page 708
 27B Programmable logic array (PLA)......Page 710
 27C Programmable array logic (PAL)......Page 714
 27D Complex array logic......Page 721
  27.3 Microprocessors......Page 729
 27F Input/output techniques......Page 750
 27G Interrupt driven input/output......Page 755
  Further study......Page 764
  28.2 Sampling......Page 768
 28B Digital to analogue conversion......Page 771
  28.6 Multiplexing......Page 778
  Key points......Page 781
  29.1 Introduction......Page 783
  29.3 Modulation......Page 788
 29C Digital and pulse modulation......Page 797
  29.6 Radio receivers......Page 803
  Further study......Page 805
  30.2 Design methodology......Page 808
  Further study......Page 818
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Part 1 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND COMPONENTS......Page 22
  1.1 Introduction......Page 24
  1.2 Système International units......Page 25
  1.4 Electrical circuits......Page 26
  1.6 Resistors, capacitors and inductors......Page 29
  1.7 Ohm’s law......Page 30
  1.9 Power dissipation in resistors......Page 32
  1.11 Resistors in parallel......Page 33
  1.13 Sinusoidal quantities......Page 36
  1.14 Circuit symbols......Page 37
  Exercises......Page 39
  2.1 Introduction......Page 41
  2.3 Square waves......Page 49
  2.5 Analogue ammeters and voltmeters......Page 51
  2.6 Digital multimeters......Page 55
  2.7 Oscilloscopes......Page 56
  Exercises......Page 60
  3.2 Current and charge......Page 63
  3.3 Voltage sources......Page 64
  3.5 Resistance and Ohm’s law......Page 65
  3.6 Resistors in series and parallel......Page 66
  3.8 Thévenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem......Page 70
  3.9 Superposition......Page 74
  3.13 Choice of techniques......Page 83
  Exercises......Page 85
  4.2 Capacitors and capacitance......Page 90
  4.3 Capacitors and alternating voltages and currents......Page 92
  4.4 The effect of a capacitor’s dimensions on its capacitance......Page 93
  4.5 Electric field strength and electric flux density......Page 94
  4.7 Relationship between voltage and current in a capacitor......Page 97
  4.8 Sinusoidal voltages and currents......Page 99
  4.9 Energy stored in a charged capacitor......Page 100
  Exercises......Page 102
  5.2 Electromagnetism......Page 104
  5.4 Inductance......Page 108
  5.5 Self-inductance......Page 109
  5.6 Inductors......Page 110
  5.8 Relationship between voltage and current in an inductor......Page 112
  5.9 Sinusoidal voltages and currents......Page 114
  5.10 Energy storage in an inductor......Page 115
  5.11 Mutual inductance......Page 116
  5.13 Circuit symbols......Page 118
  5.14 The use of inductance in sensors......Page 119
  Key points......Page 121
  Exercises......Page 122
  6.1 Introduction......Page 124
  6.3 Reactance of inductors and capacitors......Page 126
  6.4 Phasor diagrams......Page 129
  6.5 Impedance......Page 135
  6.6 Complex notation......Page 136
  Exercises......Page 143
  7.2 Power dissipation in resistive components......Page 146
  7.3 Power in capacitors......Page 147
  7.6 Active and reactive power......Page 150
  7.7 Power factor correction......Page 152
  7.8 Three-phase systems......Page 153
  7.9 Power measurement......Page 154
  Exercises......Page 156
  8.2 Two-port networks......Page 157
  8.3 The decibel (dB)......Page 159
  8.4 Frequency response......Page 161
  8.5 A high-pass RC network......Page 162
  8.6 A low-pass RC network......Page 167
  8.7 A low-pass RL network......Page 170
  8.8 A high-pass RL network......Page 171
  8.9 A comparison of RC and RL networks......Page 172
  8.11 Combining the effects of several stages......Page 174
  8.12 RLC circuits and resonance......Page 176
  8.13 Filters......Page 181
  8.14 Stray capacitance and inductance......Page 185
  Exercises......Page 187
  9.2 Charging of capacitors and energising of inductors......Page 190
  9.3 Discharging of capacitors and de-energising of inductors......Page 194
  9.5 Second-order systems......Page 202
  Exercises......Page 204
  10.2 A simple AC generator......Page 207
  10.3 A simple DC generator......Page 209
  10.4 DC generators or dynamos......Page 211
  10.5 AC generators or alternators......Page 212
  10.6 DC motors......Page 213
  10.7 AC motors......Page 214
  10.9 Stepper motors......Page 216
  10.10 Electrical machines – a summary......Page 218
  Exercises......Page 220
Part 2 ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS......Page 222
  11.1 Introduction......Page 224
  11.4 System inputs and outputs......Page 226
  11.5 Physical quantities and electrical signals......Page 227
  11.6 System block diagrams......Page 229
  Exercises......Page 231
  12.1 Introduction......Page 232
  12.2 Describing sensor performance......Page 233
  12.3 Temperature sensors......Page 235
  12.4 Light sensors......Page 236
  12.6 Displacement sensors......Page 238
  12.7 Motion sensors......Page 244
  12.8 Sound sensors......Page 245
  12.9 Sensor interfacing......Page 246
  12.10 Sensors – a summary......Page 248
  Exercises......Page 251
  13.2 Heat actuators......Page 253
  13.4 Force, displacement and motion actuators......Page 255
  13.5 Sound actuators......Page 257
  13.6 Actuator interfacing......Page 258
  13.7 Actuators – a summary......Page 259
  14.1 Introduction......Page 263
  14.2 Electronic amplifiers......Page 265
  14.3 Sources and loads......Page 266
  14.5 Output power......Page 272
  14.7 Frequency response and bandwidth......Page 276
  14.9 Simple amplifiers......Page 279
  Exercises......Page 281
  15.1 Introduction......Page 283
  15.2 Open-loop and closed-loop systems......Page 284
  15.3 Automatic control systems......Page 285
  15.6 The effects of negative feedback......Page 293
  Key points......Page 297
  Exercises......Page 298
  16.1 Introduction......Page 300
  16.5 Real operational amplifiers......Page 316
  16.6 Selecting component values for op-amp circuits......Page 320
  16.7 The effects of feedback on op-amp circuits......Page 321
  Key points......Page 326
  Exercises......Page 327
  17.2 Electrical properties of solids......Page 330
  17.3 Semiconductors......Page 331
  17.4 pn junctions......Page 333
  17.5 Diodes......Page 336
  17.6 Semiconductor diodes......Page 337
  17.7 Special-purpose diodes......Page 345
  Exercises......Page 356
  18.2 An overview of field-effect transistors......Page 358
  18.3 Insulated-gate field-effect transistors......Page 360
  18.4 Junction-gate field-effect transistors......Page 362
  18.5 FET characteristics......Page 364
  18.7 Other FET applications......Page 395
  18.8 FET circuit examples......Page 400
  Exercises......Page 404
  19.2 An overview of bipolar transistors......Page 408
  19.3 Bipolar transistor operation......Page 410
  19.5 Bipolar transistor characteristics......Page 414
  19.7 Bipolar transistor applications......Page 462
  19.8 Circuit examples......Page 464
  Exercises......Page 469
  20.1 Introduction......Page 472
  20.2 Bipolar transistor power amplifiers......Page 473
  20.5 Four-layer devices......Page 485
  20.6 Power supplies and voltage regulators......Page 489
  Exercises......Page 496
  21.1 Introduction......Page 498
  21.5 BiMOS operational amplifiers......Page 508
  22.1 Introduction......Page 511
  22.3 Representing noise sources within equivalent circuits......Page 515
  22.6 Signal-to-noise ratio......Page 516
  22.7 Noise figure......Page 517
  22.8 Designing for low-noise applications......Page 518
  22.10 Designing for EMC......Page 524
  Exercises......Page 534
  23.3 Stability......Page 543
  Exercises......Page 548
  24.4 Boolean algebra......Page 557
  24.6 Boolean algebraic manipulation......Page 564
  24.9 Automated methods of minimisation......Page 576
  24.10 Propagation delay and hazards......Page 577
  24.11 Number systems and binary arithmetic......Page 579
  24.13 Examples of combinational logic design......Page 596
  Key points......Page 603
  Exercises......Page 604
  25.2 Bistables......Page 608
  25.3 Monostables or one-shots......Page 618
  25.4 Astables......Page 619
  25.5 Timers......Page 621
  25.6 Memory registers......Page 623
  25.9 Design of sequential logic circuits......Page 635
  Key points......Page 647
  Exercises......Page 648
  26.1 Introduction......Page 651
  26.2 Gate characteristics......Page 653
  26.8 Noise and EMC in digital systems......Page 698
  Exercises......Page 705
  27.2 Array logic......Page 709
  27.5 Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)......Page 763
  Key points......Page 765
  Exercises......Page 766
  28.4 Data converters......Page 770
  Exercises......Page 782
  29.2 The communications channel......Page 785
  29.5 Multiplexing......Page 802
  Exercises......Page 806
  30.3 Choice of technology......Page 810
  30.4 Electronic design tools......Page 814
  Exercises......Page 819
 A Symbols......Page 820
 B SI units and prefixes......Page 823
 C Op-amp circuits......Page 825
 D Complex numbers......Page 830
 E Answers to selected exercises......Page 835
Index......Page 838