Electroacoustical Reference Data

Front Matter....Pages i-ix
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Sound Pressure and dB L p (Sound Pressure Level)....Pages 2-3
Frequency and Wavelength in Air....Pages 4-5
Inverse Square Losses in a Free Field....Pages 6-7
Attenuation with Distance from Plane and Line Sources in a Free Field....Pages 8-9
Atmospheric Sound Absorption as a Function of Frequency and Relative Humidity, I....Pages 10-11
Atmospheric Sound Absorption as a Function of Frequency and Relative Humidity, II....Pages 12-13
Atmospheric Absorption Due to Inverse Square Losses and Relative Humidity....Pages 14-15
NC and PNC Noise Criteria Curves....Pages 16-17
Sound Transmission Class (STC) Curves....Pages 18-19
Helmholtz Resonators....Pages 20-21
Resonance Frequency for Pipes Open at Both Ends....Pages 22-23
End Correction for Pipes....Pages 24-25
Resonance Frequency for Pipes Open at One End....Pages 26-27
Diffraction of Sound by a Cylinder, a Cube, and a Sphere....Pages 28-29
Response Curves Showing Diffraction by 10 Objects of Different Shape....Pages 30-31
Fresnel Diffraction Over Sound Barriers....Pages 32-33
Definition of Critical Distance....Pages 34-35
Room Constant as a Function of Surface Area and Absorption....Pages 36-37
Relation Between $$ \overline \alpha $$ and $$ - \ln (1 - \overline \alpha ) $$ in Reverberation Time Calculations....Pages 38-39
Reverberant Level as a Function of Room Constant and Acoustical Power....Pages 40-41
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Mean Free Path (MFP), Room Volume, and Surface Area....Pages 42-43
Sound Attenuation over Distance in Semireverberant Spaces....Pages 44-45
Critical Distance as a Function of Room Constant and Directivity Factor....Pages 46-47
Acoustical Power Required to Produce a Level of 94 dB L p as a Function of Room Volume and Reveberation Time....Pages 48-49
Sound Pressure Level Produced by 1 Acoustic Watt as a Function of Room Constant and Distance from Source....Pages 50-51
Estimation of Total Absorption When Room Volume and Reverberation Time are Known....Pages 52-53
Estimation of Room Constant When Room Volume and Reverberation Time are Known....Pages 54-55
Estimation of Room Boundary Area When Volume is Known....Pages 56-57
Reveberation Time Ratios with and Without Atmospheric Losses....Pages 58-59
Relationship Between Directivity Factor and Directivity Index....Pages 60-61
Wave Number (k) as a Function of Piston Size and Frequency....Pages 62-63
Polar Response of a Piston Mounted in a Large Baffle....Pages 64-65
Polar Response of a Piston Mounted at the End of a Long Tube....Pages 66-67
Polar Response of an Unbaffled Piston....Pages 68-69
Off-Axis Response of a Piston in a Large Baffle....Pages 70-71
Directivity of a Piston in a Large Baffle, at the End of a Long Tube, and in Free Space....Pages 72-73
Front Matter....Pages 75-75
Transmission Coefficient Versus Frequency for a Piston Mounted in a Large Baffle....Pages 76-77
Normalized Mutual Coupling for Multiple Pistons....Pages 78-79
Acoustical Power Output Produced on One Side of a Piston in a Large Baffle as a Function of Amplitude, Radius, and Frequency....Pages 80-81
Sound Pressure Level Produced by a Piston in a Large Baffle at a Distance of 1 Meter as a Function of Amplitude, Radius, and Frequency....Pages 82-83
Front Matter....Pages 75-75
Sound Pressure Level Produced by a Piston in a Large Baffle as a Function of Radiated Power and Distance....Pages 84-85
Peak Amplitude for 1 Acoustical Watt Radiated by a Piston into Half-Space as a Function of Radius and Frequency....Pages 86-87
Transducer Cone Deflection as a Function of Resonance Frequency....Pages 88-89
Second Harmonic Distortion in Horns....Pages 90-91
Frequency Modulation (FM) Distortion in Cone Transducers....Pages 92-93
Nominal Loudspeaker Efficiency as a Function of On-Axis Sensitivity and Directivity Index....Pages 94-95
Sensitivity Ratings for Loudspeaker Systems....Pages 96-97
Plane Wave Tube (PWT) Sensitivity Ratings for Compression Drivers....Pages 98-99
Radiation Resistance for Various Horn Flare Development Curves....Pages 100-101
High-Frequency Driver Electrical Derating for Flat Power Response Equalization....Pages 102-103
Duty Cycle-Related Power Ratings....Pages 104-105
Resistance Change with Temperature for Copper....Pages 106-107
Weighting Curves for Loudspeaker Power Measurements....Pages 108-109
House Equalization Standard Curves for Sound Reinforcement and Program Monitoring....Pages 110-111
Transducer Sensitivity as a Function of Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature....Pages 112-113
Relation Between 2π and 4π Loading and Baffle Size....Pages 114-115
Horn Mouth Size Versus −6 dB Beamwidth Control....Pages 116-117
Beamwidth Control of Multicellular Horns....Pages 118-119
Beamwidth Narrowing with Vertical Stacked Horn Arrays....Pages 120-121
Directivity Versus Horizontal and Vertical Beamwidth....Pages 122-123
Front Matter....Pages 75-75
Beamwidth and Directivity Characteristics of a Pair of 250-mm (10-in) Low-Frequency Transducers....Pages 124-125
Beamwidth and Directivity Characteristics of a Pair of 300-mm (12-in) Low-Frequency Transducers....Pages 126-127
Beamwidth and Directivity Characteristics of a Pair of 380-mm (15-in) Low-Frequency Transducers....Pages 128-129
Distributed Loudspeaker Layout: Hexagonal Array....Pages 130-131
Distributed Loudspeaker Layout: Square Array....Pages 132-133
Dividing Networks: 6 dB per Octave Slopes....Pages 134-135
Dividing Networks: 12 dB Per Octave Slopes....Pages 136-137
Porting Data for Vented Loudspeaker Enclosures....Pages 138-139
Thiele-Small Parameters for Low-Frequency Horn Applications....Pages 140-141
Simple Line Arrays....Pages 142-143
Front Matter....Pages 145-145
Nomograph for Microphone Output Power and Voltage versus Microphone Impedance....Pages 146-147
Microphone Self-Noise Rating Curves....Pages 148-149
EIA G M Microphone Sensitivity Rating....Pages 150-151
First-Order Microphone Pattern Data....Pages 152-153
Mid-Side/XY Conversion Data....Pages 154-155
Random Energy Efficiency, Directivity Factor, and Distance Factor as a Function of Polar Pattern....Pages 156-157
Front-to-Total Ratio as a Function of Polar Pattern....Pages 158-159
Front-Back Ratio Versus Polar Pattern....Pages 160-161
Omni- and Bidirectional Components of the First-Order Cardioid Family....Pages 162-163
Back-to-Back Cardioid Components of the First-Order Cardioid Family....Pages 164-165
Front Matter....Pages 145-145
Splay Angles and Separation for Various Near-Coincident Stereo Microphone Arrays....Pages 166-167
Mid-Side (MS) and XY Microphone Pairs....Pages 168-169
Multipath and Multimicrophone Interference Effects....Pages 170-171
Effect of Dipole Dimension on Directional Microphone Frequency Response....Pages 172-173
Basic Proximity Effect in Directional Microphones....Pages 174-175
Proximity Effect in a Dipole Microphone at Several Distances....Pages 176-177
On-Axis Proximity Effect in a Cardioid Microphone at Several Distances....Pages 178-179
Proximity Effect in a Cardioid Microphone as a Function of Azimuth Angle....Pages 180-181
On-Axis and Diffuse Field Incidence Response of Omnidirectional Microphones....Pages 182-183
Delay Versus Level for Accent Microphones in Recording....Pages 184-185
Microphone Boundary Size Versus 2π to 4π Transition Frequency....Pages 186-187
Higher-Order Microphone Characteristics....Pages 188-189
Microphone Line Losses....Pages 190-191
Front Matter....Pages 193-193
Time Constant Versus Frequency....Pages 194-195
RIAA (Record Industry Association of America) Disc Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis....Pages 196-197
FM Broadcasting Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis....Pages 198-199
Early 78-rpm and 331/3-rpm Disc Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Standards....Pages 200-201
Motion Picture Mono Optical Reproduce Standard....Pages 202-203
Digital Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Standard....Pages 204-205
Comparison of Meters Used in Broadcasting and Recording....Pages 206-207
Front Matter....Pages 193-193
Power Ratios Expressed in dBm....Pages 208-209
Voltage Ratios Expressed in dBu....Pages 210-211
Power Ratios Expressed in dBW....Pages 212-213
Voltage Ratios Expressed in dBV....Pages 214-215
Sine Wave Voltage Output versus DC Voltage Capability....Pages 216-217
Resistance Values for Various Lengths and Gauges of Copper Wire....Pages 218-219
Metric Wire Gauges....Pages 220-221
High-Frequency Transducer Protection Capacitors....Pages 222-223
Design of Symmetrical T-pads....Pages 224-225
Design of L-pads....Pages 226-227
Summing of Levels....Pages 228-229
Distortion Percentage and Level....Pages 230-231
Load Impedance as a Function of Power Input in 70-Volt, 100-Volt, and 25-Volt Distribution Systems....Pages 232-233
Maximum Wire Runs for 0.5 dB Loss in 70-volt Systems....Pages 234-235
Peak and rms Values of Waveforms....Pages 236-237
Input and Output Impedances of Electronic Devices....Pages 238-241
Loudspeaker Damping Factor as a Function of Line Length and Wire Gauge....Pages 242-243
Amplifier Requirements: Direct Field Considerations....Pages 244-245
Amplifier Requirements: Reverberant Field Considerations....Pages 246-247
Panpot Response: One Channel to Two....Pages 248-249
Front Matter....Pages 193-193
Panpot Response: One Channel to Three....Pages 250-251
Quadraphonic Panpot Response: One Channel to Four....Pages 252-253
Effect of Noise on Speech Communication....Pages 254-255
Equivalent Acoustic Distance (EAD) and A-Weighted Noise Level....Pages 256-257
Horn Coverage Angle as Seen in Plan View....Pages 258-259
Peutz’s Percentage Articulation Loss of Consonants (Al cons )....Pages 260-261
Augspurger’s Modification of Peutz’s Data....Pages 262-263
Calculation of Articulation Index (AI)....Pages 264-265
Typical Motion Picture Screen Losses....Pages 266-267
House Equalization Standard for Motion Picture Systems....Pages 268-269
House Equalization for Motion Picture Systems: Adjustments for House Size....Pages 270-271
ISO (International Standards Organization) Preferred Numbers....Pages 272-273
Front Matter....Pages 275-275
Fletcher-Munson Equal Loudness Contours....Pages 276-277
Robinson-Dadson Equal Loudness Contours....Pages 278-279
Churcher-King Equal Loudness Contours....Pages 280-281
Determination of “Twice Loudness” at Low Frequencies....Pages 282-283
Calculation of Loudness in Sones....Pages 284-285
Standard Weighting Curves....Pages 286-287
Loudness and Signal Duration....Pages 288-289
Pitch and Level Relationships, I....Pages 290-291
Front Matter....Pages 275-275
Pitch and Level Relationships, I....Pages 292-293
Frequency and Pitch Relationships....Pages 294-295
Critical Bandwidth....Pages 296-297
Annoyance Due to Echo Effects....Pages 298-299
Blauert and Laws Criterion for the Audibility of Signal Group Delay....Pages 300-301
Optimum Reverberation Time as a Function of Room Volume and Usage....Pages 302-303
Optimum Reverberation Time as a Function of Frequency....Pages 304-305
Subjective Effects of First Reflections in a Concert Hall....Pages 306-307
Binaural Lateral Masking....Pages 308-309
Stereophonic Localization: Franssen’s Data....Pages 310-311
The Precedence Effect (Haas Effect)....Pages 312-313
Bauer’s Stereophonic Law of Sines....Pages 314-315
Pressures and Pressure Levels Generated by a Variety of Sound Sources....Pages 316-317
Typical Male Speech Spectra....Pages 318-319
Hearing Threshold Shift as a Function of Age....Pages 320-321
Front Matter....Pages 323-323
Frequency Ranges of Musical Instruments and the Human Voice....Pages 324-325
Dynamic Ranges of Wind and String Instruments....Pages 326-327
Directional Properties of Brass Instruments....Pages 328-329
Directional Properties of Woodwind Instruments....Pages 330-331
Directional Properties of String Instruments....Pages 332-333
Front Matter....Pages 323-323
Octave Band Spectral Amplitude Distribution, Music Sources....Pages 334-337
Front Matter....Pages 339-339
Track Width Standards for Professional Magnetic Recording....Pages 340-341
Track Widths Standards for Consumer Tape Formats....Pages 342-343
Azimuth Losses in Tape Playback....Pages 344-345
Oxide Thickness Losses in Tape Playback....Pages 346-347
Spacing Losses in Tape Playback....Pages 348-349
Gap Length Losses in Tape Playback....Pages 350-351
Reference Surface Fluxivity Standards for Tape Recording....Pages 352-353
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Equalization Standards for Professional Tape Playback....Pages 354-355
NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) Standard for Professional Tape Playback....Pages 356-357
AES (Audio Engineering Society) Standard for Professional Tape Playback at 76 cm/sec (30 in/sec)....Pages 358-359
Standards for Playback of Consumer Tape Formats....Pages 360-361
IEC to NAB Conversion at 38 cm/sec....Pages 362-363
IEC to NAB Conversion at 19 cm/sec....Pages 364-365
Standard Weighting Curve for Tape Flutter Measurements....Pages 366-368
Back Matter....Pages 369-378