Electronic materials science

Cover......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 12
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 16
1.2 STRUCTURE AND DIFFRACTION......Page 18
1.3 DEFECTS......Page 19
1.5 PHASE EQUILIBRIA......Page 20
1.7 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE......Page 21
1.8 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES AND DEVICES......Page 22
1.9 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS SCIENCE......Page 23
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 24
2.2 ORDER......Page 25
2.3 THE LATTICE......Page 27
2.4 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE......Page 31
2.5.1 Naming Planes......Page 32
2.5.2 Lattice Directions......Page 34
2.6.1 Planar Spacing Formulas......Page 36
2.6.2 Close Packing......Page 37
2.7 THE WIGNER-SEITZ CELL......Page 39
2.8 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 2.8.1 Structures for Elements......Page 40
2.8.2 Structures for Compounds......Page 41
2.8.3 Solid Solutions......Page 43
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 46
3.2 PHASE DIFFERENCE AND BRAGG’S LAW......Page 48
3.3 THE SCATTERING PROBLEM......Page 52
3.3.1 Coherent Scattering from an Electron......Page 53
3.3.3 Coherent Scattering from a Unit Cell......Page 55
3.3.4 Structure Factor Calculations......Page 58
3.4.1 Why Reciprocal Space?......Page 60
3.4.2 Definition of RESP......Page 61
3.4.3 Definition of a Reciprocal Lattice Vector......Page 63
3.4.3 The Ewald Construction......Page 65
3.5.2 Powder Method......Page 68
3.6 WAVE VECTOR REPRESENTATION......Page 70
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 76
4.2.1 Review of Some Thermodynamics......Page 77
4.3 POINT DEFECTS......Page 81
4.4 THE STATISTICS OF POINT DEFECTS......Page 82
4.5 LINE DEFECTS—DISLOCATIONS......Page 86
4.5.1 Edge Dislocations......Page 88
4.5.2 Screw Dislocations......Page 89
4.5.3 Burger’s Vector and the Burger Circuit......Page 91
4.6 PLANAR DEFECTS 4.6.1 Grain Boundaries......Page 92
4.6.2 Twin Boundaries......Page 93
4.7 THREE-DIMENSIONAL DEFECTS......Page 94
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFUSION EQUATIONS......Page 96
5.2 ATOMISTIC THEORY OF DIFFUSION: FICK’S LAWS AND A THEORY FOR......Page 98
5.3 RANDOM WALK PROBLEM......Page 102
5.3.2 Relation of D to Random Walk......Page 104
5.3.3 Self-Diffusion Vacancy Mechanism in a FCC Crystal......Page 105
5.4 OTHER MASS TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 5.4.1 Permeability versus Diffusion......Page 106
5.5 MATHEMATICS OF DIFFUSION......Page 109
5.5.1 Steady State Diffusion—Fick’s First Law......Page 110
5.5.2 Non–Steady State Diffusion—Fick’s Second Law......Page 112
6.2 THE GIBBS PHASE RULE 6.2.1 Definitions......Page 126
6.2.2 Equilibrium Among Phases—The Phase Rule......Page 128
6.2.3 Applications of the Phase Rule......Page 130
6.2.4 Construction of Phase Diagrams: Theory and Experiment......Page 131
6.2.5 The Tie Line Principle......Page 135
6.2.6 The Lever Rule......Page 136
6.2.7 Examples of Phase Equilibria......Page 140
6.3 NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF PHASES 6.3.1 Thermodynamics of Phase Transformations......Page 145
6.3.2 Nucleation......Page 148
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 154
7.2 ELASTICITY RELATIONSHIPS......Page 156
7.2.1 True versus Engineering Strain......Page 158
7.2.2 Nature of Elasticity and Young’s Modulus......Page 159
7.3 AN ANALYSIS OF STRESS BY THE EQUATION OF MOTION......Page 162
7.4 HOOKE’S LAW FOR PURE DILATATION AND PURE SHEAR......Page 165
7.6 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG E, e, AND n......Page 166
7.7 RELATIONSHIPS AMONG E, G, AND n......Page 168
7.8 RESOLVING THE NORMAL FORCES......Page 171
8.2 PLASTICITY OBSERVATIONS......Page 176
8.3 ROLE OF DISLOCATIONS......Page 178
8.4.1 Thermal Behavior of Amorphous Solids......Page 190
8.4.2 Time-Dependent Deformation of Amorphous Materials......Page 192
8.4.3 Models for Network Solids......Page 194
8.4.4 Elastomers......Page 198
9.2 WAVES, ELECTRONS, AND THE WAVE FUNCTION 9.2.1 Representation of Waves......Page 202
9.2.2 Matter Waves......Page 204
9.2.3 Superposition......Page 205
9.2.4 Electron Waves......Page 210
9.3 QUANTUM MECHANICS......Page 211
9.3.2 Dispersion of Electron Waves and the SE......Page 212
9.3.3 Classical and QM Wave Equations......Page 214
9.3.4 Solutions to the SE......Page 215
9.4 ELECTRON ENERGY BAND REPRESENTATIONS 9.4.1 Parallel Band Picture......Page 230
9.4.2 k Space Representations......Page 231
9.4.3 Brillouin Zones......Page 234
9.5 REAL ENERGY BAND STRUCTURES......Page 236
9.6 OTHER ASPECTS OF ELECTRON ENERGY BAND STRUCTURE......Page 239
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 244
10.2.1 Density of States Function, DOS......Page 245
10.2.2 The Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function......Page 247
10.2.3 Occupancy of Electronic States......Page 250
10.3 POSITION OF THE FERMI ENERGY......Page 251
10.4.1 Free Electron Theory for Electrical Conduction......Page 255
10.4.2 Quantum Theory of Electronic Conduction......Page 259
10.4.3 Superconductivity......Page 262
10.5.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors......Page 268
10.5.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors......Page 272
10.5.3 Semiconductor Measurements......Page 276
10.6 ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIC MATERIALS......Page 279
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 284
11.2.1 Metal–Metal Junctions......Page 285
11.2.2 Metal–Semiconductor Junctions......Page 286
11.2.3 Semiconductor–Semiconductor PN Junctions......Page 289
11.3 SELECTED DEVICES......Page 290
11.3.1 Passive Devices......Page 291
11.3.2 Active Devices......Page 294
11.4.1 Heterojunction Nanostructures......Page 305
11.4.2 2-D and 3-D Nanostructures......Page 308
INDEX......Page 312