Electoral Engineering

Half-title
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Preface
PART I INTRODUCTION
	1 Do Rules Matter?: Structure versus Culture
		Rational-choice Institutionalism and the Calculus of Rewards
			Electoral Incentives
			Vote-Maximizing Political Actors
			Party Bridging or Bonding Strategies
			Particularistic or Programmatic Benefits
			The Diversity of Parliamentary Representatives
			The Direct and Indirect Impact of Rules upon Citizens
			Reforming the Formal Electoral Rules
		Cultural Modernization Theory and Habits of the Heart
			The Process of Societal Modernization
			The Impact of Modernization on Political Culture
			The Acquisition of Enduring Cultural Values and the Socialization Process
			The Limits of Electoral Engineering
		Comparing Electoral Rules
			Comparing Electoral Behavior
			Time-Series Trends
			Case Studies of Reform
		The Research Design and Comparative Framework
			Data Sources
			Comparative Framework
		The Plan of the Book
			The Consequences for Voting Behavior
			The Consequences for Political Representation
	2 Classifying Electoral Systems
		The Classification of Electoral Systems
		Majoritarian Formulae
			Plurality Elections
			The Single Non-Transferable Vote, the Cumulative Vote, the Limited Vote, and the Bloc Vote
			Second Ballot Elections
			Alternative Vote
		Proportional Representation Formulae
			Party Lists Systems
			Single Transferable Vote
		Combined Systems
			Combined-Dependent Systems
			Combined-Independent Systems
		Presidential Electoral Systems
		Conclusion: The Consequences of Electoral Systems
	3 Evaluating Electoral Systems
		The Arguments For and Against Adversarial Democracy
			Democratic Accountability
			Strong Voter-Member Accountability
			Governability
			Decisive Elections
			Responsiveness to the Electorate
			Critiques
		Arguments For and Against Consensual Democracy
			Facilitate Deliberative and Collaborative Governance
			Reduce the Barriers to Minor Parties
			Maximize Electoral Participation
			Ensure Parliamentary Diversity
			Critiques
PART II THE CONSEQUENCES FOR VOTING BEHAVIOR
	4 Party Systems
		The Mechanical Effects of Electoral Systems on Party Competition
			Party competition
		The Proportionality of Votes to Seats
		Conclusions
	5 Social Cleavages
		Theories of Social Cleavages and Voting Behavior
			Rational-Choice Institutionalism and Campaign Strategies
			Cultural Values and Modernization Theory
		The Strength of Cleavage Politics
			Socioeconomic Status
			Household Income
			Occupational Class
			Trade Union Membership
			Education
			Religion
			Demographic Factors: Generation and Gender
			Linguistic Cleavages
			Left–Right Ideology
		The Effects of Electoral Systems on Cleavage Politics
	6 Party Loyalties
		Theories of Partisan Identification
			Cultural Modernization and Partisan Identification
			Rational-Choice Institutionalism
		The Strength of Partisan Identification
		National Context
			Presidential vs. Parliamentary Executives
		Party Systems
		Social Structure and Partisanship
		Political Attitudes and Partisanship
		Partisan Identities and Voting Choice
	7 Turnout
		Rational-Choice and Cultural Modernization Theories of Voting Participation
			The Costs and Benefits of Participation
			Cultural Modernization, Civic Skills, and Motivational Attitudes
		Analyzing Turnout
		Cultural Modernization
		The Impact of Political Institutions
			Electoral Systems
			Electoral Districts
			Presidential versus Parliamentary Executives
			Frequency of Contests
			Political Parties
		Electoral Laws
			Compulsory Voting
			Eligibility for the Franchise
		Electoral Administration
			Registration Processes
			Polling Facilities
		Cultural Attitudes and Individual Resources
		Conclusions: Culture, Incentives, and Voting Participation
PART III THE CONSEQUENCES FOR POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
	8 Women’s Representation
		Analyzing Women’s Representation
			Rational-Choice Institutionalism
			Cultural Modernization
			Evidence
		Electoral Laws
		Electoral Laws and Positive Action
		Reserved Seats
		Legal Gender Quotas
		Voluntary Gender Quotas in Party Rules
		Cultural Modernization
		Conclusions
	9 Ethnic Minorities
		The Theoretical Framework
			Proportionality
			The Inclusion of Smaller Parties
			The Inclusion of Ethnic Minority Parties
			The Impact on Specific and Diffuse Support for the Political System
		Testing Consociational Theory
			Measuring Political Support and Core Hypotheses
			Measuring the Primary Ethnic Cleavage
		System Support
		Conclusions and Discussion
	10 Constituency Service
		Candidate-Ballots
		Preference-Ballots
		Dual-Ballots
		Party-Ballots
		Review of the Literature
		Indicators of Personal Voting
		The Impact of Electoral Systems
			Citizens’ Knowledge of Politicians
			Voter Contact with MPs
		Conclusions and Implications
PART IV CONCLUSIONS
	11 The Impact of Electoral Engineering
		Do Rules Matter?
		The Consequences for Voting Behavior
			Social Cleavages
			Partisan Identification
			Turnout
		The Consequences for Political Representation
			Gender Equality in Legislative Office
			Ethnic Minorities
			Constituency Service
			The Lessons for Electoral Engineering
Bibliography
Notes
	Chapter 1: Do Rules Matter? Structure versus Culture
	Chapter 2: Classifying Electoral Systems
	Chapter 3: Evaluating Electoral Systems
	Chapter 4: Party Systems
	Chapter 5: Social Cleavages
	Chapter 6: Party Loyalties
	Chapter 7: Turnout
	Chapter 8: Women’s Representation
	Chapter 9: Ethnic Minorities
	Chapter 10: Constituency Service
	Chapter 11: The Impact of Electoral Engineering
Index