Electrochemistry for Cultural Heritage

Series Editors’ Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
About the Series Editors
Abbreviations
1 Application of Instrumental Methods in the Analysis of Historical, Artistic, and Archaeological Objects
	1.1 Archaeology and Conservation of Cultural Heritage
		1.1.1 Archaeology, Archaeometry, and Archaeological Science
		1.1.2 Conservation of Cultural Heritage
		1.1.3 A Brief History of the Scientific Analysis of Cultural Heritage
	1.2 Role of the Analytical Methods in Archaeometrical and Cultural Heritage Research
	1.3 Information Provided by the Analytical Research
		1.3.1 Analytical Information Obtained from the Object
		1.3.2 Analytical Information Obtained from the Environment
		1.3.3 Analytical Information Obtained from the Conservation Processes
	1.4 Analytical Methodologies Applied to Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Research
		1.4.1 Requirements of the Analytical Methodologies
		1.4.2 Sampling Strategy
		1.4.3 Preparation of Samples
		1.4.4 Data Measurement and Processing
	1.5 An Overview of Scientific Methods Applied in Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Research
		1.5.1 Analytical Methods
		1.5.2 Dating Methods
	References
2 Electrochemical Processes and Techniques
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Voltammetry of Immobilized Microparticles
		2.2.1 Voltammetry, General Aspects and Conventions
		2.2.2 Solid-State Transformations
		2.2.3 Reductive/Oxidative Dissolution Processes
		2.2.4 Redox Processes with Phase Changes
	2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
		2.3.1 Impedance Measurements and Impedance Spectroscopy
		2.3.2 Circuit Elements and Equivalent Circuits
	2.4 Other Techniques
		2.4.1 Combination with Non-electrochemical Techniques
		2.4.2 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
	2.5 A Note on Thermochemical Calculations
	References
3 Voltammetry: The Essentials
	3.1 General Aspects
	3.2 The Electrochemical Reaction
	3.3 Reversible Solution-Phase Voltammetry Under Diffusion Control
	3.4 Resistive and Capacitive Effects
	3.5 Deviations from Reversibility and Coupled Chemical Reactions
	3.6 Voltammetry of Surface-Confined Species
	3.7 Voltammetry of Oxidation/Reduction of Ion-Permeable Solids
	3.8 Voltammetry of Oxidative/Reductive Dissolution Processes
	3.9 Voltammetry of Solid-to-Solid Redox Transformations
	3.10 Electrocatalysis
	References
4 Analytical Issues
	4.1 Generalities
	4.2 Identification of Components
		4.2.1 Voltammetric Parameters
		4.2.2 Tafel-Type Analysis
	4.3 Quantification
		4.3.1 General Aspects
		4.3.2 Voltammetric and Coulometric Quantification Strategies
		4.3.3 Standard Addition Methods
		4.3.4 Quantification in the Presence of Interferents
	4.4 Speciation
	4.5 Electrochemical Data Processing
		4.5.1 Handling Electrochemical Signals
		4.5.2 Bivariant and Multivariant Techniques
	References
5 Pigments and Paintings I
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Identification of Inorganic Pigments
	5.3 Pigment Mixtures
	5.4 Identification of Organic Pigments
	5.5 Pigments and Binding Media
	5.6 Nanoscale Characterization and Mapping of Pictorial Components
	References
6 Pigment and Paintings II
	6.1 Electrochemical Characterization of Workshops
	6.2 Degradation Processes; Pigment Alteration in Extreme Heritage
	6.3 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Pigments: The Maya Blue Problem
	References
7 Ceramic, Glass, and Glazed Materials I
	7.1 Ceramic, Glass, and Glazed Heritage
	7.2 Detection and Characterization of Electroactive Species
	7.3 Speciation
	7.4 Characterization of Archaeological Glass Sites
	7.5 Glass Alteration and Dating
	References
8 Ceramics, Glasses, and Glazed Materials II
	8.1 Pottery, an Overview
	8.2 Electrochemistry of Pottery
	8.3 Characterization of Archaeological Sites
	8.4 Information on Manufacturing Techniques
	8.5 Impedance Analysis
	8.6 Dating
	References
9 Organic Materials
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Vegetal Electrochemistry
	9.3 Wooden Objects
	9.4 Paper
	9.5 Charcoal
	9.6 Tar Pitch
	9.7 Dating
	References
10 Metallic Heritage: Electrochemistry of Corrosion Products
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Corrosion of Metal Objects
	10.3 Identification of Metals and Corrosion Products
	10.4 In-Depth Electrochemistry
	10.5 Archaeometric Issues
	10.6 Impedance Analysis
	10.7 Gold Electrochemistry
	References
11 Metallic Heritage: Electrochemistry of Metal Objects
	11.1 Direct Electrochemistry of Metal Artifacts
	11.2 Diagnosis
		11.2.1 Polarization Curves
		11.2.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
		11.2.3 Open-Circuit Potential
		11.2.4 Other Techniques
	11.3 Preservation of Metallic Heritage
		11.3.1 Selective Removal and Anodization
		11.3.2 Protective Coatings
		11.3.3 Electrochemical Treatments, Dechlorination
	References
12 Electrochemical Metal Dating
	12.1 Time and Electrochemistry, an Overview
	12.2 Dating of Corroded Metals
		12.2.1 Antecedents
		12.2.2 Lead
		12.2.3 Copper and Bronze
		12.2.4 Leaded Bronze
	12.3 Gold Dating
	12.4 Prospective on Metal Dating
	References
Index