Electrical Safety Handbook, 3rd Edition

Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 19
Preface......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Glossary......Page 27
Description......Page 28
Influencing Factors......Page 29
Arc......Page 33
Definition and Description......Page 34
Arc Energy Release......Page 35
Arc Energy Input......Page 38
Arc Surface Area......Page 39
Incident Energy......Page 40
Blast......Page 42
General......Page 43
Skin......Page 45
The Nervous System......Page 46
Muscular System......Page 47
The Heart......Page 48
Shock Effect......Page 49
Causes of Injury......Page 50
Protective Strategies......Page 51
References......Page 52
Glossary......Page 53
A Note on When to Use Thermal Protective Clothing......Page 54
Thermal Performance Evaluation......Page 55
Clothing Materials......Page 56
Non-Flame-Resistant Materials......Page 57
Flame-Resistant Materials......Page 58
Work Clothing......Page 61
Flash Suits......Page 63
Head, Eye, and Hand Protection......Page 65
Hard Hats......Page 66
Rubber-Insulating Equipment......Page 67
Rubber Gloves......Page 68
Rubber Mats......Page 72
Rubber Blankets......Page 73
Rubber Covers......Page 74
Line Hose......Page 77
Rubber Sleeves......Page 78
In-Service Inspection and Periodic Testing of Rubber Goods......Page 81
Description and Application......Page 96
Testing Requirements......Page 99
Description and Application......Page 100
Barrier Tape......Page 101
When and How to Use......Page 102
Safety Tags......Page 103
Locks and Multiple-Lock Devices......Page 104
When/Where to Use Lockout Tagout......Page 105
Safety Voltage Measurement......Page 106
Proximity Testers......Page 107
Contact Testers......Page 108
Selecting Voltage-Measuring Instruments......Page 109
Instrument Condition......Page 111
Three-Step Voltage Measurement Process......Page 112
General Considerations for Low-Voltage Measuring Instruments......Page 114
The Need for Safety Grounding......Page 115
Safety Grounding Switches......Page 116
Safety Grounding Jumpers......Page 117
Selecting Safety Grounding Jumpers......Page 122
Operating Principles......Page 126
Applications......Page 127
The Electrician’s Safety Kit......Page 130
References......Page 131
The Six-Step Safety Method......Page 133
Ask If You Are Unsure, and Do Not Assume......Page 134
The Fundamental Rules......Page 135
A Hot-Work Decision Tree......Page 137
Introduction......Page 138
Operating Medium-Voltage Switchgear......Page 139
Operating Low-Voltage Switchgear......Page 143
Operating Molded-Case Breakers and Panelboards......Page 147
Operating Enclosed Switches and Disconnects......Page 149
Operating Open-Air Disconnects......Page 150
Operating Motor Starters......Page 152
General Energy Control Programs......Page 155
Basic Energy Control Rules......Page 156
Locks without Tags or Tags without Locks......Page 158
Responsibilities of Employees......Page 159
Removal of Locks and Tags......Page 160
Safety Ground Application......Page 161
Lockout-Tagout Training......Page 163
Instrument Selection......Page 164
Instrument Condition......Page 165
What to Measure......Page 166
How to Measure......Page 168
Safety Grounding Principles......Page 169
Application of Safety Grounds......Page 170
The Equipotential Zone......Page 175
Control of Safety Grounds......Page 176
Determining Shock Hazard Approach Distances......Page 178
Calculating the Flash Hazard Minimum Approach Distance (Flash Protection Boundary)......Page 181
Introduction......Page 183
Methods Outlined in NFPA 70E......Page 184
IEEE Standard Std 1584-2002......Page 185
Required PPE for Crossing the Flash Hazard Boundary......Page 187
Barriers and Warning Signs......Page 188
Conductive Clothing and Materials......Page 193
Authorized Users......Page 194
Wet and Hazardous Environments......Page 195
The One-Minute Safety Audit......Page 197
References......Page 198
Electric Shock Hazard......Page 199
Definitions......Page 200
Grounding of Electrical Systems......Page 201
Bonding of Electrically Conductive Materials and Other Equipment......Page 204
Connection of Grounding and Bonding Equipment......Page 206
Grounding Service-Supplied Alternating-Current Systems......Page 207
Main Bonding Jumper......Page 209
Grounding Electrode System......Page 210
Grounding Electrode Conductor......Page 212
Grounding Conductor Connection to Electrodes......Page 214
Bonding......Page 216
Grounding Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment......Page 217
Equipment Grounding Conductors......Page 219
Use of Grounded Circuit Conductor for Grounding Equipment......Page 220
Ferroresonance......Page 223
Summary......Page 225
Overview......Page 227
Relationship of Improperly Maintained Electrical Equipment to the Hazards of Electricity......Page 228
The Economic Case for Electrical Maintenance......Page 229
Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)......Page 230
RCM in the Industrial and Utility Arena......Page 231
The Primary RCM Principles......Page 232
Maintenance Actions in an RCM Program......Page 234
Impact of RCM on a Facilities Life Cycle......Page 235
The Eight Step Maintenance Program......Page 236
Step 2—Inspect......Page 237
Step 5—Lubricate......Page 238
Step 8—Evaluate......Page 239
General Maintenance Requirements......Page 240
Substations, Switchgear, Panel Boards, Motor Control Centers, and Disconnect Switches......Page 241
Molded-Case Circuit Breakers......Page 242
Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breakers......Page 244
Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers......Page 246
Protective Relays......Page 247
Portable Electric Tools and Equipment......Page 249
References......Page 250
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)......Page 251
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)......Page 253
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)......Page 254
American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE)......Page 255
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)......Page 256
General Description......Page 262
Technical/Safety Items Covered......Page 263
General Description......Page 264
General Description......Page 265
General Description......Page 266
Industries and Facilities Covered......Page 267
Technical Safety Items Covered......Page 268
General Industry......Page 269
Construction Industry......Page 272
Installation Safety......Page 445
Power System Studies......Page 447
First Aid......Page 451
General First Aid......Page 452
Heart-Lung Resuscitation......Page 456
General Rescue Procedures......Page 458
Elevated Rescue......Page 462
Confined-Space Rescue......Page 474
Ground-Level Rescue......Page 475
Purpose......Page 481
Data Gathering......Page 482
Accident Analysis......Page 484
Statistical Survey......Page 487
Fatality and Injury Related Costs......Page 490
Electrical Events......Page 492
Electrocution and Electrical Fatalities......Page 493
Medical Aspects......Page 494
Non-Electrical Effects in Electrical Events......Page 496
Stabilization and Initial Evaluation......Page 499
Medical and Surgical Intervention......Page 500
Plateau in Recovery......Page 502
References......Page 504
Low-Voltage Equipment......Page 505
Extension Cords......Page 506
Plug- and Cord-Connected Equipment......Page 507
What Is a Ground?......Page 509
Voltage Hazards......Page 510
System Grounds......Page 512
Equipment Grounds......Page 515
Hard Hats......Page 518
Eye Protection......Page 519
Voltage-Testing Devices......Page 522
Voltage Measurement......Page 524
The Nature of the Hazard......Page 525
Special Safety Precautions......Page 526
Introduction......Page 527
Basic Battery Construction......Page 528
Battery Safety Procedures......Page 529
Current Transformers......Page 531
What Is a Ground?......Page 533
Voltage Hazards......Page 534
System Grounds......Page 535
Overview......Page 537
Eye Protection......Page 538
Voltage-Testing Devices......Page 539
Approach Distances......Page 542
Closing Protective Devices After Operation......Page 543
Background......Page 545
Power Systems and Human Factors......Page 547
Cognitive Ergonomics......Page 548
References......Page 552
Electrical Safety Program Structure......Page 553
The Company Electrical Safety Team......Page 554
Problems and Solutions......Page 556
Examples......Page 557
Results Assessment......Page 559
Method......Page 560
What Material Should Be Covered......Page 561
Evaluation of Safety Meetings......Page 562
Description......Page 563
Procedure......Page 564
Internal versus External Audits......Page 566
Safety Training Definitions......Page 587
Training Myths......Page 588
Classroom Training......Page 589
On-the-Job Training (OJT)......Page 591
Setup......Page 592
Evaluation......Page 594
Canned Programs and Materials......Page 595
Training Analysis......Page 596
Conclusion......Page 597
Background......Page 598
Analyze......Page 600
Design......Page 602
Develop......Page 603
Evaluation......Page 604
Modification......Page 605
A......Page 607
C......Page 608
D......Page 609
E......Page 610
F......Page 611
H......Page 612
L......Page 613
N......Page 614
O......Page 615
R......Page 616
S......Page 617
T......Page 619
W......Page 620