Electrical Technology Machines & Measurement Vol 2

Cover
Dedication
Preface
Contents
Part B: Electric Machines
	Chapter 31: Electromechanical Energy Conversion
		31.1 Introduction
		31.2 Energy Conversion Devices
		31.3 Related Fundamental Laws
			31.3.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
		31.4 D.c. Motor and Generator Mechanical Construction
		31.5 Elementary Generator
		31.6 Average e.m.f. Generated in a Quarter Revolution
		31.7 Fundamental d.c. Generator Equation for Average e.m.f. Between Brushes
		31.8 Biot-Savart Relationship
			31.8.1 Motor Action
			31.8.2 Elementary Two-Pole Motor
			31.8.3 Magnitude of the Mechanical Force
			31.8.4 Developed Torque
			31.8.5 Left-Hand Rule of Motor Action
		31.9 Motor Action Versus Generator Action
		31.10 Power Flow Diagrams
			31.10.1 Generator Power Flow
			31.10.2 Motor Power Flow
		31.11 Conversion Process in a Machine
		31.12 Linear and Rotary Motion
		31.13 Methods of Analysis
		31.14 Energy Balance
		31.15 Rotary Motion
		31.16 Doubly Excited Rotating Machines
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 32: D.c. Generators
		32.1 Introduction
		32.2 Mechanical Construction
		32.3 Armature Structure
		32.4 Commutator and Brushes
		32.5 Armature Windings
			32.5.1 Lap Windings
			32.5.2 Wave Windings
			32.5.3 Lap and Wave Winding—A Comparison
			32.5.4 Paths in Lap-Wound and Wave-Wound Armatures
		32.6 Commutation
		32.7 Armature Reaction
			32.7.1 Correcting Armature Reaction Effect
		32.8 E.M.F. Equation
		32.9 Separately Excited Generator
		32.10 Basic Generator Types
		32.11 Schematic Diagram and Equivalent Circuit
			32.11.1 Shunt Generator
			32.11.2 Series Generator
			32.11.3 Compound Generator
		32.12 Characteristics of d.c. Generators
			32.12.1 Separately Excited Generators
			32.12.2 Shunt Generator
			32.12.3 Series Generator
		32.13 Generator Losses
		32.14 Polarity of Brushes
		32.15 Voltage Regulation
		32.16 Paralleling of Generators
			32.16.1 Parallel d.c. Generator Requirements
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 33: D.c. Motors
		33.1 Introduction
		33.2 Development and Measurement of Torque
		33.3 Prony Brake
		33.4 Two-Scale Prony Brake
		33.5 Dynamometer
		33.6 Back Electromotive Force in a Motor
		33.7 Classification of Motors
		33.8 Construction
		33.9 Characteristics of d.c. Motors
			33.9.1 Shunt Motors
			33.9.2 Shunt Motor Speed Characteristics
			33.9.3 Shunt Motor Torque Characteristics
			33.9.4 Series Motors
			33.9.5 Series Motor Speed Characteristics
			33.9.6 Series Motor Torque Characteristics
			33.9.7 Compound Motors
			33.9.8 Compound Motor Speed Characteristics
			33.9.9 Compound Motor Torque Characteristics
		33.10 Relation between Torque and Speed of a Motor
			33.10.1 Torque Versus Speed
		33.11 Direct-Current, Motor Starting Problems
		33.12 D.c. Starting Switch
		33.13 D.c. Motor Reversing
			33.13.1 D.c., Motor Reversing Circuit Connections
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 34: Efficiency of Direct Current Machinery
		34.1 Introduction
		34.2 Basic Efficiency Relationships
		34.3 Types of Losses in d.c. Machines
			34.3.1 Rotational Losses
			34.3.2. Winding Resistance Losses
			34.3.3 Shunt Field Loss
			34.3.4 Relationships Between Losses
		34.4 Motor Enclosures
		34.5 Maintenance and Accessibility
		34.6 Cooling and Ventilation
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 35: D.c. Motor Control
		35.1 Introduction
		35.2 Control Devices
		35.3 Pilot Control Devices
		35.4 Manual d.c. Motor Starters
			35.4.1 Two-point Starter
			35.4.2 Three-point Starter
			35.4.3 Four-point Starter
			35.4.4 Drum Rotary Switch Starter
			35.4.5 Direct-current Three-point Starter Circuit
		35.5 Automatic Direct-Current Motor Starters
		35.6 Comparison of Manual Versus Automatic Starter
		35.7 Reversing Control of Direct Current Motors
			35.7.1 Manual Reverse Control
			35.7.2 Reversing Requirement Considerations
		35.8 Retardation and Stopping
			35.8.1 Electric Brakes
			35.8.2 Jogging
		35.9 Ward-Leonard System
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 36: Transformers — Single Phase
		36.1 Introduction
		36.2 Mutual Coupling
		36.3 Series Connection of Mutually-Coupled Coils
		36.4 Parallel Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils
		36.5 The Dot Convention
		36.6 Preventing Mutual Inducance
		36.7 Transformer
		36.8 Transformer Construction
		36.9 Ideal Transformer
		36.10 Transformation Ratio
		36.11 General Transformer Equation
		36.12 Practical Transformer
		36.13 Transformer Ratings
		36.14 Transformer Equivalent Circuits
			36.14.1 Reflected Impedance
			36.14.2 Impedance Matching
			36.l4.3 The Three Winding Transformer as an Impedance Matching Device
			36.14.4 Tapped Matching Transformers
			36.14.5 Equivalent Circuits
		36.15 Secondary Voltage Phasor Relations
			36.15.1 Unity Power Factor Voltage Relations
			36.15.2 Lagging Power Factor Voltage Relations
			36.15.3 Leading Power Factor
		36.16 Transformer Voltage Regulation
		36.17 Maximum Power Transfer
		36.18 Losses in Transformers
		36.19 Short Circuit Test
		36.20 Open Circuit Test
		36.21 Transformer Efficiency
		36.22 Autotransformer
			36.22.1 Variable Autotransformers
			36.22.2 Autotransformer Power Division
		36.23 Power Transformers
			36.23.1 Parts of a Transformer
		36.24 Instrument Transformers
			36.24.1 Potential Transformers
			36.24.2 Current Transformer
		36.25 Pulse Transformers
		36.26 Transformer Connections
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 37: Three-Phase Transformers
		37.1 Introduction
		37.2 Three-phase Connections of Single-phase Transformers
		37.3 Three-phase Transformers
		37.4 Paralleling Three-phase Transformer Banks
		37.5 Harmonic Suppression in Three-phase Connections
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 38: Synchronous Generators — Alternators
		38.1 Introduction
		38.2 Physical Construction of d.c. Machines
			38.2.1 Fixed Armature or Stator
			38.2.2 Rotating Field Structure
		38.3 Alternator Windings
			38.3.1 Chording of Windings
			38.3.2 Coil Group Connections
			38.3.3 Winding Distribution
		38.4 Synchronous Alternator
		38.5 Stator Windings
			38.5.1. Single-layer Winding
			38.5.2. Double-layer Winding
			38.5.3 Winding Pitch
		38.6 Distribution Factor
		38.7 Basic Voltage Generation Formula
		38.8 Alternator Performance
		38.9 Alternator Percentage Regulation
		38.10 Relation between Generated Voltage and Terminal Voltage of an Alternator at Various Load Power Factor
			38.10.1 Unity Power Factor Loads
			38.10.2 Lagging Power Factor Loads
			38.10.3 Leading Power Factor Loads
			38.10.4 Voltage Regulation at Various Power Factors
			38.10.5 A.C. Generators: A Comparison
			38.10.6 Load Power Factor
			38.10.7 Winding Resistance
			38.10.8 Synchronous Impedance
			38.10.9 The Open-circuit Test and The Short-circuit Test
		38.11 Equivalent Circuit
		38.12 Parallel Operation
			38.12.1 Parallel Voltage Requirements
			38.12.2 Phase Sequence Considerations
			38.12.3 Identical Frequency Requirement
			38.12.4 Prime-Mover Torque Speed Relation
		38.13 Alternator Synchronizing Procedure
			38.13.1 Voltage Matching
			38.13.2 Phase Sequence Matching
			38.13.3 In-Phase Determination
			38.13.4 Frequency Synchronization
			38.13.5 Synchroscope Synchronization
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 39: Synchronous Motors
		39.1 Introduction
		39.2 General
		39.3 Synchronous Motor Construction
		39.4 Synchronous Motor Operation
		39.5 Starting Synchronous Motors
			39.5.1 Starting a Synchronous Motor as an Induction Motor by Means of its Damper Windings
		39.6 Synchronous Motor Power Factor Control
		39.7 Synchronous Motor V Curve
		39.8 Synchronous Capacitors
			39.8.1 Power Factor Correction Advantages
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 40: Induction Motors (Three Phase)
		40.1 Introduction
		40.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field
		40.3 Speed of the Rotating Magnetic Field
		40.4 Direction of Rotation
		40.5 Slip and its Effect on Rotor Frequency and Voltage
			40.5.1 Effect of Slip on Rotor Frequency
			40.5.2 Effect of Slip on Rotor Voltage
		40.6 Construction of a Three-phase Induction Motor
		40.7 Rotor Impedance and Current
		40.8 Locus of the Current
		40.9 Losses and Efficiency
		40.10 Air Gap Power
		40.11 Maximum Torque
		40.12 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
		40.13 Wrim and Scim: A Comparison
		40.14 Starting Techniques for Induction Motors
		40.15 Determination of Induction Motor Parameters
			40.15.1 D.c. Test
			40.15.2 No-load Test
			40.15.3 Blocked-Rotor Test
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 41: Induction Motors (Single Phase)
		41.1 Introduction
		41.2 Classes of Induction Motors
		41.3 Getting the Rotor Started
		41.4 Construction
		41.5 Phase Splitting
		41.6 Locked-Rotor Torque
		41.7 Resistance-Start Split-Phase Motors
		41.8 Capacitor-Start Split-Phase Motors
			41.8.1 Permanent-split Capacitor Motors
			41.8.2 Two-value Capacitor Motor
		41.9 Reversing Single-Phase Induction Motors
		41.10 Dual-Voltage Operation
		41.11 Shaded-Pole Motors
			41.11.1 Reversing Shaded-pole Motors
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 42: Specialized Motors
		42.1 Introduction
		42.2 Reluctance-Start Induction Motor
		42.3 Hysteresis Motors
		42.4 Stepper Motors
			42.4.1 Types of Stepper Motors
			42.4.2 Variable-reluctance Stepper Motors
			42.4.3 Permanent-magnet Stepper Motors
			42.4.4 Hybrid Stepping Motors
			42.4.5 Comparison of Stepper Motor Types
		42.5 Lim
		42.6 Universal Motors
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 43: Servos and Synchros
		43.1 Introduction
		43.2 Operational Amplifiers
			43.2.1 Op Amp Characteristics
			43.2.2 Transfer Function
			43.2.3 Ideal Inverting Amplifier
			43.2.4 The Op Amp Inverting Amplifier
			43.2.5 Non-ideal Effects
			43.2.6 Op Amp Specifications
		43.3 Practical Issues
		43.4 D.c. Servomotors
			43.4.1 Field-Controlled d.c. Servomotor
			43.4.2 Armature-Controlled d.c. Servomotor
			43.4.3 Series Split-field d.c. Servomotors
			43.4.4 Permanent Magnet Armature-Controlled d.c. Servomotor
		43.5 A.c. Servomotors
		43.6 Synchros
			43.6.1 Types of Synchros
			43.6.2 Differential Self-synchronous System
			43.6.3 Advantages of Selsyn Units
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 44: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop System
		44.1 Introduction
		44.2 Control System
		44.3 Servomechanisms
		44.4 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Systems
		44.5 Automation
		44.6 Components of a Control System
		44.7 Transfer Function
		44.8 Regulators and Servomechanisms
		44.9 Transient Periods
		44.10 Damping
		44.11 The Basic Feedback Control System
			44.11.1 The Frequency-response Approach
			44.11.2 Frequency–response Testing
		44.12 The Integrator
			44.12.1 Integration in the Time Domain
		44.13 Steady-State Operation of a Compound Generator
		44.14 Automatic Frequency Control
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 46: Controlled Rectifiers
		46.1 Introduction
		46.2 Direct Thyratron Control
			46.2.1 Magnetic Amplifiers
		46.3 Thyristor Control of Motors
			46.3.1 Controllable Semiconductor Diodes
			46.3.2 Operating States of the Thyristor
			46.3.3 Triggering
		46.4 Thyristor Control of Motor
		46.5 Universal Motor Control
		46.6 Complete Control System
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 45: Inverters and Converters
		45.1 Introduction
		45.2 Converting Machines
		45.3 Rectifiers: a.c. to d.c. Conversion
			45.3.1 Single-phase Rectifier Circuits
			45.3.2 VI Characteristics of Rectifiers
			45.3.3 Rectifier Operation
		45.4 Three-phase Full-wave Rectifiers
		45.5 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
			45.5.1 Types of UPS: UPS Systems Can Be: (1) Online, (2) Offline or (3) Hybrid
			45.5.2 Battery Life of the UPS System
		45.6 Inverters Changing d.c. Voltage to a.c. Voltage
			45.6.1 Single-phase Inverters
			45.6.2 Three-phase Inverters
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 47: Per-unit System
		47.1 Introduction
		47.2 Resistance as Per Unit Quantity
		47.3 Impedance as a Per-unit Quantity
		47.4 Per-unit Quantities for Three-phase Circuits
		47.5 Per-unit System-Transformer Calculations
			47.5.1 Per-unit Magnitudes of a Transformer Defined
			47.5.2 Per-unit Transformer Copper Losses and Per-unit Equivalent Resistance
			47.5.3 Per-unit Equivalent Leakage Reactance and Transformer Core Losses
			47.5.4 Per-unit Transformer Currents
			47.5.5 Per-unit Voltage Regulation
			47.5.6 Per-unit Transformer Efficiency
			47.5.7 Maximum Transformer Efficiency
			47.5.8 Changing Per-unit Base Quantity from One System to Another
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
Part C: Electrical Measurements
	Chapter 48: Measurements and Error
		48.1 Introduction
		48.2 Definitions
		48.3 Accuracy to Measure Electron Performance
		48.4 Factors Affecting Accuracy
		48.5 Measurement Systems
			48.5.1 System Transfer Function
			48.5.2 Intelligent Instruments
		48.6 Calibration
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 49: Meter Movement
		49.1 Introduction
		49.2 Design Principles
		49.3 Meters
		49.4 Moving-Coil Instruments
		49.5 Classification of Measuring Instruments
			49.5.1 Types of Secondary Instruments
		49.6 Gravity Control
		49.7 Moving-Iron Instruments
			49.7.1 Attraction Type
			49.7.2 Repulsion Type
		49.8 Polarized Moving-Iron Instrument
		49.9 Dynamometer-Type Instruments
		49.10 Induction-Type Instruments
			49.10.1 Ferraris-type Induction Instruments
			49.10.2 Shaded-Pole Type
			49.10.3 Induction-type Watt Meters
		49.11 Hot-Wire Instruments
		49.12 Thermocouple Instruments
		49.13 Galvanometers
			49.13.1 The Principle of Optical System
		49.14 The Electrostatic Voltmeter
			49.14.1 Properties of Electrostatic Voltmeter
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 50: Ammeters, Voltmeters and Ohmmeters
		50.1 Introduction
		50.2 Special Features
		50.3 Ammeters
			50.3.1 Ammeter Shunts
			50.3.2 Calculating the Value of Shunts
			50.3.3 Universal Shunt
			50.3.4 Calculating the Value of Universal Shunts
			50.3.4 Ammeter Loading
		50.4 Voltmeters
			50.4.1 Voltmeter Multipliers
			50.4.2 Voltmeter Loading
		50.5 Ohmmeters
		50.6 Measurement of Insulation Resistance
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 51: Watt Meters and Energy Meters
		51.1 Introduction
		51.2 Watt Meters
		51.3 Dynamometer-Type Watt Meter
		51.4 Compensating Coil
		51.5 Induction-Type Watt Meters
			51.5.1 Dynamometer-type, Watt Meter and Induction-type Watt Metera Comparison
		51.6 Energy Meter
		51.7 General Classification
		51.8 Direct Current Types
			51.8.1 Commutator-type Meters
			51.8.2 Mercury-type Meters
		51.9 Alternating Current Types (Induction Watt-Hour Meters)
			51.9.1 Production of Fluxes Driving Torques
			51.9.2 Reading Watt-hour Meters
		51.10 Poly-Phase Induction Watt-Hour Meters
		51.11 Errors in Energy Meters
		51.12 Measurement of Power in Three-phase Circuits
			51.12.1 Three-voltmeter Method
			51.12.2 Three-ammeter Method
		51.13 Measurement of Three-phase Power
			51.13.1 Three-watt Meter Method of Measuring Three-phase Power
			51.13.2 Two-watt Meter Method of Measuring Three-phase Power
			51.13.3 One-watt Meter Method of Measuring Three-phase Power
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 52: Multimeters – V.O.Ms.
		52.1 Introduction
		52.2 Direct Current Ranges
		52.3 Direct Voltage Ranges
		52.4 Multi-Range Ohmmeters
		52.5 Alternating Current Ranges
		52.6 Alternating Voltage Ranges
		52.7 V.O.M. Specifications
		52.8 The Simpson Model 260 Multi-Meter
			52.8.1 D.C. Current
			52.8.2 D.C. Voltage
			52.8.3 A.C. Voltage
			52.8.4 Resistance
		52.9 Digital Multi-Meters
			52.9.1 Digital Panel Meter
			52.9.2 Digital Voltmeters (Voltage D.C.)
			52.9.3 Voltage A.C.
			52.9.4 Current
			52.9.5 Resistance
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 53: The Oscilloscope
		53.1 Introduction
		53.2 Crt
		53.3 Intensity
		53.4 Fluorescent Screen
		53.5 Focusing
		53.6 Deflection
		53.7 Time Base
			53.7.1 Plotted Against Time
		53.8 Graticules
		53.9 Block Diagram
		Summary
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
		Conventional Questions (CQ)
	Chapter 54: Oscilloscope Techniques
		54.1 Introduction
		54.2 Preliminary Checks
		54.3 Screen Pattern Obtained with Deflection Voltages
			54.3.1 Lissajous Figures
		54.4 Voltage and Current Measurements
		Summary
Index