Electrical Phenomena During Freezing of Water and Soils

Cover
	Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
About the Historic Images
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Early Observations of Electrical Phenomena in Nature
	2.1 Definition of the Phenomenon
	2.2 How the Problem Was Initiated in the Early 1950s
		2.2.1 Historical Background
		2.2.2 Charge Separation Mechanisms in Clouds
		2.2.3 Electrical Charges Associated with Clouds
	References
Chapter 3: Early Observations
	3.1 How Do These Values Relate to the Potentials That Developed?
	References
Chapter 4: Early Measurements
	References
Chapter 5: Early Laboratory Measurements in Water and Dilute Solutions
	References
Chapter 6: Measurements in Pure Water
	References
Chapter 7: Freezing Potentials in Aqueous Solutions
	References
Chapter 8: Freezing Potential Measurements in Soils
	References
Chapter 9: Scope of the Studies of Electrical Potentials during Freezing/Thawing
	References
Chapter 10: Description of the Work Done in the National Research Council Canada, Ottawa
	Appendix A: Experimental Setup in NRCC Laboratories
	Appendix B: Laboratory Experiments in Moist Soils
	Appendix C: Explanation of the Reversal of Potentials While Freezing
	References
Chapter 11: Freeze–Thaw Studies at Carleton University, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences
	References
Chapter 12: Field Studies
	12.1 Illisarvik Site
	12.2 Inuvik Site
	References
Chapter 13: Results and Discussions of Field Studies
	13.1 Illisarvik Site
	13.2 Inuvik Site
	References
Chapter 14: Field Studies of EFP in Freezing Lakes in Inuvik
	References
Chapter 15: Results from Lake Studies in Inuvik: Upland and Delta Lakes
	Reference
Chapter 16: Concluding Remarks
	How It Works
	Scientific Use
	Justification for Continuing Investigations on Electrical Potentials and Other Electro-Kinetic Phenomena Occurring during Freezing of Soils and Solutions
	Reference
Bibliography
Appendix A: Background: Basic Information of Potential Measurements
	Ground
	Coulomb’s Law
	Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law
	Charge Transport and Electric Current
	Reference
Appendix B: Calculations of Charge Concentration at a Metal/Dielectric Interface and Force of Adhesion
	References
Appendix C: Geophysical Methods Used in Permafrost Investigations
	Electrical Methods
	C.1 Electrical Resistivity
	C.2 Galvanic Resistivity Data
	C.3 Surface Geophysical Methods
	C.4 Time-Domain Reflectometry in Permafrost
		C.4A Principles of Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
		C.4B Ground-Penetrating Radar
	References
Index