Electroceramics: Materials, Properties, Applications, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Electroceramics: Materials, Properties, Applications, Second Edition......Page 6
ISBN 9780471497486......Page 7
CONTENTS......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 18
Glossary......Page 20
1: Introduction......Page 22
2.1 Atoms......Page 26
2.2 The arrangement of ions in ceramics......Page 31
2.3 Spontaneous polarization......Page 38
2.4 Phase transitions......Page 40
2.5.1 Non-stoichiometry......Page 41
2.5.2 Point defects......Page 42
2.6.1 Charge transport parameters......Page 45
2.6.2 Electronic conduction......Page 48
2.6.3 Ionic conduction......Page 64
2.6.4 Summary......Page 68
2.6.5 Schottky barriers to conduction......Page 69
2.7.1 Dielectrics in static electric fields......Page 73
2.7.2 Dielectrics in alternating electric fields......Page 81
2.7.3 Barium titanate – the prototype ferroelectric ceramic......Page 92
2.7.4 Mixtures of dielectrics......Page 103
2.7.5 Impedance spectroscopy......Page 106
Problems......Page 111
Bibliography......Page 113
3.1 General......Page 116
3.3 Raw materials......Page 117
3.4 Powder preparation – mixing and grinding......Page 118
3.4.2 The oxalate route......Page 121
3.5 Calcination......Page 122
3.6 Shaping......Page 124
3.6.1 Dry-pressing......Page 125
3.6.2 Isostatic-pressing......Page 127
3.6.4 Extrusion......Page 128
3.6.5 Colloidal processing: slip-casting......Page 129
3.6.6 Tape-casting......Page 130
3.6.7 Calendering and viscous polymer processing......Page 131
3.6.9 Films and layers......Page 132
3.7.1 Densification......Page 135
3.7.2 Hot-pressing......Page 136
3.7.3 Isostatic hot-pressing......Page 137
3.7.4 Glass-ceramics......Page 138
3.8 Finishing......Page 139
3.9 Porous materials......Page 140
3.10 Processing and electroceramics research and development......Page 141
3.11 The growth of single crystals......Page 142
Problems......Page 151
Bibliography......Page 154
4.1 High-temperature heating elements and electrodes......Page 156
4.1.1 Silicon carbide......Page 157
4.1.3 Lanthanum chromite......Page 162
4.1.4 Tin oxide......Page 163
4.2.1 Thin films......Page 166
4.2.2 Thick films......Page 168
4.3.1 Electrical characteristics and applications......Page 171
4.3.2 Silicon carbide......Page 176
4.3.3 Zinc oxide......Page 177
4.4 Temperature-sensitive resistors......Page 180
4.4.1 Negative temperature coefficient resistors (NTC thermistors)......Page 181
4.4.2 Positive temperature coefficient resistors (PTC thermistors)......Page 188
4.5.1 The stimulus for developing fuel cells and batteries......Page 194
4.5.2 Basics of fuel cells and batteries......Page 197
4.5.3 Electroceramics for fuel cells and batteries......Page 205
4.6 Ceramics-based chemical sensors......Page 219
4.6.1 Sensors based on solid electrolytes......Page 220
4.6.2 Gas-sensors based on electronically conducting ceramics......Page 228
4.6.3 Humidity sensors......Page 235
4.7.1 Overview......Page 238
4.7.2 The phenomenon of superconductivity......Page 239
4.7.3 Ceramic high-T(c) superconductors (HTSs)......Page 243
4.7.4 The properties, processing and applications of HTSs......Page 246
4.7.5 Superconducting electronics – thin films......Page 254
4.7.6 The future for HTSs......Page 256
Problems......Page 257
Bibliography......Page 261
5: Dielectrics and Insulators......Page 264
5.1 Background......Page 265
5.2 Dielectric strength......Page 266
5.2.2 Breakdown mechanisms......Page 267
5.3 Thermal shock resistance......Page 271
5.4.1 Capacitor characteristics......Page 272
5.4.2 Non-ceramic capacitors......Page 277
5.4.3 Ceramic capacitors......Page 281
5.5.1 Electrical porcelains......Page 290
5.5.2 Alumina......Page 297
5.5.3 Beryllia......Page 306
5.5.5 Ceramic ‘packaging’ technology......Page 307
5.6 Medium-permittivity ceramics......Page 310
5.6.1 Rutile ceramic......Page 311
5.6.2 Degradation in titanium-containing oxides......Page 314
5.6.3 High-power capacitors......Page 316
5.6.4 Low-TCC low-loss capacitors......Page 318
5.6.5 Microwave ceramics......Page 321
5.7 High-permittivity ceramics......Page 331
5.7.1 Modified barium titanate dielectrics......Page 332
5.7.2 Relaxor ferroelectrics......Page 341
5.7.3 Multilayer capacitors with base metal electrodes (BME)......Page 344
5.7.4 Barrier layer caps (Class IV)......Page 347
5.7.5 Ferroelectric memories......Page 350
Problems......Page 354
Bibliography......Page 356
6.1 Background theory......Page 360
6.2 Parameters for piezoelectric ceramics and their measurement......Page 365
6.3.1 Effects of domains......Page 375
6.3.2 Effects of aliovalent substituents......Page 379
6.3.3 Fabrication of PZT......Page 382
6.4.1 Barium titanate......Page 383
6.4.2 Lead zirconate–lead titanate (‘PZT’)......Page 385
6.4.3 Lead-based relaxor piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramics......Page 387
6.4.4 Lead niobate......Page 390
6.4.5 Lithium niobate and lithium tantalate......Page 392
6.4.6 Piezoceramic–polymer composites......Page 394
6.4.7 Summary of properties......Page 400
6.5 Applications......Page 402
6.5.1 Generation of voltages......Page 403
6.5.2 Generation of displacement – ‘actuators’......Page 408
6.5.3 High frequency applications......Page 417
Appendix: Piezoelectric relations for ceramics poled in the 3 direction......Page 424
Problems......Page 427
Bibliography......Page 430
7.1 Background......Page 432
7.2 Infrared detection......Page 434
7.3 Effects of circuit noise......Page 438
7.3.2 Thermal fluctuations......Page 439
7.4 Materials......Page 440
7.5 Measurement of the pyroelectric coefficient......Page 443
7.6 Applications......Page 444
7.6.1 Radiometry......Page 445
7.6.3 Intruder alarm......Page 446
7.6.4 Thermal imaging......Page 447
Problems......Page 452
Bibliography......Page 453
8.1 Background optics......Page 454
8.1.1 Polarized light......Page 455
8.1.2 Double refraction......Page 458
8.1.3 The electro-optic effect......Page 461
8.1.4 Non-linear optics......Page 466
8.1.5 Transparent ceramics......Page 469
8.2.1 Structure and fabrication......Page 470
8.2.2 Measurement of electro-optic properties......Page 472
8.2.3 Electro-optic characteristics......Page 475
8.3.1 Flash goggles......Page 480
8.3.3 Display......Page 481
8.3.4 Image storage......Page 482
8.3.5 PLZT films......Page 484
8.4 Optical non-linearity in glass and glass-ceramics......Page 485
Problems......Page 487
Bibliography......Page 489
9: Magnetic Ceramics......Page 490
9.1.1 Origins of magnetism in materials......Page 491
9.1.2 Magnetization in matter from the macroscopic viewpoint......Page 492
9.1.3 Shape anisotrophy: demagnetisation......Page 494
9.1.4 Magnetic materials in alternating fields......Page 496
9.1.5 Classification of magnetic materials......Page 498
9.1.6 The paramagnetic effect and spontaneous magnetization......Page 499
9.1.7 Magnetocrystalline anisotropy......Page 502
9.1.9 Weiss domains......Page 503
9.1.10 Magnetization in a multidomain crystal......Page 505
9.2.1 Spinel ferrites: model NiOFe(2)O(3)......Page 507
9.2.3 Garnets: model Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) (YIG)......Page 510
9.3.1 Soft ferrites......Page 513
9.3.2 Hard ferrites......Page 526
9.3.4 Microwave ferrites......Page 532
9.4.1 Raw materials......Page 538
9.4.3 Sintering......Page 539
9.4.5 Magnets with oriented microstructures......Page 540
9.5.1 Inductors and transformers for small-signal applications......Page 545
9.5.2 Transformers for power applications......Page 549
9.5.3 Antennas......Page 551
9.5.4 Information storage and optical signal processing......Page 552
9.5.5 Microwave devices......Page 556
9.5.6 Permanent magnets......Page 564
Problems......Page 565
Bibliography......Page 567
Index......Page 568