Electrochemical Engineering Across Scales: From Molecules Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Advances in Electrochemical Science and Engineering Series : Volume 15
Electrochemical Engineering Across Scales: from Molecules to Processes
Copyright
Contents
Series Preface
Preface
List of Contributors
1. The Role of Electrochemical Engineering in Our Energy Future
	References
2. The Path from Invention to Product for the Magnetic Thin Film Head
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The State of the Art in the 1960s
		2.2.1 The Processor
		2.2.2 Memory
		2.2.3 Data Storage
		2.2.4 Electroplating Technology
	2.3 Finding the Right Path to Production
		2.3.1 First Demonstrations of a Thin Film Head
		2.3.2 Interdisciplinary Design of a Functional Head
		2.3.3 Early Tie-in to Manufacturing
		2.3.4 The Integration of Many Inventions
	2.4 Key Inventions for Thin Film Head Production
		2.4.1 Device Structures
		2.4.2 The Plating Process
			2.4.2.1 The Paddle Cell
			2.4.2.2 The Electroplating Bath, Deposition Parameters, and Controls
		2.4.3 Patterning
			2.4.3.1 Through-mask Plating
			2.4.3.2 Frame Plating
			2.4.3.3 Ancillary Issues in Pattern Plating
		2.4.4 Materials
			2.4.4.1 Magnetic Materials Studies
			2.4.4.2 Hard-Baked Resist as Insulation
	2.5 Concluding Thoughts
		2.5.1 Fabrication Technology - the Key to a Manufactured Product
		2.5.2 Matching Product and Process
		2.5.3 An Interdisciplinary Combination of Science, Engineering, and Intuition
	Acknowledgments
	References
3. Electrochemical Surface Processes and Opportunities for Material Synthesis
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Underpotential Deposition (UPD)
	3.3 Metal Deposition via Surface-Limited Redox Replacement of Underpotentially Deposited Metal Layer
		3.3.1 General Description
		3.3.2 Stoichiometry of SLRR Reactions and Deposition Process
		3.3.3 Driving Force for SLRR Reaction and Nucleation Rate of Depositing Metal
		3.3.4 Reaction Kinetics of Surface-Limited Redox Replacement
		3.3.5 Future Directions
	3.4 Underpotential Codeposition (UPCD)
		3.4.1 Energetics: Beyond the Thermodynamic Approximation
			3.4.1.1 Ion Adsorption at the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface
			3.4.1.2 Potential of Zero Charge (PZC)
			3.4.1.3 Surface Defects, Reconstruction, and Segregation
			3.4.1.4 Atomistic Description of the Growth Process
		3.4.2 Kinetics
		3.4.3 Equilibrium Alloy Structure and Phase Formation
			3.4.3.1 Binary Alloys Forming Solid Solutions and Ordered Compounds
			3.4.3.2 Intermetallic Compounds
			3.4.3.3 Alloys Immiscible in the Bulk
		3.4.4 Structure and Morphology of UPCD Alloy Films
			3.4.4.1 Crystallographic Structure and Microstructure
			3.4.4.2 Film Morphology
		3.4.5 Applications of UPCD Growth Methods
			3.4.5.1 Catalysis and Electrocatalysis
			3.4.5.2 Photovoltaics
			3.4.5.3 Magnetic Recording and Microsystems
	Acknowledgments
	References
4. Mathematical Modeling of Self-Organized Porous Anodic Oxide Films
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Phenomenology of Porous Anodic Oxide Formation
	4.3 Mechanisms for Porous Anodic Oxide Formation
	4.4 Elements of Porous Anodic Oxide Models
		4.4.1 Ionic Migration Fluxes and Field Equations
		4.4.2 Bulk Motion of Oxide
		4.4.3 Interfacial Reactions
		4.4.4 Boundary Conditions
		4.4.5 Interface Motion
	4.5 Modeling Results
		4.5.1 Steady-State Porous Layer Growth
		4.5.2 Linear Stability Analysis
		4.5.3 Morphology Evolution
	4.6 Summary and Outlook
	References
5. Engineering of Self-Organizing Electrochemistry: Porous Alumina and Titania Nanotubes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Formation and Growth of TiO2 and Al2O3 Nanotubes/Pores
		5.2.1 General Aspects of Electrochemical Anodization and Self-Organization
		5.2.2 Some Critical Factors/Aspects in the Self-Organization Phenomenology
			5.2.2.1 Duplex or Double Wall Structure of Al2O3 and TiO2
			5.2.2.2 Tubes versus Pores
			5.2.2.3 Geometry Control
	5.3 Improved Ordering via Nanopatterning
		5.3.1 Al2O3
		5.3.2 TiO2
	5.4 Crystallinity and Composition
	5.5 Applications
		5.5.1 Anodic Al2O3 as Template Materials
		5.5.2 Anodic TiO2 for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
			5.5.2.1 Tube Geometry
			5.5.2.2 Crystallinity
			5.5.2.3 Approaches to Enhance the Surface Area
			5.5.2.4 Doping
			5.5.2.5 Single Wall Morphology
		5.5.3 Prospect for Commercialization
			5.5.3.1 Processing Speed
			5.5.3.2 Design: Backside versus Front-Side Illumination
			5.5.3.3 Flexible Substrate
			5.5.3.4 Scale-Up
			5.5.3.5 Long-Term Stability
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6. Diffusion-Induced Stress within Core-Shell Structures and Implications for Robust Electrode Design and Materials Selection
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Ab initio Simulations: Informing Continuum Models
	6.3 Governing Equations for the Continuum Model
		6.3.1 Thermodynamics
		6.3.2 Solute Diffusion
		6.3.3 Solid Mechanics
		6.3.4 Analytic Solution for Initial Stress Distribution
	6.4 Results and Discussion
		6.4.1 Initial Condition
		6.4.2 Transient Behavior
		6.4.3 Application to a Host-SEI Core-Shell System
	6.5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
7. Cost-Based Discovery for Engineering Solutions
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 The Winds of Change: Integrating Intermittent Renewables
		7.1.2 Cost is the Determining Factor
		7.1.3 The Path Forward
	7.2 The Liquid Metal Battery as a Grid Storage Solution
		7.2.1 Principles of Operation
		7.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses
			7.2.2.1 Scientific Advantages
			7.2.2.2 Technology Scale-Up
			7.2.2.3 Market Flexibility
		7.2.3 Review of Competitive Technologies
		7.2.4 Down-Selection
			7.2.4.1 Cost
			7.2.4.2 Temperature
			7.2.4.3 Scalability
	7.3 Historical Odyssey
		7.3.1 Molten Salts in Sodium Electrodeposition
		7.3.2 Molten Salts in Nuclear Reactor Development
			7.3.2.1 Aggregated Properties
			7.3.2.2 Corrosion Mechanisms
		7.3.3 Molten Salts in Energy Storage Devices
		7.3.4 The Window of Opportunity
	7.4 Project Description
	7.5 Conclusion
	References
8. Multiscale Study of Electrochemical Energy Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Architectures of Energy Systems
		8.2.1 The System and Its Boundary Conditions
		8.2.2 Architectures of Multiscale Energy Systems
		8.2.3 Agent-Based Approaches for Run-Time Simulation and Optimization
	8.3 The Big Picture
		8.3.1 Centralized versus Decentralized Systems
		8.3.2 Decentralized Energy Systems: a Closer Look
	8.4 Storage Components
		8.4.1 How to Store Energy
		8.4.2 Selected Energy Storage Devices
			8.4.2.1 Li-Ion Batteries
			8.4.2.2 Post Li-Ion Batteries
			8.4.2.3 Redox Flow Batteries
		8.4.3 Application to a City Block
	8.5 Conversion Components, DEFC
		8.5.1 Introduction to DEFC
		8.5.2 Ethanol versus Other Fuels
		8.5.3 Indirect versus Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell
			8.5.3.1 Effect of Temperature on DEFC Performance
			8.5.3.2 Stack Hardware and Design
	8.6 Materials and Molecular Processes
		8.6.1 DEFC Components
		8.6.2 MEA and Electrodes
		8.6.3 DEFC Processes
			8.6.3.1 Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Acidic Media
		8.6.4 Anode Catalysts
			8.6.4.1 Pt-Sn as DEFC Anode Catalyst
			8.6.4.2 Ethanol Oxidation Reaction in Alkaline Media
			8.6.4.3 Elevated Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Membranes - Pros and Cons
		8.6.5 Model Catalysts
			8.6.5.1 Creating Nanostructured Model Surfaces
			8.6.5.2 Acidic Media
			8.6.5.3 Alkaline Media
			8.6.5.4 A Few Words about Cathode Catalysts (Conventional and MeOH Tolerant Catalysts)
	8.7 Conclusions - Folding It Back
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index