Electricity Access, Decarbonization, and Integration of Renewables: Insights and Lessons from the Energy Transformation in Bangladesh, South Asia, and Sub-Sahara Africa

A Foreword from Bangladesh
A Foreword from Germany
Contents
Electricity Access, Decarbonization, and Integration of Renewables: Insights and Lessons from the Energy Transformation in Bangladesh, South Asia, and Sub-Sahara Africa
	Abstract
	1	Preface
	2	The low-carbon energy transformation
	3	Focus on electricity access, decarbonization, and integration of renewables
	4	Structure of the book
		4.1	Introduction and welcome addresses
		4.2	Part I: Energy Sector Reform in Bangladesh@50
		4.3	Part II: Low-carbon energy transformation in South Asia
		4.4	Part III: Lessons from Sub-Sahara Africa
	5	Concluding Remarks
	6	Appendix: A selection of panelists’ quotes at the MES2021 Conference
	References
Powering up a Country into the Middle-Income Club
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Stylized facts on the Bangladesh Energy Sector during Last 50 Years
		2.1	Generation Capacity
		2.2	Per Capita Energy Consumption (PCEC)
		2.3	Access to Electricity and System Loss
		2.4	Fuel Mix Options in Electricity Generation
		2.5	Move towards Competitive Market Environment and Investment Trend
	3	Energy Market Reforms in Bangladesh
		3.1	Policies to Facilitate Reform Initiatives
		3.2	Energy Sector Reforms in Bangladesh
			3.2.1 Institutional Reforms
			3.2.2 Restructuring of the Core Utilities
				Generation Utilities
				Distribution Utilities
				Transmission Utilities
			3.2.3 Independent Regulatory Body
	4	Existing Controversies
		4.1	Quick Rental (QR) Power Plants and Increase in Liquid Fuel Consumption
		4.2	Low Reserve of Natural Gas and Issue with LNG
		4.3	Slow Progress in Renewable Energy Development
		4.4	Overcapacity in Generation and Issue of Capacity Charge
		4.5	Subsidy Issues
		4.6	Demand Forecasting Methods
	5	Conclusion and Priority Actions
	References
100% Electrification but What Comes Next for Bangladesh? Lessons from Insiders
	Abstract
	1	Introduction: A Project Triggered by Chance
	2	IDCOL’s Journey of Success
	3	IDCOL’s Journey into the Future
	4	The Private Sector Perspective
	5	What Africa can Learn from Bangladesh
	6	What Comes Next for Bangladesh?
	References
Policy Options While Increasing Share of Renewable Energy: Technology Choices for Peaking Power in the Context of Bangladesh
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Methodology
	3	Current Scenario of the Peaking Power Plants in Bangladesh
	4	Possible Technology Options in Bangladesh as Alternative to Conventional Peaking Power Plants
		4.1	Case 1: Battery Storage
			4.1.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Storage
			4.1.2 Lead Acid Battery Storage
		4.2	Case 2: Solar PV with Hydro Reservoir
		4.3	Case 3: Solar PV-HFO Hybrid Plant to Address the Peak Load
	5	Policy Options for Bangladesh and Conclusions
	References
Low-Carbon Energy Transformation in China, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan: An Overview
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	China
		2.1	Introduction
		2.2	Production and Supply
		2.3	Consumption and Demand
		2.4	Renewable Energy Potential
		2.5	Low-Carbon Energy Targets
		2.6	Challenges to Low-Carbon Energy Transformation
	3	India
		3.1	Introduction
		3.2	Production and Supply
		3.3	Consumption and Demand
		3.4	Renewable Energy Potential
		3.5	Low-Carbon Energy Targets
		3.6	Challenges to Low-Carbon Energy Transformation
	4	Pakistan
		4.1	Introduction
		4.2	Production and Supply
		4.3	Consumption and Demand
		4.4	Renewable Energy Potential
		4.5	Low-Carbon Energy Targets
		4.6	Challenges to Low-Carbon Energy Transformation
	5	Afghanistan
		5.1	Introduction
		5.2	Production and Supply
		5.3	Consumption and Demand
		5.4	Renewable Energy Potential
		5.5	Low-Carbon Energy Targets
		5.6	Challenges to Low-Carbon Energy Transformation
	6	General Trends and Key Factors in Low-Carbon Energy Transformations
		6.1	Decreasing Costs of Renewables
		6.2	Decreasing Dependency on the Import of Fossil Fuels
		6.3	Remuneration Schemes
		6.4	The Impact of Fossil Fuel Subsidies
		6.5	Chinese Influence on Foreign Energy Policies in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative
	7	Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Consequences of Lockdown Due to COVID-19 on the Electricity Generation and Environment in South Asia
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Current Scenario of Power Sector of Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka
	3	Comparison of Electricity Generation during Pre-pandemic and Pandemic Regime
	4	COVID-19 Impacts on the Environment: GHG Emission
		4.1	A. Calculation of GHG emission in Bangladesh
		4.2	B. Calculation of GHG emission in India
	5	Conclusion
	References
Integrating Wind and Solar in the Indian Power System
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
		1.1	Indian Policy Context
		1.2	Flexibility in the Indian power system
		1.3	Power System Modelling studies in India
	2	Modelling approach
		2.1	PyPSA-India Model Description
		2.2	Technical Constraints
		2.3	Scenario Description
		2.4	Production capacities
			2.4.1 Transmission system
			2.4.2 Power system flexibility
			2.4.3 Nomenclature of Scenarios
	3	Aggregate Scenario Results
		3.1	Results Summary
		3.2	Curtailment
		3.3	Plant Load Factor
		3.4	System Costs
		3.5	Operation of the Coal Fleet
			3.5.1 Unit-Wise PLF by Scenario
			3.5.2 Unit-Wise Coal PLF and Unit Starts Versus Marginal Cost
			3.5.3 Two-Shift Operation of the Coal Fleet
		3.6	Insights in the Operation of Gas and Hydro
		3.7	Role of Battery Storage
	4	Conclusion
	References
Decentralized Electrification Pathways in Sub-Saharan Africa—Assessment of Experiences and Business Models
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Aims & Objectives
	3	Methods
	4	Electrification Barriers
	5	Drivers
	6	Technological Pathways
	7	Conclusions
	References
Identifying Effective Electrification Approaches and Combinations Thereof to Meet Universal Electricity Access Targets in Eastern Africa
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	Literature Review
	3	Methods
	4	Results
		4.1	Firms in the Electrification Industry
			4.1.1 Rural Electrification Agency
			4.1.2 National Electricity Utility
			4.1.3 Private Electricity Generation and Distribution Companies
			4.1.4 Off-grid Solar Companies
		4.2	What Shapes Firms in the Electrification Industry—The Industry Regime
			4.2.1 Core Capabilities
				On-Grid
				Mini Grids
				Off-grid Solar
			4.2.2 Industry Mindset
			4.2.3 Values, Identity and Mission
			4.2.4 Regulations, Laws, and Standards
				Electricity Licensing Laws or Regulations
				Rural Electrification Fund
				Net Metering
				Distribution Grid Code
				Electricity Supply Reliability and Quality
				Mini Grid Regulations
				Off-grid Solar Quality Standards
		4.3	What Influences Firms in the Electrification Industry—External Environments
			4.3.1 Socio-Political Environment
				National Electrification Plans and Strategies
				Financing Plans for Electrification
				Influence of Development Agencies
				The Role of Civil Society
				Public-Private Partnership Models for Electrification
				Electricity Concessions
				Sufficient Electricity Access and Energy Mobility
			4.3.2 Economic Environment—What selection pressures, exerted by markets, are faced by different firms?
				Rural Electrification Agency
				National Electricity Utility
				Small Private Electricity Generation and Distribution Companies
				Off-grid Solar Companies
	5	Discussion
		5.1	Representing the Electrification Industry using the TEF—A Summary of the Findings
		5.2	Postulating the Reorientation and Recreation Required to Make Progress Towards the Universal Electricity Access Goal
	6	Concluding Remarks
	References
Are Mini-Grid Projects in Tanzania Financially Sustainable?
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
	2	History of Mini-Grid Projects in Tanzania
		2.1	Regulatory Framework
		2.2	Financing Mini-Grid Systems in Tanzania
		2.3	Tariff Regulatory Policy in Tanzania
	3	Methods and Data
		3.1	Description of Project Site – Mafinga Town
	3.2	Solar Resource
	3.3	Levelized Cost of Energy
		3.4	Modelling the Energy Flow and the LCOE
	3.4.1	The PV+Battery system model
	3.4.2	Battery Storage System
	3.4.3	Generator model
	3.4.4	Modelling the LCOE
	3.4.5	The Annualized Cost
		3.5	Data and Load Estimation
		3.6	Electricity Demand Estimation
	4	Results
		4.1	The Profitability of the Proposed Mini-Grid System
		4.2	Sensitivity Analysis
	5	Conclusion and Policy Implication
	Appendix A: Base Case Cost Summary
	Appendix B: Future Case Cost Summary
	References
Establishing Local Power Markets and Enabling Financial Access to Solar Photovoltaic Technologies: Experiences in Rural Tanzania
	Abstract
	1	Introduction
		1.1	Access to Energy in Rural Tanzania
		1.2	Energy Inclusion and Financial Inclusion Barriers
		1.3	Tanzanian Microfinance and VICOBAs
		1.4	Financing SPTs in Rural Tanzania
	2	Intervention Methodology and Implementation
		2.1	Project Stakeholders
		2.2	Theory of Change
		2.3	Data Collection Methodology
		2.4	Activities Implemented and Financial Scheme Established
	3	Results
		3.1	SPTs Awareness
		3.2	Community Members’ Financial Education and Engagement
		3.3	SPTs Financing and Supply Chain
		3.4	After Sale Services
		3.5	Threats: Environmental Factors and Covid-19
	4	Conclusion
	References