Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1 Transmission System Planning
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Aging Transmission System
	1.3 Benefits of Transmission
	1.4 Transmission Planning
	1.5 Traditional Transmission System Planning Techniques
	1.6 Transmission Route Identification and Selection
	1.7 Traditional Transmission System Expansion Planning
		1.7.1 Heuristic Models
		1.7.2 Single-Stage Optimization Models
		1.7.3 Time-Phased Optimization Models
	1.8 Traditional Concerns for Transmission System Planning
		1.8.1 Planning Tools
		1.8.2 Systems Approach
	1.9 New Technical Challenges
	Problems
	Notes
	References
	General References
Chapter 2 Transmission Line Structures and Equipment
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Decision Process to Build a Transmission Line
	2.3 Design Trade-Offs
	2.4 Traditional Line Design Practice
		2.4.1 Factors Affecting Structure-Type Selection
		2.4.2 Improved Design Approaches
	2.5 Transmission Line Structures
		2.5.1 Compact Transmission Lines
		2.5.2 Conventional Transmission Lines
		2.5.3 Design of Line Support Structures
	2.6 Subtransmission Lines
		2.6.1 Subtransmission Line Costs
	2.7 Transmission Substations
		2.7.1 Additional Substation Design Considerations
		2.7.2 Substation Components
		2.7.3 Bus and Switching Configurations
		2.7.4 Substation Buses
	2.8 SF[sub(6)]-Insulated Substations
	2.9 Transmission Line Conductors
		2.9.1 Conductor Considerations
		2.9.2 Conductor Types
		2.9.3 Conductor Size
		2.9.4 Overhead Ground Wires
		2.9.5 Conductor Tension
	2.10 Insulators
		2.10.1 Types of Insulators
		2.10.2 Testing of Insulators
		2.10.3 Voltage Distribution Over a String of Suspension Insulators
		2.10.4 Insulator Flashover Due to Contamination
		2.10.5 Insulator Flashover on Overhead HVDC Lines
	2.11 Substation Grounding
		2.11.1 Electrical Shock and its Effects on Humans
		2.11.2 Reduction of Factor C[sub(s)]
		2.11.3 Ground Resistance
		2.11.4 Soil Resistivity Measurements
	2.12 Substation Grounding
	2.13 Ground Conductor Sizing Factors
	2.14 Mesh Voltage Design Calculations
	2.15 Step Voltage Design Calculations
	2.16 Types of Ground Faults
		2.16.1 Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault
		2.16.2 SLG Fault
	2.17 Ground Potential Rise
	2.18 Transmission Line Grounds
	2.19 Types of Grounding
	2.20 Transformer Classifications
		2.20.1 Transformer Selection
	2.21 Environmental Impact of Transmission Lines
		2.21.1 Environment Effects
		2.21.2 Biological Effects of Electric Fields
	Problems
	Notes
	References
Chapter 3 Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) and Other Concepts
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Factors Affecting Transmission Growth
	3.3 Stability Considerations
	3.4 Power Transmission Capability of a Transmission Line
	3.5 Surge Impedance and Surge Impedance Loading of a Transmission Line
	3.6 Loadability Curves
	3.7 Compensation
	3.8 Shunt Compensation
		3.8.1 Effects of Shunt Compensation on Transmission Line Loadability
		3.8.2 Shunt Reactors and Shunt Capacitor Banks
	3.9 Series Compensation
		3.9.1 Effects of Series Compensation on Transmission Line Loadability
		3.9.2 Series Capacitors
	3.10 Flexible AC Transmission Systems
		3.10.1 Uncompensated Transmission Line
		3.10.2 Transmission Line with Series Compensation
		3.10.3 Transmission Lines with Shunt Compensation
	3.11 Static Var Control
	3.12 Thyristor-Controlled Series Compensator
	3.13 Static Compensator
	3.14 Energy Management System
	3.15 Substation Controllers
	3.16 Six-Phase Transmission Lines
	Problems
	Note
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 4 Overhead Power Transmission
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Review of Basics
		4.2.1 Complex Power in Balanced Transmission Lines
		4.2.2 One-Line Diagram
		4.2.3 Per-Unit System
		4.2.4 Three-Phase Systems
		4.2.5 Constant-Impedance Representation of Loads
	4.3 Three-Winding Transformers
	4.4 Autotransformers
	4.5 Delta–Wye and Wye–Delta Transformations
	4.6 Transmission-Line Constants
	4.7 Resistance
	4.8 Inductance and Inductive Reactance
		4.8.1 Single-Phase Overhead Lines
		4.8.2 Three-Phase Overhead Lines
	4.9 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance
		4.9.1 Single-Phase Overhead Lines
		4.9.2 Three-Phase Overhead Lines
	4.10 Tables of Line Constants
	4.11 Equivalent Circuits for Transmission Lines
	4.12 Short Transmission Lines (up to 50 mi or 80 km)
		4.12.1 Steady-State Power Limit
		4.12.2 Percent Voltage Regulation
		4.12.3 Representation of Mutual Impedance of Short Lines
	4.13 Medium-Length Transmission Lines (Up to 150 mi or 240 km)
	4.14 Long Transmission Lines (above 150 mi or 240 km)
		4.14.1 Equivalent Circuit of Long Transmission Line
		4.14.2 Incident and Reflected Voltages of Long Transmission Line
		4.14.3 Surge Impedance Loading of Transmission Line
	4.15 General Circuit Constants
		4.15.1 Determination of A, B, C, and D Constants
		4.15.2 A, B, C, and D Constants of Transformer
		4.15.3 Asymmetrical p and T Networks
		4.15.4 Networks Connected in Series
		4.15.5 Networks Connected in Parallel
		4.15.6 Terminated Transmission Line
	4.16 Bundled Conductors
	4.17 Type of Supporting Structures
		4.17.1 Pole Types
		4.17.2 Soil Types and Pole Setting
	4.18 Effect of Ground on Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines
	4.19 Additional Solved Numerical Examples for the Transmission-Line Calculations
	Problems
	Notes
	References
	General References
Chapter 5 Direct-Current Power Transmission
	5.1 Basic Definitions
	5.2 Introduction
	5.3 Overhead HVDC Transmission
	5.4 Comparison of Power Transmission Capacity of HVDC and HVAC
	5.5 HVDC Transmission Line Insulation
	5.6 Three-Phase Bridge Converter
	5.7 Rectification
	5.8 Per-Unit Systems and Normalizing
		5.8.1 AC System Per-Unit Bases
		5.8.2 DC System Per-Unit Bases
	5.9 Inversion
	5.10 Multibridge (B-Bridge) Converter Stations
	5.11 Per-Unit Representation of B-Bridge Converter Stations
		5.11.1 AC System Per-Unit Bases
		5.11.2 DC System Per-Unit Bases
	5.12 Operation of DC Transmission Link
	5.13 Stability of Control
	5.14 Line-Commutated Converter (LCC) Technology
		5.14.1 Introduction
		5.14.2 Thyristors
		5.14.3 Working Principles
	5.15 Voltage Sourced Converter (VSC) Technology
	5.16 Modular Multi-Level Converter (MMC) Technology
		5.16.1 Introduction
		5.16.2 Operating States of MMC Sub-Module
		5.16.3 MMC Modulation Strategy
	5.17 Two-Terminal Direct-Current Transmission System and its Control
		5.17.1 Control System of Two-Terminal LCC HVDC Systems
		5.17.2 Control System of Two-Terminal VSC HVDC Systems
	5.18 Multi-Terminal Direct Current Transmission System and its Control
		5.18.1 Topology of Multi-Terminal Transmission System
		5.18.2 Control System of Multi-Terminal LCC HVDC System
		5.18.3 Control System of Multi-Terminal VSC HVDC System
	Problems
	References
	General References
Chapter 6 Underground Power Transmission and Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Underground Cables
	6.3 Underground Cable Installation Techniques
	6.4 Electrical Characteristics of Insulated Cables
		6.4.1 Electric Stress in Single-Conductor Cables
		6.4.2 Capacitance of Single-Conductor Cables
		6.4.3 Dielectric Constant of Cable Insulation
		6.4.4 Charging Current
		6.4.5 Determination of Insulation Resistance of Single-Conductor Cables
		6.4.6 Capacitance of Three-Conductor Belted Cable
		6.4.7 Cable Dimensions
		6.4.8 Geometric Factors
		6.4.9 Dielectric Power Factor and Dielectric Loss
		6.4.10 Effective Conductor Resistance
		6.4.11 DC Resistance
		6.4.12 Skin Effect
		6.4.13 Proximity Effect
	6.5 Sheath Currents in Cables
		6.5.1 Single-Conductor Cables
		6.5.2 Three-Conductor Cables
	6.6 Zero-Sequence Resistance and Reactance
		6.6.1 Three-Conductor Cables
	Problems
	References
	General References
Chapter 7 Protective Equipment and Transmission System Protection
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Interruption of Fault Current
	7.3 High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
	7.4 Circuit Breaker Selection
	7.5 Disconnect Switches
	7.6 Load-Break Switches
	7.7 Switchgear
	7.8 Design Criteria for Transmission Line Protection
	7.9 Zones of Protection
	7.10 Primary and Backup Protection
	7.11 Reclosing
	7.12 Typical Relays Used on Transmission Lines
		7.12.1 Overcurrent Relays
		7.12.2 Distance Relays
		7.12.3 Pilot Relaying
	7.13 Computer Applications in Protective Relaying
		7.13.1 Computer Applications in Relay Settings and Coordination
		7.13.2 Computer Relaying
	Problems
	Note
	References
	Further Reading
Chapter 8 Renewable Energy Systems
	8.1 Photovoltaic System
		8.1.1 Principles of Photovoltaic Cells
		8.1.2 Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System
		8.1.3 Grid-Connected System
	8.2 Wind Energy System
		8.2.1 Wind Turbines
		8.2.2 Power in the Wind
		8.2.3 Wind Farms
	Problems
	Bibliography
Appendix A: Methods for Allocating Transmission-Line Fixed Charges Among Joint Users
Appendix B: Standard Device Numbers Used in Protection Systems
Appendix C: Final Rule on Transmission Planning and Cost Allocation by Transmission Owning and Operating Public Utilities
Appendix D: Unit Conversions From the English System to SI System
Appendix E: Unit Conversions From the SI System to English System
Appendix F: Glossary for Transmission System Engineering Terminology
Index